Kansar mahaifa

Kansar cikin mahaifa wace a turance ake kira da (Cervical cancer) wata cutar daji ce da ke tasowa a ƙofar mahaifa (cervix), wato ɓangaren da ke haɗa farji da mahaifa. Wannan sashi na mahaifa shi ne ke taka rawar gani wajen bari jinin haila ya fita daga mahaifa zuwa farji, da kuma ba wa maniyyi damar shiga cikin mahaifa lokacin saduwa.

Ciwon dajin na faruwa ne idan ƙwayoyin halitta (cells) da ke bangaren cervix suka fara rarrabuwa da girma ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, suna rasa tsarin kulawar jikinsu, har su zama ƙwayoyin cutar daji da ke iya mamaye nama da sauran sassan jiki. Wannan cuta tana daga cikin manyan cututtukan daji da ke addabar mata a duniya, musamman a ƙasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya.

Asalin cutar

A yawancin lokuta, asalin cervical cancer yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da kamuwa da kwayar cutar Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Wannan cuta ta HPV ana yawan kamuwa da ita ne ta hanyar jima’i, musamman ta hanyar haɗuwar fata da fata a yankin al’aura.

Bayan kamuwa da HPV, ƙwayar cutar kan shiga ƙwayoyin mahaifa ta fara haddasa canje-canjen sinadarai da tsarin halittar ƙwayoyin (DNA mutations), waɗanda ke iya rikiɗewa zuwa ƙwayoyin daji idan jiki bai iya kawar da cutar cikin lokaci ba.

Masana sun gano nau’ikan HPV sama da 100, amma HPV-16 da HPV-18 su ne mafi haɗari, saboda su ne ke da alhakin fiye da kashi 70% na dukkan cututtukan cervical cancer a duniya.
A wasu lokuta kuma, akwai wasu abubuwan da ke taimakawa HPV wajen rikiɗewa zuwa daji, irin su raunin garkuwar jiki, rashin tsafta, da rashin kula da lafiya yayin haihuwa.

Abubuwa masu haɗari game da cutar

Wasu abubuwan da ke ƙara haɗarin mace ta kamu da cervical cancer sun haɗa da:

• Rashin yin allurar rigakafin HPV (HPV vaccine): Wannan ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta rigakafi daga kamuwa da ƙwayar HPV.
• Yin jima’i da mutane da yawa: Yana ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da nau’ikan HPV daban-daban.
• Fara jima’i tun da wuri: Matan da suka fara jima’i da ƙuruciya suna da buɗaɗɗiyar ƙofar mahaifa wanda ke da rauni, tana sa ƙwayar HPV ta fi sauƙin shiga.
• Shan taba sigari: Nicotine da sauran gubobi da ke cikin sigari suna lalata ƙwayoyin halittar mahaifa.
• Rashin yin gwajin HPV ko Pop akai-akai: Wadannan gwaje-gwajen suna taimakawa wajen gano canjin ƙwayoyin cells kafin su zama daji.
• Raunin garkuwar jiki: Musamman ga masu cutar HIV/AIDS ko masu amfani da magungunan rage ƙarfin garkuwar jiki.
• Dogon amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa (oral contraceptives): Ana danganta amfani na dogon lokaci da ƙarin haɗarin ciwon daji.
• Haihuwa da yawa cikin gajeren lokaci: Hakan kan kawo canje-canje ga ƙwayoyin halittar mahaifa.
• Rashin tsaftar jiki da ta al’aura: Zai iya ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da ke sa HPV ta tsananta.

Ire-iren cervical cancer

Masana sun raba cervical cancer zuwa manyan nau’o’i guda biyu bisa ga irin ƙwayoyin mahaifa (cells) da cutar ke fitowa daga gare su:

Squamous cell carcinoma

Wannan shi ne mafi yawan nau’in ciwon daji na mahaifa, yana wakiltar kusan kashi 80 zuwa 90% na dukkan cutar. Yana tasowa ne daga ƙwayoyin squamous da ke rufe wajen ƙofar mahaifa (ectocervix). Wannan nau’i yana yawan farawa daga ƙasan mahaifa, inda ake samun cudanyar ƙwayoyin squamous da glandular, wanda shi ne wurin da HPV ke fiye haddasa canjin halitta.

