Jirgin sama

Jirgin sama abin hawa ne mai fuka-fukai da injuna ɗaya ko fiye kuma yana tafiya ne a cikin iska. Kalmar jirgi kuma ana yawan amfani da ita don nufin jirage, kodayake ana iya amfani da ita ga wasu nau’ikan ababen hawar masu aiki da iska, kamar jirage masu saukar ungulu da sauran su.

Nau’ikan jiragen sama

Za a iya rarraba jiragen sama bisa la’akari da wasu abubuwa kamar siffarsu, injinsu, nauyinsu, da sauransu. A wannan maƙala, an yi amfani da tsarin rarraba jirage sama gwargwadon amfaninsu:

Jirgin fasinja

Ana ƙirƙirar wannan nau’in jirgin sama musamman don jigilar mutane; kamfanonin jiragen sama suna amfani da su don zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci. Akwai tsarin ɗakuna da wasu abubuwa kamar kujeru, banɗaki, allo, da ƙananan kicin a cikinsa.

Jirgin dakon kaya

Ana amfani da wannan don jigilar kaya da manyan abubuwa. Ba su da kujeru ko wasu abubuwan da ake buƙata don jigilar mutane. Yawancin lokaci suna da sashen tankin ajiyar mai faffaɗa don samun ƙarin sararin ajiya; fuka-fukai mafi girma don haka nauyinsa ya fi kusa da ƙasa lokacin sauka, yana da ƙarin fuka-fukai; kuma yana da mafi girman wutsiya.

Jirgin soja

Ana amfani da shi don buƙatun yaƙi. Akwai nau’ikan jiragen sama na soja da yawa, gwargwadon manufarsu. Misali, suna iya tayar da bama-bamai da jefa bama-bamai ko makamai masu linzami; ko kuma jirage masu saukar ungulu da aka ƙera don mayar da martani da harbe-harbe a cikin iska, suna kaiwa ga saurin gudu cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci.

Yadda ake ƙera jiragen sama

Dole ne ma’adanan da ake amfani da su na ƙera jirage su kasance masu ƙarfi da juriya da kauce wa lalacewa da wuri. Yawancin jiragen sama an yi su ne daga ma’adanan titanium da iron da aluminum da gamayyar sinadaran da aka haɗa ciki har da polymers da fiber carbon.

Injiniyoyin suna tantance irin abubuwan ko kayan aikin da za a ƙera jiragen sama ta hanyar yin la’akari da wasu abubuwa da suka haɗa da girman jirgin da manufar ƙirƙirar shi da sauransu. Manufar ƙirƙirar jiragen sama musamman tana siffanta taswirar jikinsu. Yawancin tsofaffin jiragen sama na kasuwanci na farko an yi su ne da aluminum, yayin da sababbi na zamani an yi su ne da gamayyar sinadaran haɗaka. Jirgin soja na iya amfani da sinadari mai haske, kamar titanium.

Yadda jirage suke tashi

Ka’idar aikin jirage ta dogara ne a kan ƙarfin iskar da aka samar a kan fuka-fuki zuwa sama, wanda ake kira ɗagawa (flight). Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar bambancin iska (pressure) tsakanin sama da ƙasa.

Yanayin tsayin nisan jirgin sama a sararin samaniya, yana da tasiri ga saurin tafiyar jirgin. Wannan na faruwa saboda iska tana zama marar nauyi a sama sosai kuma tana haifar da ƙarancin fisga. Hakan kuma na iya zama mai amfani don adana mai.

Girman nisan jirgi a sama

Tsayin nisan da jirgin sama ke tafiya ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa, kamar nau’in jirgin saman da nisa tsakanin wuraren tashi da sauka da hanyar iska, da takardar shedar jirgin don ayyukan RVSM (Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum).

Yawancin jiragen sama na kasuwanci suna da cikakken rufin jirgin sama na kusan ƙafa 40,000 (mita 13,000), yayin da wasu jiragen sama na iya kaiwa ƙafa 52,000 (mita 15,850). Matsakaicin jirgin sama na soja a yau shi ne  mai ƙafa 82,000 (mita 25,000).

Sassan jirgin sama da ayyukansu

Akwai sassa ko bangarori da yawa na jirgin sama a cewar, AeroGuard (2020) kuma kowanne yana da takamaiman aikinsa. Manyan abubuwan da ke cikin jirgin sama da ayyukansu sun haɗa da:

• Fuselage

Jikin jirgi ne ko kuma a ce fuselage, yana riƙe da jirgin tare da matukan jirgi zaune a gaban fuselage, fasinjoji da kaya a baya.

• Wings

Fuka-fukan jirgin sama suna da mahimmanci don tashi ta hanyar taimakawa wajen ɗagawa, amma suna da sassa don sarrafa wannan adadin ɗagawa.

