Cancer wani ciwo ne mai haɗarin gaske, wanda duk wanda ya kama da wuya ya bar shi da ransa. Saboda gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta (cells) da ke yaɗuwa babu tsari. Kuma suke ragargaza tissues har rai ya yi halinsa ko rayuwa ta shiga matsanancin hali.
Cells su ne ginshiƙan gini na gangar jiki gabaɗaya. Kuma wasu ƙananan rukunai ne waɗanda suke haɗuwa su samar da kowane abu mai rai. Sannan suna da ƙanƙanta sosai yadda ba za a iya ganin su da ƙwayar ido ba, amma suna da matuƙar amfani saboda su ke yin duk wani aiki a jiki da ya sa ake kasancewa cikin ƙoshin lafiya.
Kamar yadda aka faɗa cells ke haɗuwa su samar da kowane abu mai rai. Misali, mu ɗauki fata, miliyoyin cells ne suka haɗu suka cure aka samu fata. Haka kowace irin tsoka da ƙashi. Gabaɗaya a jiki tarin cells ne. Saboda duk wani abu mai rai daga cells yake fitowa.
Don haka idan aka ɗauki cell tamkar ma’aikata, to kowanensu yana da irin aikin da yake yi. Kamar kula da kuzari, ɗaukar saƙonni, ko kuma gyara rauni idan an ji ciwo a ga tabo ya fito da sabuwar fata idan an warke, duka wannan aikin cells ne.
Yaɗuwar cells shi ne lokacin da cell guda ɗaya ya samar da wani irin sa. Misali, kamar ya haifi wani mai kama da shi a komai. Tamkar yadda ma’aikata take samar da sababbin ma’aikata domin ci gaba, haka cell yake haifar wani irin sa domin ci gaban gangar jiki.
Ta dalilin yaɗuwar cells mutane suke ƙara girma, tsayi, da kiba. Misali, cells din jikin jariri ba su da yawa, amma ta dalilin yaɗuwar su sai ya dinga girma idan suka ƙara yawa. Wannan process ɗin na cell division yana da matuƙar amfani wajen girma, warkewa, da kuma replacing na cells ɗin da suka yi damage.
Kansa tana zuwa ne yayin da cells suka fara yin girma ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Yaɗuwar cells na faruwa ne a cikin tsari, kamar da yadda za a yanka albasa a ciki. Amma wasu lokutan ana samun matsala, yayin da aka samu wannan matsalar, yaɗuwar cells zai ta faruwa har ya wuce gona da iri. Misali, idan aka yi ta ci gaba da yanka albasa babu tsari, za ta kai ta yi ƙanƙanta sosai har ta koma gutsi-gutsi.
– Mitosis: shi ne lokacin da cell ya haifi cell irin sa komai da komai, ana kiran wanda aka haifa daughter cell. Wanda ya yi haihuwar kuma parent cell.
– Meiosis: kuma daban daughter cell ɗin yake, ma’ana ba kamar su ɗaya ba, sannan rabin DNA kawai yake gada daga parent cells.
Yawanci, komai yana tafiya daidai ɓangaren yaɗuwar cells, kuma kowane daughter cell da ake haifa lafiya lau yake, amma sau tari ana samun kuskure ko mutations wajen yaɗuwar cells. Kamar dai yadda na’urar photocopy take yi idan ta samu matsala. Sai ta fitar da photocopy dususu, ko kuma dai wani iri mara kyan gani. Wannan kuskuren da mutations zai iya faruwa ga genes. Gene shi ne yake control ɗin duk abin da cell yake. Misali, idan zai yi divinding na cell division, umarni yake ɗauka daga gene. Ko kuma idan division ɗin ya yi yawa, gene zai ba wa cell umarnin ya dakata.
Sannan a yayin da aka samu matsala a wajen gene ɗin da yake ba wa cell umarnin ya yi dividing ko ya tsaya, wannan zai iya haifar da cell ya yi ta dividing har ya yi yawa tun da mai faɗa masa ya ji yanzu ya koma dolo, ko kuma a ce ya samu matsala. Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da suke faruwa a samu ciwon Cancer.
Cell guda ɗaya idan ya samu matsala zai iya haifar da cells da yawa irin sa masu irin wannan matsalar ta hanyar cell division. Daga haka za a samu cells da yawa su haɗu su zama tumour. (Tumour shi ne cutar kuma za ta iya fitowa a ko’ina, za ta iya fitowa a ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙirji, huhu, hanta da mahaifa da sauransu. Wannan tumour cells ɗin za su yaɗu zuwa sauran sassan jiki ta cikin hanyoyin jini (bloodstream) ko lymphatic system, haka za a samu secondary tumour. (Tumour kenan ta ƙara tsamari). Wannan process ɗin ana kiran sa metastasis.