Adenocarcinoma

Wannan nau’in yana farawa daga ƙwayoyin glandular da ke cikin cikin mahaifa (endocervical canal). Yana da ɗan wuya a gano shi da wuri saboda yana tasowa a cikin sashen da ba a iya gani da ido kai tsaye lokacin gwajin jini ko Pap smear. Duk da haka, adadin adenocarcinoma yana ƙaruwa a ƙasashe da dama saboda sauye-sauyen ɗabi’un jima’i da rashin yin gwaje-gwaje akai-akai.

Haɗuwar nau’ikan (Adenosquamous Carcinoma)

Wasu lokuta, ana iya samun nau’in da ke ɗauke da sassan adenocarcinoma da squamous cell carcinoma a lokaci guda. Wannan nau’in yana da ɗan haɗari saboda ya haɗa siffofin biyu, kuma yana iya ƙara wahalar magancewa.

Alamomin cervical cancer

A farkon lokaci, cervical cancer na iya kasancewa ba tare da wata alama ba, abin da ke haifar da wahalar ganewa tun da wuri. Wannan dalili ne yasa ake ƙarfafar mata su rika yin gwajin Pap smear ko HPV test akai-akai domin gano canjin ƙwayoyin kafin su zama daji. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, ana iya fara ganin alamomi kamar haka:

• Zubar jini daga farji bayan jima’i, bayan haila, ko bayan mace ta daina yin haila.
• Zubar ruwa mai wari daga farji, wanda yake fitowa ba tare da haila ba.
• Jin zafi yayin saduwa ko kuma a lokacin fitsari.
• Ciwon ƙugu, ƙasan ciki, ko ƙasan baya wanda ke yaɗuwa zuwa ƙafafu.
• Jin gajiya, rashin ƙarfi, da saurin gajiya.
• Rage nauyi ba tare da sanin dalili ba.
• A matakai masu tsanani, cutar na iya haddasa toshewar fitsari ko zubar jini mai yawa wanda zai iya jawo rashin jini.

Hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje

Gano cervical cancer na farawa da gwaje-gwajen rigakafi da na tantancewa, domin gano canjin ƙwayoyin halittar mahaifa tun kafin su rikide zuwa cutar daji. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen gano cutar da wuri kafin ta yaɗu. Muhimman hanyoyin ganewa sun haɗa da:

Pap smear test (pap test)

Wannan gwaji ne da ake ɗaukar ƙaramin samfurin ƙwayoyin cells daga ƙofar mahaifa ta hanyar amfani da ƙaramin burushi ko spatula. Ana duba waɗannan ƙwayoyi halitta a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje domin gano ko akwai canje-canjen ƙwayoyin halitta (precancerous cells). Idan an gano canjin da ba daji ba, ana iya magance shi da wuri kafin ya zama cutar daji.

HPV DNA Test

Wannan gwaji yana tantance nau’in ƙwayar Human Papillomavirus (HPV) da ke cikin ƙwayoyin mahaifa. Idan an gano nau’ikan HPV-16 ko HPV-18, hakan na nuna haɗarin mace yana da yawa, saboda su ne nau’ikan da ke haddasa yawancin cututtukan cervical cancer.

Colposcopy

Wannan kuma hanya ce da likita ke amfani da na’ura mai ƙara girman gani domin duba fuskar mahaifa. Idan an ga wani yankin da ke da launin da bai dace ba, ana iya ɗaukar samfurin nama daga wurin.

Biopsy

A wannan gwaji, ana ɗaukar ƙaramin ɓangare na nama daga mahaifa domin duba shi a ƙarƙashin na’urar microscope a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan ita ce ingantacciya kuma tabbatacciyar hanyar gano cervical cancer. Wasu nau’ikan biopsy da ake yi sun haɗa da punch biopsy, cone biopsy, da endocervical curettage, gwargwadon wurin da ake zargin dajin yana ciki.

