Ethereum wani tsarin kuɗaɗen crypto ne, shi ne na biyu a kan blockchain da aka fi sani bayan Bitcoin. Nau’in kudin da Ethereum blockchain ke samarwa ana kiran shi Ether. Ethereum yana aiki a matsayin tsarin aiki don haɓaka aikace-aikacen da aka raba (DApps) da kwangiloli. Ethereum yana karɓar DApps, waɗanda shirye-shirye ne, ayyuka da wasanni waɗanda developers suka ƙirƙira. Farashin
Ethereum ya kai €4.310,99 a watan Nuwamba 2021.
An gina wannan fasaha a kan ainihin manufar da masu kirkirar Bitcoin suka fara gabatar da shi, Ethereum na da burin ci gaba da faɗaɗa abubuwan amfani da fasahar blockchain ba kawai biyan kuɗi tsakanin abokan hulda da ke kan tsarin ba. Kamar Bitcoin, Ethereum tsari ne buɗaɗɗe wanda babu wata hukuma ta tsakiya da ke sarrafa shi.
Baya ga samar da nasa nau’in cryptocurrency ɗin da ake kira Ether, wani muhimman alfanun Ethereum blockchain shi ne kasancewa wata manhajar kwamfuta inda masu ƙirƙira (developers) za su iya ƙaddamar da aikace-aikace, adana bayanai, ayyuka, da wasanni. Waɗannan aikace-aikace ana tabbatar da su ta hanyar smart contracts
Ma’anar ETH
ETH ita ce alamar musanya ta Ethereum da ake amfani da ita a kan manhajojin musayar cryptocurrency. Ana amfani da kuɗin ETH a matsayin kuɗi, mutane da yawa suna saya don zuba jari a cikin tsarin Ethereum, tare da tsammanin cewa darajar ETH za ta karu a kan lokaci.
Tarihin wanzuwar Ethereum
Ethereum ya samu ne daga Vitalik Buterin, wani mai ilimi ƙirƙirar manhajoji kuma wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa Mujallar Bitcoin. Ya tsara ƙirƙirar sabuwar manhaja don aikace-aikacen da ba a daidaita su ba bayan ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da amfani da harshen rubutu a cikin Bitcoin. Buterin ya zayyana waɗannan manufofi a cikin farar takarda mai taken “A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralised Application Platform.” Ci gaban Ethereum ya fara ne a farkon shekarar 2014, kuma wani ICO ya ba da kuɗaɗen wanda hakan ya faru ne daga Yulin 2014 zuwa Agustan 2014. A wannan lokacin, Vitalik Buterin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a fagen cryptocurrency.
Yadda Ethereum ke aiki
Ethereum yana amfani da fasahar da aka sani da blockchain. Ethereum blockchain ne na dijital inda za a iya adana Ether cikin aminci da musaya, kuma inda za a iya ƙirƙira da bunƙasa DApps ta hanyar ka’idar kwamfuta da aka sani da smart contract.
Smart contracts
Yayin da babban abin da Bitcoin ke mayar da hankali shi ne kasancewa kuɗin dijital, manufar Ethereum ita ce ta zama cikakkiyar fasaha domin bunƙasa aikace-aikacen fasahar crypto da manhajoji. Wannan shi ne inda smart contracts ke ke taka rawa.
Masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta kuma masanin harkokin crypto, Nick Szabo ne ya fara bayyana manufar da ke tattare da tsarin smart contracts a shekarar 1996. Ya so ya samar da amintacciyar hanya don kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin baƙi a kan intanet. Manufarsa ita ce ta sa kwangilar gargajiya ta rage tsada kuma ta fi tsaro a lokaci guda. Bayan wannan buri na Szabo na amintattun yarjejeniyoyi, tsarin cryptocurrency ya dogara ne a kan yarjejeniyoyin ɓangarori da yawa waɗanda duk masu riƙe da wallet ɗin ɓangarori ne a tsarin.
