Silicon wani sinadari ne na metalloid (mai kama da sinadarin ƙarfe amma ba ƙarfen ba ne) mai lambar sinadarai ta atomic 14 da alamar Si. A cikin tsantsar siffarsa ta asali ba shi da ƙarfi, mai saurin karyewa ko rugujewa ne, yana da launin shuɗi-launin toka ko ƙasa-ƙasa. An fi sanin amfaninsa a matsayin makamashin sarrafa kayayyakin lantarki (semiconductor).
Tarihin samuwar silicon
Asalin amfani da silicon a zahiri ya samo asali ne tun daga zamanin tsohuwar ƙasar Sin (China). A wannan zamani, Sinawa sun kasance suna amfani da sinadarin silicon wajen ƙera kayan ado daban-daban kamar awarwaro da sarƙoƙi. Ilimi ya bazu ya yawaita sosai ga mutanen Masar har ma da sauran duniya. Tun daga shekarar 1811, tsare-tsaren ayyuka suna canjawa zuwa ƙarin amfani da fasaha. A cikin shekarar 1824, masanin ilmin sinadarai Jöns Jacob Berzelius ya gano sinadarin silicon ta hanyar ɗumama ɓurɓushin potassium. Duk da aurin cigaban da aka samu zuwa yanzu, tsarin samuwar silicon bai canza sosai ba. A maimakon sinadarin potassium, masana’antun silicon suna narkar da yashin silica. Duk da gano sinadarin da aka yi tun daga 1824, sai bayan wasu shekarun sannan masana kimiyya suka gano silica crystal. Kuma a cikin shekarar 1854 tsarin crystal mai mahimmanci na silicon wafer ya ba da ƙofar samuwar silicon.
Asalin silicon
Sinadari ɗaya tilo da ya fi silicon yawa a duniya shi ne oxygen. Kashi 28% na doron ƙasa sinadarin silicon ne, yayin da sauran abubuwan da sunadaran da suka rage kowannensu yana ƙasa da 10%. Rashin sauran sinadarai da ke cikin ƙasa kan kashe abubuwan da ƙasar ta ƙunsa wanda ke ma da ita mai muhimmanci amma amma rashin sinadarin silicon zai sa doron ƙasar ya rugurguje.
Masu haƙar ma’adinai don neman silicon suna mayar da hankali kan ƙasa nau’in yashi. Mutane da yawa na tunanin samun silicon a yashin ko rairayin da ke bakin teku, amma wannan yashi ne mai launin ruwan ƙasa. Silicon ya samuwa ne daga yashin sinadarin silica, ko yashi nau’in quartz, kuma yana da bambanci sosai. Yayin da ake shiga cikin teku, yashi tsakanin yatsu ya ƙunshi kashi 80% na SiO2, yayin da yashin quartz ya ƙunshi adadin da bai yi ƙasa da kashi 95% ba.
Bambancin adadin inganci na sa yashin bakin teku marar tasiri. Ba zai taɓa kaiwa ga tsaftar da ake buƙata ba domin ayyukan fasahar da ake son aiwatarwa kamar masu neman kifaye, sarrafa na’urorin wasannin, ayyukan tauraron ɗan’adam, da sauran su. Har ila yau akwai adadin silicon cikin sararin yankunan da babu iska. Wata, ya ƙunshi abubuwa iri ɗaya da ake samu a cikin doron ƙasa da adadi iri ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, nau’ikan silicon kamar silica da silicates na iya wanzuwa cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin taurari da yawa, duniyoyin da ke falaƙin rana, da kuma cikin sararin samaniya a matsayin ƙura.
Wannan wurare da ake samun sinadarin silicon tun daga shekarar 2011, sannu a hankali hakan ya riƙa tabbata. Yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna ƙoƙarin buɗe dukiyar da ke ɓoye a cikin taurari. Buƙatar silicon tana ƙara yawaita a kowane lokaci, sai dai kamfanoni ba za su iya magance buƙatun ba. Amma haƙar ma’adinan sararin samaniya zai zama wani kyakkyawan aiki a nan gaba. Yana iya yiwuwa a sami isasshen sinadarin silica don ci gaba da samar da sabbin na’urori a nan gaba.
Shin sinadarin silicon ƙarfe?