Duk tumour da za ta yaɗu ta illatar da jiki kuma ta yi sanadin mutuwar mutum, ana kiran ta da Malignant. Majorityn tumours, kamar irin su Wart, ba sa yaɗo, ana kiran irin su benign.
Kamar aka faɗa ana samun matsalar cell ya dinga yaɗuwa babu taari har ya yi yawa. Irin wannan matsalar gene take kamawa wanda shi ne ke kula yaɗuwar cells ɗin. Don haka irin wannan matsalar da take canza yadda gene yake, ana kiran ta Mutation, sannan ko wane abu da zai iya haifar da mutation ana kiran sa Mutagen. Misali, radiation da chemicals mutagens ne tunda suna haifar da mutation.
Yayin da mutation ya kama cell, wannan cell ɗin ya yi mutating ke nan. Yawancin cells ɗin da suke mutating, immune system (garkuwar jiki) na kashe su cikin sauƙi ba tare da sun cutar da mutum ba. Duk abin da zai iya haifar da kansa ana kiran sa da carcinogen. Masana lafiya suna ganin ba abu daya ba ne yake haifar da Malignant cancer (kansa mai cutarwa) ba. Su na ganin abubuwa da yawa ne suke haɗuwa su kawo ta. Ba mutation daya ba ne kawai yake kawo kansa ba. Ƙwayoyin cuta suna haddasa kaso 20 na kansa a faɗin duniya.
Retroviruses: virus ne da ke cikin RNA (RNA kamar DNA yake. RNA yana ɗaukar umarni daga DNA domin samar da Protein da amino acid etc). Idan waɗannan viruses ɗin suka shiga jikin mutum, za su saka DNA ɗin su cikin DNA ɗin mutum inda zai daɗe tsawon shekara da shekaru. Ko wane cell ɗin jikin mutum zai gaji wannan dna din wanda Retroviruses suka saka cikin dna ɗin mutum. HIV na ɗaya daga cikin mugayen Retroviruses, sannan wasu daga cikin retroviruses suna haifar da cancer. A nan DNA ɗin retroviruses ya canza gene na mutum zuwa yadda zai samu matsala ya daina control ɗin cell division, sannan zai canza cell ɗin zuwa malignant. Genes kuma ya koma oncogenes kenan.
DNA viruses: suna da nasu DNA ɗin domin ya’yansu su gada (virus ƙwayar cuta ce mai rai shi ya sa take da DNA kuma ‘ya’yanta ke gada). Wasu daga cikin DNA viruses suna ɗauke da oncogenes. Wanda suke haddasa cell division barkatai. Misalin DNA viruses shi ne papilloma wadda take haifar da wart. Wasu da ke cikin papilloma viruses suna haifar da cervical cancer, ta haka za ta koma sexually transmitted disease.
Hereditary predispositions: Kaso 5% na kansa an gano gada ake yi daga wajen uwa ko uba. Fiye da kala 40 na ciwon cancer, har da kansar mama, ovary and colon, an gano ana gadon su.
Ionising radiation: Wannan ya haɗa da x-ray, y-rays, da wasu particles daga ruɓaɓɓun radioactive elements. Mutane da yawa da suke aiki da x-ray a farkon 20th century sun kamu da kansa. Da kuma ma’aikatan da suke aiki da luminous paint wanda ke ɗauke da radioactive radium da thorium. Radiation ɗin na ɗauke da chemical formation wanda yake kashe ions da ke cikin cells, wanda zai kashe dna stands din cell ko haddasa mutation. Irin wannan cancer da take taɓa ionising sun haɗa da skin cancer, bone marrow cancer (bargo), lung cancer.
Ultraviolet light: shi ne radiation ɗin da aka fi sani wanda ke haddasa cancer. Dna na zuƙar ultraviolet light. Hasken rana na dauke da ultraviolet light, sannan daɗewa cikin sa na iya kawo skin cancer da brain tumuor.
Ragon gas: source ne na radiation wanda duwatsu ne ke fitar da radiation ɗin, kamar dutsen granite. Geography ya yi bayanin granites sosai. Radiation ɗin zai iya curewa ya faɗa cikin gidajen mutanen da ke rayuwa kusa da dutsen. Irin wannan na haifar da leukemia (Kansar white blood cells), lung cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer. Duk da cewa ba a gama tabbatar da wannan ba
Chemical mutagens: Chemicals da yawa yanzu an gano suna haifar da cancer. Misalin farko shi ne a shekarar 1775, lokacin da aka gano chimney sweeps (sharar chimney) na haddasa scrotum cancer. Daga baya ma an gano mineral oils su ma carcinogens ne, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shale oil a matsayin lubricant. Ma’aikatan sun kamu da abdominal wall cancer. Ma’aikatan ma’aikatar dyeing sun kamu da bladder cancer.. list ɗin chemicals ɗin su ke kawo cancer ya yi tsayi sosai cikin shekaru 90 kawai.
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