Ɗaukar hoton ciki

Idan an tabbatar da ciwon daji, ana amfani da gwaje-gwaje na hoto don tantance yaɗuwar ta, kamar:

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): don ganin yadda dajin ya bazu a cikin mahaifa da ƙugu.
• CT Scan (Computed Tomography): don gano ko dajin ya bazu zuwa sauran sassa.
• PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): don gano yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin daji a cikin jiki gabaɗaya.

Matakan cervical cancer

Masana sun raba cervical cancer zuwa matakai guda huɗu (Stage I zuwa Stage IV) bisa ga yadda cutar ke yaɗuwa daga mahaifa zuwa sauran sassan jiki. Sanin matakin cutar yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, saboda yana taimaka wa likitoci wajen zaɓar irin magani mafi dacewa da matsayin dajin a jikin mara lafiya.

Mataki farko (Stage I)

A wannan mataki, cutar dajin tana cikin mahaifa kawai, ba ta bazu zuwa wasu sassa na jiki ba.

• Stage IA

A nan an gano dajin ne kawai ta amfani da microscope. Yana da ƙanƙanta sosai har ba a iya ganin shi da ido kai tsaye. Yana nufin cewa cutar tana a matakin farko-farko.

• Stage IB

Dajin yana iya ganuwa da ido kai tsaye, amma har yanzu yana cikin iyakar mahaifa. A wannan matakin, ana iya magance shi cikin sauƙi idan an gano shi da wuri.

Mataki na biyu (Stage II)

A wannan matakin, dajin ya fara wucewa iyakar mahaifa, amma bai kai ƙasan farji ko bangon ƙugu gaba ɗaya ba.

• Stage IIA

Dajin ya bazu zuwa ɓangaren sama na farji, amma bai kai sassan waje na ƙugu ba.

• Stage IIB

Dajin ya bazu zuwa sassan jikin mahaifa, wanda ke kusa da mahaifa, amma bai kai ga jikin ƙugu gabaɗaya ba.

Mataki na uku (Stage III)

A wannan matakin, cutar ta fi tsananta. Dajin ya bazu zuwa ƙasan farji, jikin ƙugu, ko kuma ya matsa wa hanyoyin fitsari (ureters) har ya toshe su.

• Stage IIIA

Dajin ya bazu zuwa ƙasan farji kawai.

• Stage IIIB

Dajin ya bazu zuwa jikin ƙugu, ko kuma ya toshe hanyoyin fitsari wanda ke haddasa kumburin ƙoda (hydronephrosis).

• Stage IIIC

Dajin ya bazu zuwa jijiyoyin lymph nodes a yankin ƙugu ko kusa da ƙashin baya, wanda ke nuna cewa cutar ta fara yaɗuwa ta hanyar jini.

Mataki na huɗu (Stage IV)

Wannan shi ne matakin ƙarshe na cervical cancer. A nan, dajin ya riga ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan jiki masu nisa daga mahaifa.

• Stage IVA

Dajin ya bazu zuwa mafistara (bladder), hanji, ko wasu sassa da ke kusa da mahaifa.

• Stage IVB

Wannan shi ne mafi tsanani; dajin ya bazu zuwa wurare masu nisa kamar hanta, huhu, ƙashi, ko wasu sassan jiki ta hanyar jini ko lymph nodes.

A wannan bayani na matakan cutar, ana iya ƙara fahimtar yadda gano cutar da wuri ke da muhimmanci domin rage haɗarin yaɗuwar ta zuwa matakai masu tsanani.

Rigakafin cervical cancer

Rigakafi shi ne hanya mafi muhimmanci wajen daƙile kamuwa da cervical cancer, domin yana taimakawa wajen hana yaɗuwar ƙwayar HPV da ke haddasa cutar. Hanyoyin rigakafin da masana suka tabbatar da su sun haɗa da:

