Operating System (O.S) nau’i ne na manhajar kwamfutoci wanda ke sarrafa sauran manhajoji da aikace-aikacen kwamfuta. Operating System na aiki ne a matsayin ginshiki tsakanin manhajoji da sassa daban-daban na kwamfuta. An tsara aikin wannan muhimmiyar manhaja ne ta yadda za ta iya sarrafa dukkan manhajoji gabaɗaya har da wasu ayyukan kwamfuta.
Operating System manhaja ce da ke ƙunshe da ƙwararrun tsare-tsaren fasaha waɗanda ke tafiyar da duk ayyukan kwamfuta. Tana kula da aiwatar da duk wasu manhajoji da ke cikin kwamfuta, waɗanda suka haɗa da manhajojin aikace-aikacen ofis na yau da kullum da sauran su, duk a cikin kwamfuta. Misalan operating system su ne Windows, Linux, Mac OS, da sauransu.
Operating System (OS) a takaice, gamayyar manhajoji ne waɗanda ke sarrafa sauran ɓangarorin kwamfuta. Ita ce manhaja mafi mahimmanci a cikin tsarin kwamfuta.
Windows, Linux, da Android dukkaninsu manhajoji ne nau’in operating system. Suna ba da damar amfani da sauran manhajojin aikace-aikace kamar MS Office, Notepad, da games a kan kwamfuta ko wayar salula. Haka nan ana buƙatar operating system a kan kwamfuta don gudanar da manhajojin amfanin yau da kullun kamar na binciken intanet (browsers).
Mahimmancin operating system
1. Resources management
Operating s ystem ne ke sarrafa bangarorin kwamfuta na waje da manhajoji har da ma CPU, ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, ajiya, da sauran na’urorin da ke haɗe da kwamfuta. Operating system na ba da tabbacin ingancin aikace-aikacen waɗannan ɓangarori kamar yadda ya kamata.
2. User Interface
Operating System na taimakawa mutane ga abin da yake sarrafawa a yayin da suke amfani da kwamfuta a bisa tsarin User Interface (UI), wanda zai iya zama hoto Graphical User Interface (GUI) ko tsarin umarni Command Line Interface (CLI). Wannan ɓangare yana ba mutane damar sarrafa kwamfuta, amfani da manhajoji, sarrafa fayi-fayil, da yin ayyuka daban-daban yadda ya kamata.
3. Application support
Manhajar Operating System na ba da daidaito da yanayi don tafiyar da aikace-aikacen sauran manhajoji. Tana ba da mahimman ayyuka ga APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), waɗanda developers ke amfani da su don ƙirkirar manhaja.
4. File management
Operating System na sarrafa fayil-fayil cikin na’urorin ajiya, yana tsara bayanai cikin kundayen adireshin kowane nau’in fayil. Yana ba da damar karantawa, rubutawa, buɗewa har da tabbatar da tsaro ga bayanai.
5. Security and access control
Operating System yana tabbatar da matakan tsaro don kare bayanai da sauran bangarorin kwamfuta. Suna sarrafa account ɗin mai amfani da kwamfuta.
6. Processing
Operating System na aiwatar da aikace-aikace da yawa na manhajoji a lokaci guda. Yana tsara lokutan yin wasu aikace-aikace don tabbatar da tsarin yana gudana cikin sauƙi da inganci.
7. Device management
Operating System ne ke aiwatar sadarwa tsakanin kwamfuta da sauran na’urori kamar printers, camera, scanner da sauran su. Tana ba da tsarin na’urar da ke sarrafa ayyukan shigarwa/fitarwa da kuma tabbatar da cewa na’urori suna aiki daidai da tsarin.
8. Networking
Operating system na zamani suna ƙunshe da damar sadarwar yanar gizo wanda kan ba wa kwamfutoci damar shiga intanet. Suna sarrafa hanyoyin sadarwar, canja wurin bayanai, da ka’idojin sadarwa.
Dalilan samuwar operating system
Ga wasu daga cikin manufofi ko dalilan samar da operating system, kamar haka;
- Ɗaya daga cikin makasudin samar da operating system shi ne sanya tsarin kwamfuta ya fi dacewa don amfani da shi cikin sauƙi.
- Domin sanya tsarin kwamfuta ya zama mafi sauƙin fahimta da dacewa ga dukkan masu amfani da ita.
- Don samar da sauƙi ga masu amfani da kwamfuta ta fuskar manhajoji da yin aikace-aikace a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin manhajojin da masu amfani da su.