Smart contract a cikin ainihin mahallinta ita ce ka’idar kwamfuta wacce ke yin aiki don tantancewa ta hanyar lambobi, tilastawa ko sauƙaƙe aiki da shawarwarin kwangilar ba tare da wasu kamfanoni ba. Wannan shi ne yadda ‘yan wasa daban-daban za su iya haɗuwa tare da ƙirƙirar aikace-aikace da ayyuka a kan manhajar da ba a saki ba, ba tare da buƙatar wata hukuma ta shigo ba. Hanya ce mai inganci kuma ta haɗin gwiwa.
Kwamfuta a cikin tsarin fasahar Ethereum suna aiwatar da ayyuka guda biyu: domin adana hada-hada da kuma samar da fasahohin smart contracts. Don tabbatar da alamar kuɗaɗe a kan fasahar Ethereum blockchain, ma’aunin fasaha da ake amfani da shi domin smart contracts shi ne ERC-20.
Mining da tsarin Proof of Work (PoW)
Har zuwa Satumbar 2022, hada-hadar Ethereum da ƙirƙirar sababbin kuɗaɗe na Ether sun inganta ta hanyar da ake kira ‘Mining’. A nan ne ake buɗe blocks, ana shigar da bayanai, block ɗin zai rufe kuma a ƙirƙiri alamar hash. Kowane sabon block da aka ƙirƙira ya ƙunshi bayanai daga blocks da suka gabata, suna ɗaure da tsarin da ba za a iya sarrafa su ko canza su ba.
A cikin tsarin Proof of Work (PoW), kwamfutoci suna buƙatar tabbatar da makamashin da aka ƙona a yayin aikin mining don tabbatar da cewa komai yana da inganci kuma daidai ne. A lokacin sabuntawar Ethereum 2.0, Ethereum ya canja zuwa tsarin Proof of Stake (PoS).
Ethereum 2.0
Ethereum 2.0 yana nufin jerin sabuntawar da fasahar Ethereum ta fuskanta waɗanda suka magance wasu mahimman matsalolin manhajar. An rarraba zuwa matakai uku, an tsara sabuntawar Ethereum 2.0 don mayar da manhajar mai sauri, mafi girma da kuma mafi kyawun yanayi, na karshen kuma shi ne canjawar Ethereum zuwa tsarin Proof of Stake.
Proof of Stake (PoS)
Proof of Stake (PoS) ita ce hanya ta biyu da aka fi yawan amfani da ita a cikin fasahar blockchain. Saɓanin PoW, babu wani aikin mining, wanda ke amfani da makamashi yake da nisa ƙasa da na PoW. Domin tabbatar da hada-hada da ƙirƙirar sabon Ether, masu son shiga cikin tsarin Ethereum dole ne su sanya wani abu a tsarin na Ethereum, misali ta hanyar sanya wani adadin ETH a cikin wallet ɗin da aka haɗa da Ethereum blockchain.
Yadda ake sayan Ethereum
Domin sayan Ethereum, dole ne mutum ya bi ta hanyar manhajar musayar cryptocurrency kamar Bitpanda don ya sayi ETH tare da kuɗin fiat, misali, Yuro ko dalar Amurka. Yana da kyau a fara bincika farashin Ethereum a baya da farashin musaya na yanzu. Bayan an saya, za a iya duba kuɗaɗen na Ethereum kuma a sami damarmaki a cikin wallet ɗin dijital wanda ke aiki daidai da aikace-aikacen banki. Sannyan kuma akwai zaɓi don riƙe ETH zuwa wani lokaci ko sayar da shi ta hanyar musaya.
