Hydrogen wani nau’in sinadari ne na musamman da ke kan teburin sinadarai wanda aka fi sani da periodic table, ya kasance a wannan teburi ne sakamakon kamanninsa da ƙarafa na alkaline da halogens. Shi ne sinadari na atomic mai lamba 1, na farko kuma mafi yawa a sararin samaniya – yana da kimanin kashi 75% na mass da kashi 92% na adadin atom. Hydrogen shi ne rukuni na farko na periodic table kuma saboda keɓantawarsa, ana sanya shi daban.
Tarihin samuwar hydrogen
Masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan ƙasar Ingila Henri Cavendish ya fara gano hydrogen a matsayin wani sinadari na musamman a shekara ta 1766. Wanda ya hada da proton guda ɗaya da electron guda ɗaya.
Masana kimiyya sun kasance suna samar da hydrogen tsawon shekaru kafin a gane shi a matsayin sinadari. Bayanan da aka rubuta sun nuna cewa Robert Boyle ya samar da iskar hydrogen a farkon shekara ta 1671 yayin da yake gwada ƙarfe da acid.
Hydrogen shi ne mafi sauƙi kuma mafi yawan sinadari a sararin duniya. An kiyasta cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 na sararin duniya da ake iya gani ya ƙunshi hydrogen.
Hydrogen shi ne ɗanyen man da mafi yawan taurari ke konawa don samar da makamashi. Wannan tsari, wanda aka sani da fusion, ana nazarin shi a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki mai yuwuwa don amfani a duniya. Ana sa ran samar da sinadarin hydrogen na rana zai kai wasu shekaru biliyan 5.
Sinadaran da ke cikin hydrogen
Akwai sinadaran da abubuwan amfanin da hydrogen ya tara da yawa saboda siffarsa biyu, don haka wannan sinadari ya shahara sosai a masana’antar sinadarai.
Gas ɗin cikin hydrogen ba shi da launi ko wari kuma ba shi da ɗanɗano a yanayi. Gas ne mai ƙonewa, ya fi iska rashin nauyi kuma ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa. Yana da nauyin atomic na 1.008 da ionization enthalpy na 1312 kJ mol-1.
Hydrogen yana da yawan makamashin energy – tare da 120 MJ a kowane kilogiram, idan aka kwatanta da gas (55 MJ/kg), da gawayi (24 MJ/kg), da mai (44 MJ/kg).
Yadda hydrogen ke samuwa
Yana samuwa da wuya a yanayinsa domin gabaɗaya ana haɗa shi da sauran ƙwayoyin halitta: ana samunsa a cikin ruwa ko mai ko iskar gas. Hydrogen ba shi ne tushen makamashi na farko ba amma yana matsayin makamashin sinadari na biyu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa aka fara la’akari da shi a matsayin mai ƙunshe makamashi.
Hydrogen yana da amfani da yawa kuma yana iya samar da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa a matsayin mai. Koyaya, yawancin fasahohin da ake samu don samar da iskar hydrogen ba za a iya sabunta su ba. Sakamakon haka, yawancin hydrogen da ake samarwa a yau daga tushen da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba ne.
Nau’o’ikan makamashin hydrogen
Kodayake hydrogen shi ne mafi ƙarancin sinadarin atom wato ƙwayar zarra; yana ɗauke da proton guda ɗaya da electron shi ma guda ɗaya. Akwai nau’ikan hydrogen da yawa, mafi yawan nau’in hydrogen su ne hydrogen mai launin ƙasa-ƙasa (grey hydrogen), wanda aka samar daga iskar gas. Sai nau’i na biyu mafi yawan shi ne mai launin shuɗi (blue hydrogen), wanda aka samar daga sinadarin methane. Nau’i na uku da aka fi sani shi ne koren (green hydrogen), wanda ake samarwa daga ruwa. Nau’ikan hydrogen ba sa samuwa daga yanayin ƙwayoyin sinadaransa amma suna da alaƙa da tushen da ake amfani da shi wajen samarwa. Anan akwai nau’ikan hydrogen guda uku da aka fi sani:
• Green hydrogen
Samauwar wannan nau’in hydrogen wato koren hydrogen na tattare da aikin rarrabe nau’ikan sinadaran makamshi mai sabuntuwa ta hanyar amfani da zafin lantarki. Yawanci, makamashin da ake sabunta shi yana samuwa ne daga manyan bangarorin iska ko hasken rana kuma yana samar da hydrogen tare da iskar carbon.
