Masana kimiyya sun ɗan fahimci cewa mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya su ne iskar gas masu sauƙi kamar hydrogen da helium. Waɗannan sun haɗa da mafi yawan adadin helium da ake iya gani. A tsakanin sinadaran biyu, helium shi ne sinadari na biyu marar nauyi kuma na biyu mafi yawa, yana da kusan kashi 24% na yawan sinadarai a faɗin duniya.
Ana yawan ɗaukar helium a matsayin iskar gas mai ban sha’awa wadda ke yin abubuwan ban mamaki ga muryar ku kuma yana ba da damar balloons su sha ruwa, haƙiƙa wani muhimmin sashi ne na rayuwarmu. Baya ga kasancewarsa mahimmin ɓangare na taurari, helium babban jigo ne a cikin nau’ikan hayakin gas. Hakan ta kasance ne dalilin yawaitar makamashin nukiliya, amma duk da haka, masana kimiyya ba su gano wanzuwarsa ba sai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.
Lokacin da aka gano helium
An gano alamomin farko na wanzuwar sinadarin helium a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1868 daga masanin falaƙi ɗan ƙasar Faransa, Jules Janssen. A lokacin da yake a birnin Guntur, na ƙasar Indiya, Janssen ya lura da kusufin rana ta cikin wani haske, sannan ya lura da wani layi mai launin rawaya mai haske (mai kaurin 587.49 a ma’aunin nanometers) da yake fitowa daga sashen chromosphere na rana. A lokacin, ya yi imanin cewa sinadarin sodium ne.
A ranar 20 ga Oktobar shekarar, wani masanin falaki ɗan ƙasar Ingila Norman Lockyer ya lura da layin rawaya a cikin yanayin hasken rana (wanda ya kira layin D3 Fraunhofer), wanda ya yarda da cewa wani abu ne da ba a sani ba ya haifar da shi a cikin rana. Lockyer da wani masanin kimiyar magunguna Edward Frankland sun sanya wa sinadarin suna ‘helios’, wanda ya samu daga kalmar Girkanci da ke nufin rana.
Helium sinadari ne na musamman
Daga cikin dukkan sinadarai, helium shi ne mafi ƙarancin haɗari; ba ya kamawa da wuta ko rashin jituwa idan ya haɗu da wani sinadarin daban. Yana samuwa a matsayin iskar gas, in ban da a cikin matsanancin yanayi. A yanayin zafi kusa da sifili, helium ruwa ne; yawancin sinadarai kuwa sandararru ne a lokacin da aka sanya su a wurare masu ƙarancin zafi.
Asalin samuwar helium
Helium na daga cikin albarkatun ƙasae da ba za a iya sabunta shi ba, wanda galibi ana samun shi daga ma’adinan iskar gas. Yanayin duwatsu a Texas, Oklahoma, da Kansas suna haifar da iskar gas a waɗannan yankuna, sun zama yankuna mafi yawan wadatar sinadarin helium a duniya, (suna samar da tsakanin kashi 0.3 zuwa kashi 2.7).
Siffofin sinadarin helium
Helium shi ne sinadari mafi sauƙi na biyu idan ya samu a samfurin atom ɗinsa, yana bin bayan hydrogen. Ya ƙunshi sinadaran protons biyu da neutrons a tsakiyarsa, da kuma electrons biyu a cikin kewayensa. Mafi yawan nau’in helium shi ne helium-4, wanda aka tabbatar da cewa shi ne samfurin Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Wannan haɗi, wanda ke ɗaukar dakika 10 zuwa mintuna 20 bayan babban wanzuwar Bang, an siffanta shi da samar da sinadarin ‘nuclei’ amma ban da sinadarin isotope mai sauki kamar hydrogen (watau hydrogen-1, wanda ke da proton ɗaya a tsakiya).
An tabbatar da cewa wannan haɗin yana samar da mafi yawan nau’in helium-4, tare da ɗan adadi na hydrogen, helium da lithium isotopes. Duk wasu abubuwa masu nauyi an ƙirƙiro su da yawa daga baya, sakamakon taurarin nucleosynthesis. Ana samar da adadi mai yawa na sabbin nau’ikan helium a kowane lokaci ta hanyar wannan tsari, inda zafi da tsanani a tsakiyar taurari ke haifar da sinadarin atom na hydrogen.