Tarihin farashin Ethereum
Kamar kowane cryptocurrency, ana ɗaukar Ethereum a matsayin kadara mai saurin canjawa kuma farashinsa yana jujjuyawa dangane da abubuwan da ke faruwa a kasuwa. A cikin shekarar 2015, jim kaɗan bayan ƙaddamar da Ethereum, farashin Ether ɗaya ya kai kusan € 0,88. Daga nan darajar ta tashi a hankali har ta kai matakin farko mafi tsada € 1.039,27 a cikin Janairu 2018. Farashin ya faɗi inda ya tsaya tsakanin € 146 da € 195, a tsawon shekara ɗaya da rabi kafin hawansa a shekarar 2020. Ethereum ya kai € 4.310,99 a watan Nuwambar 2021.
Yadda ake amfani da Ethereum
Ethereum Blockchain tsarin fasaha ne da aka rarraba tare da tallafin smart contracts. Don haka Ethereum yana ba ɗimbin alfanu da yawa. Waɗanda suka haɗa da:
Ethereum coins
A mafi yawan lokuta, idan aka ambaci kalmar “Ethereum” a zahiri tana nufin “Ether”, wato cryptocurrency da ke gudana a kan fasahar Ethereum blockchain. Ether shi ne nau’in kuɗin fasahar Ethereum. Yayin Ethereum kuma ita ce fasahar kanta. Waɗannan kalmomi ba za a rikita su da Ethereum Gas ba. Gas ita ce nau’rar da fasahar Ethereum ke amfani da ita domin auna kuzarin fasahar da ake buƙata don aiwatar da wasu ayyuka.
ICOs da tokens
Ethereum shi ne wanda ke da yiyuwar zai kasance mafi mahimmancin fasahar aiwatar da tsarin Initial Coins Offering (ICOs) a duniyar crypto. Mafi yawan kuɗaɗen da ke duniyar cryptocurrency suna gudana a kan fasahar Ethereum ne.
DApps da Uniswap
An gina DApps a kan blockchain na Ethereum. Amfanin DApps shi ne ƙididdiga. Ana cajin masu ƙirƙira (developers) da kuɗin Ether don amfani da ikon kwamfuta a kan fasahar Ethereum. Babu wata cibiya ko hukuma da ke sarrafa fasahar Ethereum, don haka ana rarraba mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. A saboda wannan dalili ba zai yiwu a kai hari kan fasahar Ethereum ba, wanda hakan ke samar da amincin aikace-aikace ga abokan hulda.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da aka ƙara kwanan nan shi ne Uniswap, ka’idar Decentralised Automated Exchange (DEX). Uniswap DApp ne da ke aiki a kan fasahar Ethereum wanda ke ba masu amfani da shi damar kasuwanci da musanya kuɗaɗe a tsarin ERC20 ba tare da wani mai shiga tsakani ba.
Dijital Identity
Satar shaida da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi sirri da haɗarin tsaro suna barazana ga kowane mai amfani da intanet. Fasahohin ganowa na musamman da tsarin amfani suna ba wa wasu damar gano bayanan mutum ko na’urorinsu. Fasahar ganowa ta dijital na iya taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsalar. Abubuwan da ke cikin dijital sun haɗa da mahimman bayanai game da mutum ɗaya, ƙungiyoyi ko na’urorin lantarki, kamar sunayen masu amfani, kalmomin tsaro, ranar haihuwa, ayyukan bincike a yanar gizo da sauransu.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ɓarna a amfani da fasahar Ethereum ita ce manufar ƙayyadaddun amfani a cikin fasahar. Abubuwan da aka raba (DIDs) sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga kowace cibiyar rajista, ikon takardun shaida suna ƙarƙashin cikakken ikon wanda ya ƙirƙiri ID a cikin blockchain.
Manazarta
AWS. (n.d.). What is Ethereum? – Ethereum Explained – Amazon Web Services, Inc.
CoinMarketCap. (n.d.). Ethereum price today, ETH to USD live price, marketcap and chart | CoinMarketCap.
Team, I. (2024, May 24). What is ethereum and how does it work? Investopedia.
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