• Grey hydrogen
A gefe guda kuma, hydrogen mai launin ƙasa-ƙasa wato (grey) yana fitowa ta hanyar amfani da zafin lantarki ko methane reforming (SMR) wanda ke da ƙarfi ta hanyar makamashi mara sabuntawa. Grey hydrogen yawanci yana da alaƙa da yawan hayaƙin carbon saboda ana fitar da iskar gas da ake samarwa yayin sarrafawa kai tsaye zuwa ga muhalli. Grey hydrogen shi ne mafi yawan hydrogen da ake samarwa a yau.
• Blue hydrogen
Blue hydrogen yana a tsakanin launin ƙasa-ƙasa da kore. Ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi don ƙarfafa SMR ya samu ne daga iskar gas da kuma burbushin man-fetur kamar hydrogen mai launin ƙasa-ƙasa, amma an haɗa shi da carbon don adanawa (CCS) saboda a rage yawan hayaƙi.
Sai dai masana ilimin sinadarai da makamashi na ci gaba da muhawara game da yuwuwar haɗuwar carbon da blue hydrogen gabaɗaya. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya gano cewa hydrogen blue yana samar da ƙarancin iskar carbon 12% fiye da hydrogen mai launin ƙasa-ƙasa da ƙarin tiririn hayaƙi 20% na iskar gas kai tsaye.
Amfanin makamashin hydrogen
Akwai abubuwa da dama da ake amfani da su daga hydrogen wanda za su iya yawaita a nan gaba, yayin da duniya ke sauyawa ta fannin ƙarancin iskar carbon. Yayin da hydrogen shi ma ke fuskantar irin wannan al’amari kamar iskar gas.
Muhimman amfanin makamashin hydrogen su ne tace man-fetur da samar da takin zamani, bayan haka akwai sauran amfani da hydrogen ke yi. Ana kuma sa ran cewa bayan wani lokaci nan gaba adadin i’amfani da makamashin hydrogen ɗin zai ƙaru yayin da fasahar ƙirƙira ke bunƙasa.
Fasahar samar da man-fetur ta hydrogen shi ne amfani guda ɗaya na hydrogen wanda ke da goyon baya mai yawa. Waɗannan makamasan man-fetur suna samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar haɗa makamashin hydrogen da oxygen atom.
Makamashin man-fetur na hydrogen na iya sarrafa motoci da injina. Abin takaici ne matuƙa, rashin kayan aikin tashar man-fetur da tsadarsa har yanzu suna a matsayin ƙalubale ga motoci. Amma da yawan kamfanonin haɗa motoci da ƙasashe suna ƙoƙarin samar da hydrogen a matsayin makamashi ga injina da motoci.
Baya ga wadancan fa’idojin hydrogen da aka ambata a sama, ana amfani da hydrogen a wurare da yawa, waɗannan suka haɗa da:
- Don nishaɗi a yayin sufurin iska – a matsayin wakili mai ɗagawa
- Ana amfani da shi a masana’antar sarrafa abinci, don samar da acid
- A masana’antar yin robobi ma ana amfani da wannan makamashi don sarrafa robobin
- Ana amfani da hydrogen wajen gudanar da fenti da kuma varnishes
- Aikin walda, musamman waldar ƙarafa tare da kuma oxyhydrogen
- Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da ƙarfen hakar ma’adinai
- A asibiti ma dai waje ne da ake amfani da hydrogen. Ana sarrafawa tare da samar da hydrogen peroxide
- Masana’antar yin gilasai na amfani da wannan makamashi wajen samar da gilashin
- Ana samar da man-fetur daga makamashin hydrogen don motoci da injina
- Ana amfani da hydrogen nau’in ruwa-ruwa a matsayin man rokoki
- Ana amfani da hydrogen azaman man roka a ayyukan binciken sararin samaniya da yawa.
Makomar green hydrogen
Amfani da koren hydrogen yana da yawa kuma yana ba da sabbin kayan aiki na fasaha masu ƙarfi don yaƙar canjin yanayi. Sai dai, farashinsa da ƙarancin kayan aikin samar da shi yana iyakance amfani da shi tare da daƙile wadatarsa. Harajin iskar carbon da matsin lamba ga jama’a kan ƙarancin iskar carbon da matsin tattalin arziƙi da rashin imanin hukumomin makamashi na ƙasa da ƙasa na iya yin tasiri kan koren hydrogen a matsayin sabon tushen makamashi.
Manazarta
Copco, A. (n.d.). h2p Hydrogen process animation [Video]. Atlas Copco.
Energy Observer. (2020, November 5). What is Hydrogen?
FASTECH. (2023, August 18). The Properties of Hydrogen: Features & Energy Applications | Fastechu.com
Koons, E. (2024, April 4). Hydrogen uses in everyday life. Energy Tracker Asia.