• Ailerons

Ailerons ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan wuraren sarrafawa na farko guda uku waɗanda ke sarrafa jirgin sama (tare da Elevator da Rudder) Lokacin da matukin jirgi ya juya zuwa hagu a cikin jirgin, aileron na hagu ya hau sama, yana rage ɗagawa a wannan gefen, kuma aileron na dama ya sauka, yana ƙara ɗagawa yana haifar da tashin jirgi. Wannan yana sa jirgin ya juya zuwa hagu.

• Cockpit

Wannan shi ne gaban jirgi daga ciki, wato inda matukin jirgin ke tafiyar da jirgin (sarrafa shi).

• Winglet

Flaps, shi ma kamar aileron yana jikin gefen fuka-fukai, sai dai ba kamar ailerons ba ta fuskar aiki, ɓangarorinsa suna motsawa daidai gwargwado a kowane gefe kuma suna taimakawa wajen ƙarin ɗagawa da tafiyar jirgin.

• Spoilers

Ana amfani da masu ɓarnawa don taimakawa jirgin ya saukowa kuma yana rage abubuwan ɗagawa na foil ɗin iska. Wannan yana ba da damar jirgin ya sauka kuma ya rasa tsayi ba tare da samun saurin iska ba.

• Slats

Slats suna kama da flaps, kawai suna a gaban reshe (na’urar da ke kan gaba) kuma suna canza siffar reshe na ɗan lokaci don ƙara ɗagawa.

• Horizontal stabilizer da slevator

Horizontal stabilizer bangare ne da yake tabbatar da motsin hancin jirgin sama (motsawa sama ko ƙasa).

• Vertical stabilizer da rudder

Vertical stabilizer na ba wa jirgin sama dama ya kutsa cikin yanayin iska. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen hana motsin gefe-da-gefe na hancin jirgin.

• Engines

Inji ko sashen makamashin wutar inji, ta jirgin sama na samar da abin da ake buƙata don jirgin ya tashi. Akwai nau’ikan injunan jirgin sama iri biyu, masu juyawa da injin turbine. Tare da injuna masu jujjuyawar, iska ta shiga cikin injin, ana matsawa kuma a haɗe shi da man fetur da tartsatsin wutar lantarki don ƙonewa, tare da iskar gas da ke fita daga bayan injin.

• Landing gear

Landing gear na a ƙarƙashin cikin jirgin wanda ya ƙunshi tayoyi da ke taimakawa yayin sauka ƙasa kuma suna iya komawa cikin fuselage. Nau’in tayoyi uku-uku su ne gama gari don zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da ƙafa ɗaya a gaba da biyu a baya.

• Propeller

Propeller na jirgin sama nau’i ne na iska, mai kama da fuka-fukai, wanda aka sanya shi a tsaye don tafiyar da jirgin. Haɗe da inji suna juyawa cikin sauri, suna haifar tashin jirgi.

Duk sassan jirgin sama suna da mahimmanci don tafiya da sarrafa jirgin sama lafiya. Babban aikin da matukan jirgin ke lura da shi shi ne tabbatar da cewa dukkan sassan jirgin suna cikin kyakkyawan yanayi kafin su fara tafiya.

Ire-iren man jirage

Ferrovial. (2022) sun bayyana cewa, a halin yanzu akwai nau’ikan man jiragen sama iri hudu, kamar haka:

• Biokerosene

Wannan mai ne wanda ake sarrafawa daga sinadarin algae da man jatropha, da dai sauransu. Masana’antar sufurin jiragen sama ta shafe shekaru tana gwada shi a jiragen sama da yawa.

• Avgas, or aviation gasoline:

Ana amfani da shi ne kawai a cikin tsofaffin injunan piston da aka samu a cikin jiragen wasanni da kuma ƙananan jiragen sama masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke buƙatar babban mai. Avgas yana da tsada, shi ya sa aka fi amfani da man diesel da kananzir.

• Jet A-1 or jet fuel (kerosene)

Ana amfani da wannan a cikin injinan turbine. Wannan yana ƙarƙashin tsarin wasu ƙasashen duniya, don biyan buƙatun injinan jirgin da ke amfani da wannan nau’in mai.

• Jet B (a mix of kerosene and gasoline)

Ana amfani da wannan a cikin jiragen soja. Wannan ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 65% na man fetur da kuma 35% na kananzir, kuma ana amfani da shi a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin zafi,  saboda ya fi ƙonewa.