- Don sarrafa sarrafa manhajojin kwamfuta ta hanya mafi kyau da sauri.
- Don bin diddigin wanda ke amfani da waɗannan manhajoji, bayar da buƙatunsu, da sasanta buƙatu masu karo da juna daga tsare-tsaren manhajojin da masu amfani da su daban-daban.
- Don samar da ingantacce kuma nagartaccen tsarin rarraba manhajoji tsakanin masu amfani da su.
Nau’ikan operating system
Operating System Batch
Batch Operating System wani nau’in manhaja ce wadda ba ta sarrafuwa da kwamfuta kai tsaye. Akwa wanda ke ɗaukar ayyuka iri ɗaya da buƙatu iri ɗaya ya haɗa su cikin batches.
Time-Sharing Operating System
Operating System ne wanda ke ba wa masu amfani da kwamfuta da yawa damar raba manhajoji.
Distributed Operating System
Wannan operating system wani nau’in manhaja ce wadda ke sarrafa rukunin kwamfutoci daban-daban kuma tana nuna kamar kwamfuta ɗaya ce. An tsara waɗannan manhajoji ne don yin aiki a kan hanyar sadarwar kwamfutoci. Suna ba da dama ga mutane da yawa don samun ikon raba manhajoji da sadarwa a kan tsarin hanyar sadarwar. Misalai sun haɗa da Microsoft Windows Server da Linux daban-daban da aka tsara.
Network Operating System
Manhaja ce wadda ke gudana a kan fasahar sadarwar intanet kuma tana ba da damar sarrafa bayanai, masu amfani, ƙungiyoyi, tsaro, aikace-aikace, da sauran ayyukan sadarwar.
Real-time Operating System
Manhaja ce wadda ke aiki da tsarin lokaci na kuma tazarar lokacin da ake buƙata don aiwatarwa da amsa abubuwan da aka shigar a takaice yake. An tsara irin waɗannan manhajoji ne don amsa abubuwan da suka faru a ainihin lokacin. Ana amfani da su a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar amsa mai sauri da ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kamar tsarin da aka haɗa, tsarin sarrafa masana’antu da na’ura mai kwakwalwa.
Multiprocessing Operating System
Multiprocessor Operating Systems Ana amfani da shi don haɓaka aikin CPU da yawa a cikin tsarin kwamfuta ɗaya. Ana haɗa CPUs da yawa tare domin a iya raba aiki da aiwatar da shi cikin sauri.
Single-User Operating Systems
Su ne manhajojin operating system da aka ƙirkira don tallafa wa mutum guda ɗaya a lokaci guda. Misalai sun haɗa da Microsoft Windows don kwamfutocin amfanin kai da kai (personal computer) da Apple macOS.
Multi-User Operating Systems
Su kuwa wadannan nau’ikan manhajoji an samar da su ne don tallafa wa mutane da yawa lokaci guda. Misalai sun haɗa da Linux da Unix.
Embedded Operating Systems
An Ƙirƙire su ne don aiki a kan na’urori masu ƙarancin manhajoji, kamar wayoyin hannu, da na’urorin amfanin gida. Misalai sun haɗa da Android’s Google da Apple’s iOS.
Cluster Operating Systems
Cluster Operating Systems an ƙera su don aiki a kan rukunin kwamfutoci, ko gungu, don yin aiki tare a matsayin tsarin bai-ɗaya. Ana amfani da su don manyan aikace-aikacen kwamfuta. Misalai sun haɗa da Cluster Distribution, Rocks da OpenMPI.
Misalan operating system
- Windows (GUI-based, PC)
- GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, ISP, File, and print server, Three-tier client/Server)
- GNU/Linux (Na sirri, Wuraren Ayyuka, ISP, Fayil, da sabar bugu, abokin ciniki/Sabis mai hawa uku)
- macOS (Macintosh), ana amfani da ita don kwamfutoci na na kamfanin Apple da wuraren aiki (MacBook, iMac).
- Android (Operating System na Google don wayowin komai da ruwan / Allunan / smartwatches)
- iOS (Apple’s OS na iPhone, iPad, da iPod Touch)
Manazarta
Great Learning Team. (2024b, July 5). What is an Operating System? Defination, types, and features. Great Learning Blog: Free Resources What Matters to Shape Your Career!
GeeksforGeeks. (2023b, November 1). What is an Operating System? GeeksforGeeks.
javatpoint. (n.d.-b). Types of Operating Systems (OS) www.javatpoint.com.
TheKnowledgeAcademy. (n.d.-b). Types of operating systems (OS): their functions discussed.