• Allurar rigakafin HPV (HPV vaccine): Ana ba da wannan allura ga ’yanmata tun suna tsakanin shekaru 9 zuwa 14 kafin su fara jima’i. Allurar na kare su daga nau’o’in ƙwayar HPV mafi haɗari da ke haifar da ciwon dajin mahaifa.
• Gwajin Pap test akai-akai: Wannan gwajin yana taimaka wa likitoci su gano canje-canje a ƙwayoyin halittar mahaifa tun kafin su zama daji. Ana ba da shawarar a fara yin Pap test daga shekaru 21, sannan a maimaita shi duk bayan shekara uku.
• Gwajin HPV DNA: Ana amfani da wannan gwaji wajen gano ƙwayar HPV a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar mahaifa, musamman ga mata masu shekaru 30 zuwa sama.
• Gujewa yin jima’i da mutane da yawa: Wannan yana rage yiwuwar kamuwa da ƙwayar HPV da sauran cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta jima’i.
• Amfani da condom: Yin amfani da kondom yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan jima’i, ciki har da HPV, kodayake ba ya bayar da kariya kashi 100%.
• Kula da tsaftar jiki da lafiyar gaba: Tsabtace jiki yadda ya kamata na taimakawa wajen rage taruwar ƙwayoyin cuta a gabobin jima’i.
• Daina shan taba: Shan taba na ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon mahaifa, saboda gubobin da ke cikin taba suna lalata ƙwayoyin mahaifa.

Maganin cervical cancer

Maganin cervical cancer ya danganta da matakin da cutar ta kai, shekarun mace, da kuma lafiyarta gabaɗaya. Likitoci sukan zaɓi hanya ɗaya ko haɗin hanyoyi domin magance cutar gwargwadon yanayinta. Manyan hanyoyin magani sun haɗa da:

Tiyata (Surgery)

• Idan dajin bai bazu sosai ba, ana cire ƙaramin ɓangaren mahaifa da ya kamu.
• Idan cutar ta zurfafa, ana iya cire duka mahaifa gabaɗaya, wani lokaci har da ƙananan gaɓoɓin da ke kusa, domin hana ci gaba da yaɗuwa.
• Idan mace tana so ta ci gaba da haihuwa kuma cutar ba ta bazu ba, ana iya yin tiyatar da za ta bar wasu sassan mahaifar lafiya.

Radiotherapy

Ana amfani da haske mai ƙarfi (radiation) domin kashe ƙwayoyin daji ko rage girmansu kafin a yi tiyata. A wasu lokuta, ana haɗa shi da chemotherapy domin ƙara tasiri.

Chemotherapy

Ana amfani da magungunan da ke kashe ko rage yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin daji a jiki. Ana ba da shi ta hanyar allura ko ƙarin ruwa a jiki, kuma ana iya amfani da shi kafin, yayin ko bayan tiyata da radiotherapy.

Immunotherapy da targeted therapy

Waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin suna taimakawa garkuwar jiki wajen ganowa da kuma yaƙar ƙwayoyin daji kai tsaye. Ana amfani da su musamman idan cutar ta ci gaba ko ta dawo bayan jiyya.

Yaɗuwar cutar a duniya

Cervical cancer na daga cikin manyan cututtukan daji da ke kashe mata a duniya. Rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO, 2024) ya nuna cewa:

• Fiye da mata 600,000 ne ke kamuwa da cervical cancer kowace shekara.
• Sama da mata 340,000 ne ke mutuwa daga cutar duk shekara.

A kasashen Afirka, musamman Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu, cutar tana cikin manyan cututtukan daji uku mafi yawan mata ke kamuwa da su, saboda ƙarancin allurar rigakafi, rashin gwaje-gwajen tantancewa, da ƙarancin kayan aikin jinya. Saboda haka, gwaje-gwaje na rigakafi da wuri, haɗe da allurar HPV vaccine, suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen rage mace-macen da ke biyo bayan wannan cuta.

Muhimmancin wayar da kai

Wayar da kai game da cervical cancer a cikin al’umma, musamman tsakanin mata da ‘yanmata na da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen rage yawan kamuwa da mutuwa. Don haka, ya zama wajibi a:

• Tattauna batun allurar HPV vaccine a makarantu, asibitoci da cibiyoyin lafiya, domin a karfafa wa iyaye da yara su karɓi rigakafi tun da wuri.
• Ilimantar da mata game da muhimmancin yin gwajin Pap test akai-akai don gano canje-canjen ƙwayoyin halittar mahaifa kafin su zama daji.
• Hukumomi da kungiyoyin lafiya su samar da shirin rigakafi da gwaje-gwajen kyauta musamman a yankunan karkara inda mata ke da ƙarancin samun ayyukan kiwon lafiya.

