Kamar yadda ya gabata a makala ta baya cewa masana da dama sun bada gudummawa a fagen ilmin harshe, wato linguistics a Turance, kuma mun zakulo kadan daga cikinsu don yin bayanin irin gudummawar da kowannensu ya bayar. A yau za mu yi bayanin tarihi da ayyukan dan kasar Amurkan nan ne Leonard Bloomfield.
An haifi Leonard Bloomfield ran daya ga watan Afirilu, 1887, a garin Chicago ta ƙasar Amurka iyayensa Jusawa ne sun yi ƙaura ne zuwa tafkin Elkhart a 1896, a wurin ne ya yi makarantar Elimantari sannan ya sake komawa Chicago don cigaba da makarantar sakandare. Kawunsa Maurice sananne ne a fagen harshe kuma masanin harshe ne (Linguist) a jami’ar Hopkins. Ya kuma halacci kwalejin Harvard a 1903 zuwa 1906 inda ya samu diginsa na farko ya kuma fara aiki a jami’ar Wisconsin-Madison, inda yake koyar da harshen Jamusanci da kuma wasu kwasa-kwasai na indo-European. Haɗuwarsa da ya yi da wani masani Eduard Prokosh, a wannan jami’ar ta Wisconsin, ya ba wa Bloomfield sha’awar ɗaukar fannin harshe a matsayin abin dogaro.
A 1908 ne Bloomfield ya wuce zuwa jami’ar Chicago inda ya ɗauki wasu kwasa-kwasan Gamusanci da na indo-European wurin Frances A. da Wood da Carl Darling Buck. Sannan digirinsa na uku da ya gudanar da aikin ƙarƙashin kulawar Wood ne a 1909 sannan ya ci gaba da wasu karatu a jami’ar Gottingen a 1913 da 1914 ƙarƙashin jagorancinc wasu masana harsunan Indo-European August Leskien da Karl Brugmann da kuma Hermann Oldenberg, masani a harshen Sanskrit. Bloomfield ya koyi wannan harshen na sankrit a jami’ar Gottingen a wurin wani masanin harshen wato Jacob Wackernagel,
Gudummawar Leonard Bloomfield a fagen ilmin harshe
Kasancewar Bloomfield ya yi karatunsa ne a jami’ar Harvard da kuma jami’ar Wisconsin da Chicago. Ya karantar daga shekarar 1909 zuwa 1927 a jami’o’I dabam-daban kafin ya zamo Farfesa a harshen Gamus a jami’ar Chicago a (1927–1940) sannan Farfesa a ilmin kimiyyar harshe a jami’ar Yale a (1940–1949). Kasancewarsa a wannan matsayi ya taimaka tare da ba da gagarumin gudummawa a fagen harshe, amma ga kaɗan daga cikin gudummawarsa kamar haka:
- A 1920 ne ya bijiro da aikace-aikacensa a North American Indian Languages, wato harsunan da suke Arewacin Amurka da India.
- Bloomfield ya sauya tsarin zaman harshe cikin wani littafi da ya wallafa mai take An Introduction to the Study of Language (1914). Sannan ya zaƙulo wani aiki a harshen Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) Tagalog.
- Ya bayyana yadda bambanci da dangantaka dake akwai tsakanin harsunan gunduman Algonquian.
- Ya taiamaka wajen tantance harshen Jamusanci a fagen ilmin sautin harshe da kuma ilmin tsarin sauti na wannan harshe.
- Ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da tsarin harshen Indo-European wanda ya fi mai da hankalinsa kan harshen Jamusanci ta gefen ilmin ginin kalma da tsarin jimla.
Wadannan sune kadan daga cikin irin gudummawar da Leonard Bloomfield ya bayar a fagen ilmin harshe. Kuna iya karanta tarihi da gudummawar da shima shahararren masanin harshe, Kenneth Lee Pike ya bayar a lokacin rayuwarsa. Haka ma tarihin Noam Chomsky da kuma Panini tare da irin rawar gani da suka yi a wannan fanni na harshe. Kana kuna iya karanta irin gudummawar da yan mazhabar Prague suma suka bayar.
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