Dalilan haɗuran jirgin sama

Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke haddasa hadurran jiragen sama. Ƙayyade abin da ke haifar da hatsarin jirgin sama abu ne mai wahalar fahimta, W. K. Winingham. (2024), ya bayyana wasu daga cikin muhimman dalilan afkuwar haɗuran jirgin sama kamar haka:

• Kurakuran ma’aikatan jirgin

Sarrafa na’urorin da kan cockpit shi ne mabuɗin samun nasara kuma ingantaccen aikin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin manyan jirage masu yawa tare da ma’aikatan jirgin. Wannan ya haɗa da rarraba ayyukan cockpit da tabbatar da cewa kowane matuƙin jirgin ya san aikinsu. Yin sakaci da wannan ka’ida na iya haifar da haɗari.

• Kurakuran da mutane ke yi

Kuskuren matukin jirgi shi ne dalili na farko da ke haddasa hadurran jiragen sama. Tukin jirgin sama yana buƙatar dogon horo da sanin ayyukan na’urorin jirgin sama da dabarun daidaita idanu da hannu don sarrafa jirgin yadda ya kamata kuma cikin aminci.

• Sakacin masu kula da zirga-zirgar jirage

Masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare lafiyar jiragen. Masu sarrafawa suna taimakawa wajen raba jiragen sama da juna kuma suna jagorantar jirage a yanayin cunkoson sararin samaniya. Masu sarrafawa suna sadar da bayanai ga matukan jirgi. Idan mai sarrafawa ya ba wa matukin jirgi bayanin kuskure ko ya kasa kiyaye rabuwar jirgin, to ana iya samun hadari.

Matsalolin yanayi

Sau da yawa yanayi shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da hadurran jiragen sama. Aikin matukin jirgi ne ya sani tare da fahimtar yanayin hanyar jirgin. Masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama su ke da alhakin ba da bayanan yanayi ga matukan jirgi. Idan an sami bayanan da ba daidai ba ko kuma ba a shirya jirage ta hanyar bin yanayin da ake tsammani ba, to haɗari na iya faruwa.

Kula da jirage mara kyau

Kula da jirgin da ya dace ya tashi yana da matuƙar mahimmanci. Akwai dokoki da ka’idoji da yawa na kula da jirgin sama. Dole ne injiniyoyin jirgin sama su bi jerin ƙa’idoji da buƙatun da ya kamata a nazarta. Bukatun da ya kamata a nazarta sun bambanta dangane da nau’in FARs da ake sarrafa jirgin a ƙarƙashinsa.

Lallacewar yanayin jirage

Tsarin jirgin sama ya bambanta sosai. Jiragen sama suna da nau’ikan injuna daban-daban, masu tallafawa da fuka-fukai da na’urorin kan cockpit. Idan ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan ba a tsara su da kyau ba, haɗari na iya faruwa.

Na’urar GPS ta jirage

GPS na’ura ce mai mahimmanci a cikin jirgin sama, kuma tana iya zama abin jan hankali ga matukan jirgi. Idan ba a tsara ta daidai ba za ta iya sa jirgin ya sauka daga kan hanya. Haka nan za’a iya amfani da GPS a cikin yanayin IFR don ba wa matuƙan bayanan da suke buƙata don saukar da jirgin cikin aminci cikin.

Wasu muhimman bayanai game da jirgin sama

• Jirgin sama na farko da ya tashi, ya ƙunshi waɗanda suka ƙirƙire shi da ma’aikatan masana’antar jiragen sama, sun tafiyar nisan fiye da mita 10.
• Mafi gajartar tafiyar da jirgin sama ya yi a duniya ita ce ta daƙiƙa 27. Ya yi tafiyar ne a hanyar da ke tsakanin tsibiran Westray da Papa Westray, wanda kamfanin jirgin sama na yankin Scotland Loganair ke kula da ita.
• Tafiya mafi tsayi wacce babu tsayawa da jirgi ya yi a duniya ta ɗauki sa’o’i 15 da mintuna 25, kimanin tafiyar kilomita 13,800 tsakanin Sydney, Australia, da Dallas, Amurka.
• Jirgin sama mafi girma a yau shi ne Antonov mai lamba AN-225′, yana da tsawon mita 88. An yi amfani da shi don jigilar jirgin saman kamfanin Buran. Mafi ƙanƙantar jirgi shi ne CriCri, mai tsawon fuka-fukan mita 4.9.
• Ba a amfani da lambobin 13 da 17 da 666 a filayen jirgin sama ko kuma jikin jiragen sama don guje wa camfi.
• Babban filin jirgin sama a duniya shi ne Daocheng Yading da ke China, mai nisan mita 4,410, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta shi ne Amsterdam-Schiphol, Holland, mai nisan mita 3.

Manazarta

AeroGuard. (2020, November 13) Parts of an airplane and their function. AeroGuard.

Airplanes: what they are, how they fly, what types there are. Ferrovial.

Wilson Kehoe Winingham. (2024, September 11). Plane crash reasons: What factors cause airplane crashes? WKW.