Tarihin gano cervical cancer

Tarihin gano ciwon daji na mahaifa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 19, lokacin da masana likitanci suka fara lura da zubar jini daga farji bayan haila a wasu mata, wanda ba ya da alaƙa da juna biyu ko wata cuta ta yau da kullum.

A shekarar 1886, wani likita ɗan Jamus mai suna Dr. Ernst von Baerensprung ne ya fara bayyana bambanci tsakanin ciwon mahaifa da sauran cututtukan mata. Daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1928, wani likita ɗan Girka mai suna Dr. George Papanicolaou ya kirkiro hanyar gwaji da ake kira Pap smear test, wanda ya zama babban cigaba wajen gano ciwon daji tun kafin ya tsananta. Wannan gwaji ya ceci rayukan mata miliyoyi a duk duniya.

A cikin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, bincike ya tabbatar da cewa Human Papillomavirus (HPV) shi ne babban sanadin cervical cancer, bayan nazarin likitan Jamus Harald zur Hausen wanda daga baya ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a 2008 saboda wannan bincike. Wannan ya buɗe sabon babi a fannin rigakafin cutar ta hanyar gano allurar HPV vaccine.

Ƙoƙarin Najeriya a yaƙi da cervical cancer

A nahiyar Afirka, musamman Najeriya, cervical cancer tana daga cikin manyan cututtukan daji uku da ke kashe mata fiye da kowanne irin daji. Rahoton World Health Organization (WHO) ya nuna cewa, sama da mata 12,000 ke kamuwa da cutar a Najeriya duk shekara. Fiye da mata 8,000 ke mutuwa saboda rashin ganowa da wuri da kuma ƙarancin maganin da ya dace.

Kalubalen Najeriya

• Rashin wadatattun gwaje-gwajen Pap smear da na HPV a asibitoci.
• Ƙarancin samun HPV vaccine, musamman a yankunan karkara.
• Rashin isasshen wayar da kai a tsakanin ‘yanmata na mata masu aure.
• Tsadar gwaji da magani wanda ke sa mata da dama ba sa iya zuwa asibiti.
• Ƙarancin kwararrun likitocin mata (gynecologic oncologists) da cibiyoyin jinya.

Matakan da ake ɗauka

• Gwamnatin Najeriya ta fara shirin ba da allurar HPV vaccine kyauta a shekarar 2023, tare da haɗin gwiwar WHO da GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization).
• Shirin yana nufin bayar da rigakafi ga ’yan mata miliyan 7 zuwa 8 kafin shekarar 2030.
• Cibiyoyi kamar National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) da Nigeria Cancer Society (NCS) suna gudanar gangamin da wayar da kai, gwaje-gwaje, da horar da ma’aikatan lafiya a matakin jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi.

Hasashe game da cervical cancer

WHO ta ƙaddamar da shirin duniya mai suna “Cervical Cancer Elimination Strategy 2030”, wanda ke da manufofi uku:

• Kashi 90% na ’yanmata su karɓi allurar HPV vaccine kafin shekara 15.
• Kashi 70% na mata su riƙa yin Pap test ko HPV test kafin shekara 35 da 45.
• Kashi 90% na mata da aka gano suna da cutar su sami magani da wuri.

Idan aka aiwatar da wannan tsari yadda ya dace, ana sa ran cewa cervical cancer za ta zama cuta da aka kawar da ita gabaɗaya a ƙasashen da ke tasowa nan da shekarar 2050.

Manazarta

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, July 18). Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: What everyone should know. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. (2023, October 24). Nigeria introduces HPV vaccine to protect girls against cervical cancer. Gavi.

International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2022, November 30). Global cancer observatory: Cervical cancer statistics. World Health Organization.

National Cancer Institute. (2023, May 5). Cervical cancer treatment (PDQ®)–Patient version. National Institutes of Health.

World Health Organization. (2024, March 8). Cervical cancer: Key facts. World Health Organization.

Tarihin Wallafa Maƙalar

Wallafawa: 5 November, 2025

Sabuntawa: 10 November, 2025

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