Tarihin amfani da helium
A wani lokaci can baya, an yi imanin cewa helium ya kasance a cikin rana kawai. Amma a cikin shekarar 1882, wani masanin ilimin lissafi ɗan kasar Italiya Luigi Palmieri ya gano helium a duniya lokacin da yake nazarin dutsen lava daga Dutsen Vesuvius bayan ya ɓarke a wannan shekarar. Kuma a cikin shekarar 1895, yayin da yake neman argon, wani masanin ilmin sinadarai ɗan ƙasar Scotland Sir William Ramsay ya yi nasarar fitar da helium ta hanyar yin samfurin magani tare da acid. Bayan ya kula da kashi tare da sulfuric acid, ya kuma lura da layin D3 iri ɗaya.
Ramsey ya aika samfuran iskar gas ga Sir William Crookes da Sir Norman Lockyer, waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa helium ne. An keɓe shi daga cikin ‘cleveite’ a ita wannan shekarar ta masanan chemist Per Teodor Cleve da Abraham Langlet a Uppsala, Sweden, waɗanda suka iya tantance nauyin sinadarin atomic daidai. A cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, irin wannan gwaje-gwajen sun ba da sakamako iri ɗaya.
An gano abubuwa masu ban sha’awa tattare da helium a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan bayyanarsa. A cikin 1907, Ernest Rutherford da Thomas Rods sun nuna cewa ƙwayar sinadarin alpha ita ce ainihin ƙwayar helium. A cikin 1908, wani masanin kimiyya ɗan kasar Holland, mai suna Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ya fara narkar da helium ta hanyar sanyaya iskar zuwa ƙasa da kelvin ɗaya. Dalibinsa Willem Hendrik Keesom ya mayar da sinadarin sandararre daga ƙarshe a cikin 1926.
Helium yana ɗaya daga cikin sindadaran farko da aka gano suna zuwa a nau’in ruwa-ruwa. A cikin 1938, masanin kimiyya ɗan ƙasar Rasha, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, ya gano cewa nau’in helium-4 ba ya zama mai ruwa-ruwa a yanayin da ba na zafi ba. A cikin shekarar 1972, an lura da wannan lamari a yayin gwajin helium-3 da masana kimiyyar ‘yan ƙasar Amurka Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, da Robert C. Richardson suka yi.
Tasirin helium a wannan zamani
A yau, ana amfani da iskar helium a cikin masana’antu da harkokin kasuwanci da aikace-aikacen nishaɗi. Mafi shahara shi ne shawagi a sararin samaniya, inda iskar helium (kasancewarta a sama da asalin iska), a dabi’ance tana ba da damar motsawa ga jiragen ruwa. Idan aka kwatanta da hydrogen, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin jiragen ruwa, helium yana da ƙarin fa’ida ta kasancewa mai ƙonewa.
Dangane da siffofinsa da ya ƙunsa na musamman, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarancin tafasa, ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙarancin narkewa, ana amfani da helium don aikace-aikacen kimiyya da yawa a fannin likitanci da magunguna. Mafi girman amfani shi ne a cikin aikace-aikacen cryogenic, inda helium nau’in ruwa-ruwa ke aiki a matsayin mai sanyaya na’urorin (Magnetic Response Image (MRI) da spectrometers.
Alfanun sinadarin helium
Helium wani sinadari ne mai mahimmanci a fagage da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da binciken kimiyya, fasahar likitanci, masana’antu, manyan fasahohi, binciken sararin samaniya, da tsaron ƙasa. Ga wasu ƙarin alfanun sinadarin:
- Ɓangaren likitanci suna amfani da helium a cikin kayan aikin bincike masu mahimmanci kamar MRI. Ana amfani da laser helium-neon yayin aikin tiyatar ido.
- Aikace-aikacen tsaro na ƙasa sun haɗa da gwajin na’urorin roka, kimiyya, aikin sa ido, tsarin makami mai linzami daga iska zuwa iska, da sauran su.
- Masana’antu daban-daban suna amfani da helium don gano kwararar iskar gas a cikin kayayyakinsu. Helium iskar gas ce mai aminci saboda ba ta sandarewa tana da ƙarancin haɗari. Masu ƙera kayayyakin da ke amfani da iska kamar tayoyi, firiji, na’urorin kashe gobara, na’urorin sanyi da sauran na’urori suna amfani da helium don gwaji kafin kayayyakin su isa kasuwa.
- Kimiyyar sararin samaniya da bincike suna buƙatar sinadarin helium. Hukumar NASA tana amfani da helium don sarrafa iskar gas mai zafi da kuma ɗanyen mai mai tsananin sanyi a lokacin da ake harba rokoki.
Manazarta
Wahab, A., & Wahab, A. (2019, February 21). Helium Element: (Properties, uses, and facts) – Science4Fun.
National Historic (n.d). Discovery of helium in natural gas. American Chemical Society.
Energy and Minerals (n.d). About Helium | Bureau of Land Management.
Environmental effects. (n.d.). Helium (He) – Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects.