Ilimin yanayi wanda ake kira da (climatology) a Turance, shi ne nazarin yanayi na dogon lokaci a wani yanki ko nahiya ko kuma duniya gabaɗaya. Ilimin yanayi ya ƙunshi:
1. Yin nazarin tarihin bayanan yanayi
2. Samar da samfuran yanayi don hasashen canje-canjen da kan faru a gaba
3. Nazarin bambancin yanayi
4. Binciken tasirin sauyin yanayi game da yanayin muhalli, lafiyar ɗan’adam, da al’umma gabaɗaya.
5. Samar da dabarun magance sauyin yanayi.
Masana a fannin ilimin yanayi suna nazarin abubuwan da ke da tasiri ga yanayi, ga wasu muhimmai kamar:
1. Temperature
2. Precipitation
3. Humidity
4. Volcanic eruptions
5. Ruwan ruwa
1. Temperature
Yanayi ne da ke bayyana sanyi ko zafin sararin duniya, kuma ɓangare ne muhimmi da ke da tasiri ga yanayi. Temperature na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayinmu. Ga wasu hanyoyi da yanayin zafi ke da tasiri ga yanayi gabaɗaya:
(a). Global temperature (Yanayin zafin duniya): Matsakaicin yanayin zafin duniya yana ƙayyade yanayi gabaɗaya. Temperature kan nuna yadda yanayin duniya zai kasance zafi ko kuma sanyi.
(b). Bambanci zafi: bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi tsakanin yankunan duniya na haifar da iska da igiyar ruwa, wanda hakan ke da tasiri ga yanayi gabaɗaya.
(c). Seasonality (Yanayin shekara): Bambancin yanayin zafi a cikin shekara yana haifar da yanayin zafi a lokacin rani da yanayin sanyi a lokacin hunturu.
(d). Matsanancin yanayi: Matsanancin yanayin zafi kamar zafin rana da sanyi, na iya haifar da mummunan yanayi kamar fari, ambaliya, da guguwa.
2. Precipitation
Tiririn ruwa ne da ke tashi daga mabambantan wurare ya shiga cikin sararin samaniya ya dunƙule har ya gauraya da hazo. Kuma yana da mahimmanci da tasiri sosai ga yanayi. Ga wasu hanyoyi da precipitation ke taimakawa wajen siffanta yanayi:
a. Water cycle: Precipitation wani muhimmin sashi ne na water cycle, wanda ke haifar da zagayawar ruwa a duniya.
b. Precipitation patterns: Ɓangarorin precipitation ne kamar ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, ko ƙanƙara, suna ba da gudunmawa ga yanayi, gami da gajimare, hazo, da guguwa.
c. Ciyayi: Yawan ruwan da ke zama precipitation da yanayi suna da tasiri ga ciyayi da yawa.
d. Danshin ƙasa: Precipitation yana rinjayar damshin ƙasa, wanda hakan kan shafi yanayin girman shuka, fitar da ruwa, da sauran su.
e. Hawan ruwa: Hazo yana tafiyar da zagayawar ruwa (water cycle), gami da kwararar kogi, matakan tabki, da sake sarrafa ruwan karkashin kasa.
f. Muhalli: precipitation yana tasiri ga halittu, gami da dausayi, dazuzzuka, da ciyayi, wadanda ke tallafawa nau’ikan halittu.
g. Noma: precipitation na da matukar muhimmanci ga noma, domin yana kayyade yawan amfanin gona da samun ruwa ta hanyar haɗuwa da hadari wajen samar da wadataccen ruwan sama lokacin damina.
h. Albarkatun ruwa: precipitation yana shafar samun ruwa don amfanin ɗan’adam, masana’antu, da samar da makamashi. Idan ruwan sama ya yawaita akwai taimakon precipitation.
i. Canjin yanayi: Yanayin precipitation yana canzawa saboda sauyin yanayi, yana haifar da munanan al’amura kamar ambaliya da fari, idan aka samu ƙaranci ko yawaitarsa.
3. Humidity
Shi ne danshi, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarin yanayinmu ta hanyoyi kamar haka:
• Heat Index: Humidity yana rinjayar yanayin da aka gane, yana sa ya fi zafi ko sanyi fiye da ainihin zafin da ake bukata.
• Precipitation: Danshi shi ne mafarin hazo, yayin da tururin ruwa ke takurewa zuwa gajimare, wanda ke haifar da ruwan sama ko dusar kankara.
• Atmospheric circulation: Danshi yana rinjayar yanayin zagayowar yanayi, kamar iskoki da damina.
• Evaporation: Danshi yana rinjayar ƙimar ƙawancen ruwa daga saman, yana tasiri da sake zagayowar ruwa da ka’idojin yanayi.
• Cloud formation: Danshi na taimakawa ga samuwar gajimare, wanda ke da tasiri ga ma’aunin yanayin duniya.
• Climate zone: Danshi yana taimakawa wajen wanzuwar yanayin yankuna, irin su wurare masu zafi.
• Vegetation: Danshi na shafar fitar tsiro, misali yawa da nau’in tsiron, wanda hakan ke shafar yanayin duniya.
• Soil moisture: Danshin dake sararin duniya na shafar damshin ƙasa, yana kuma taimakawa wajen girman shuka, zubar ruwa, da sake sarrafa ruwan ƙasa.
• Climate change: Danshi yana canzawa saboda sauyin yanayi, yana haifar da munanan abubuwa kamar fari da ambaliya.
4. Volcanic eruptions
Fashewar dutsen volcanic mai aman wuta yana tasiri sosai ga yanayi ta hanyar tashin toka, iska, da iskar gas a cikin stratosphere. A nan ga wasu hanyoyi da fashewar volcanic kan yi tasiri ga yanayi:
(a) Global cooling: Babbar fashewar dutsen volcanic na iya haifar da yanayin zafi a duniya ya ragu da 1-3°C (1.8-5.4°F) tsawon shekaru da yawa.
(b) Stratospheric Aerosols: Tokar dutse mai aman wuta da iska a cikin stratosphere suna rage zafin rana da sanyaya duniya.
(c) Sulfur Dioxide: Fitar sulfur dioxide mai aman wuta yana haɗuwa da tururin ruwa don samar da ruwan sama da iska, wanda hakan ke sanyaya duniya.
(d) Ozone depletion: Iskar wuta mai aman wuta na iya lalata sararin samaniya wanda hakan ke ba da damar zafin (UV radiation) mai cutarwa ya isa saman duniya.
(e) Agricultural impact: Fashewar dutse mai aman wuta na iya yin tasiri ga aikace-aikacen gona ta hanyar rage hasken rana da canza yanayin hazo.
(f) Climate change: Fashewar manyan tsaunuka masu aman wuta na iya rage dumamar yanayi.
5. Ocean current
Kaɗawar igiyoyin ruwan teku na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin duniya ta hanyar isar da zafi, abubuwan gina jiki, da wanzuwar ruwa a duk faɗin duniya. Ga jerin wasu hanyoyi da igiyoyin ruwan teku ke yin tasiri ga yanayni:
a) Heat transport: Ruwan teku na fitar da zafi daga ma’aunin zafi zuwa ga yankuna, sannan kuma yana daidaita yanayin nahiyoyi da ma duniya gabaɗaya.
b) Thermohaline circulation: Kogin Gulf da sauran magudanan ruwa suna fitar da yanayin thermohaline, wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin duniya ta hanyar adanawa da sakin zafi da carbon dioxide.
c) Upwelling and downwelling: lgiyoyin ruwan teku yana haifar da hawa da saukar ruwan, hakan kuma shafar yawan ruwan teku.
d) Regional climate: Igiyoyin ruwan teku suna tasiri ga yanayin yanki, kamar zafi na yammacin Turai, sanyin gabar tekun California, da zafin Tekun Fasha.
e) Sea level rise: Igiyoyin ruwan teku na taimakawa wajen hauhawar teku ta hanyar samar da zafi mai yawa a duniya, wanda ke haifar da fadada teku da narkewar kankara.
f) Carbon cycle regulations: Magudanar ruwa na teku suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin juyawar carbon cycle, suna zuka tare da adana iskar carbon dioxide daga yanayi.
Manazarta
Research & Innovation at Rice. (n.d.) Research and innovation . Rice University.
National Drought Mitigation Center. (n.d.). What is Climatology?
Department of Geography & Environmental Studies. (2001, June 25). Climatology
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Climatology | Atmospheric Science, Oceanography & Ecology. Encyclopedia Britannica.