Teburin sunadarai na lokaci-lokaci (Periodic Table) yana nuna sinadarai 118, yayin da guda 94 ne kawai ke wanzuwa a zahiri. Kowane sinadari wani yanki ne na rukunin (metal, nonmetal, da metalloid). Teburin yana da layi mai karkata daga kan Boron (B) wanda ya yi ƙasa kamar matakalar bene zuwa kusurwar dama ta ƙasa. Wannan shi ne layin rarrabe rukunoni ukun. Waɗanda ke hagu ban da hydrogen (H), ƙarfafa ne,(metal), yayin da na dama ba su da ƙarfe (nonmetal). Amma yawancin sinadaran da ke rungumar layin su ne a cikin rukunin metalloids. Waɗannan ba ƙarafa ba ne, suna ɗaukar siffofi iri-iri na kowannensu. Dangane da wane ɓangare ne yake fayyace shi, shi ne wanda ya fi kama da shi.
Rukunin ƙarfe (Metals)
Ana iya gani, taɓawa, ana amfani da ƙarfe kowace rana. Kayayyakin amfani da ado na azurfa, wayoyi, da motoci duk sun ƙunshi sinadaran ƙarfe iri-iri.
Rukunin da ba ƙarfe ba (Nonmeals)
Kamar dai rukunin karafa, wannan rukuni na sinadaran da ba ƙarfe ba wani ɓangare ne na rayuwar yau da kullun. Sinadaran da ba na ƙarfe ba na yau da kullun su ne chlorine, hydrogen, helium, da oxygen. Siffofin waɗannan sun haɗa da rashin ƙarfi, murmushewa, kuma suna iya kasancewa a kowane mataki a yanayin zafin ɗaki. Ƙarin amfanin waɗannan sinadarai marasa ƙarfe sun haɗa da:
- Samar da takin zamani
- Sinadaran tace ruwa
- Samar da man fetur
- Samar da magungunan kashe ƙwari
- Samar da sinadaran launuka domin rini.
Rukunin metalloids
Akwai sinadarai da cikin wannan rukuni na metalloids guda shida, kuma da yawa suna iya zama sinadaran wafers ko dopants. Su ne ake kira da semiconductors. Kamar yadda karafa ke cikin wayoyi da kwamfutoci, babu wata na’ura ta zamani da za ta yi aiki ba tare da Si wafers ba. Duk da gano sinadarin silicon kamar yadda aka sani yanzu, masanin sinadarai Berzelius ya cika da ruɗani game da sinadarin.
Shi da Humphry Davy, abokin aikinsu, sun sami saɓani kan abin da sinadarin silicon yake. Berzelius ya yi jayayya cewa karfe ne yayin da Davy ya tafi a kan cewa ba ƙarfe ba ne. Ruɗanin ya ta’allaka ne kasancewar silicon mafi kyawun sinadarin da ake haɗa conductor fiye da sinadarai marasa ƙarfe amma mafi muni fiye da masu ƙarfe. Sanannun sinadaran metalloids su ne:
- Boron (B)
- Silicon (Si)
- Germanium (G)
- Arsenic (AS)
- Antimony (Sb)
- Tellurium (Te)
- Polonium (Po)
Yadda semiconductors ke aiki
Kamfanoni suna buƙatar tabbatar da ingancinsa kafin tushen silicon ya zama sinadarin wafer kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na semiconductor. Idan sinadarin wafer zai zama wani bangaren na lantarki, yana buƙatar zama tatacce kimanin kashi 99.9999%. Dole ne a yi amfani da sinadarin wafer mai kyau don yin aiki, wanda ke haifar da ko dai nau’in n-type ko p-type semiconductor. Babban aikin semiconductor shibne iyakancewa da kuma kula da makamashin lantarki.
Abubuwan da ke cikin silicon
Yanayin zafin da silicon ke narkewa shi ne 1410°C, a wuta kuma yana tafasa idan zafin ya kai 2355°C, takamaiman nauyinsa shi ne 2.33 (25°C). Silicon Crystalline yana da launin toka mai ƙarfe. Silicon ba shi da haɗuwa da wasu sinadaran, amma dilute alkali da halogens suna kai masa hari. Silicon yana watsuwa sama da kashi 95%.
Amfanin silicone
Silicon yana ɗaya daga cikin sinadaran da aka fi amfani da su. Silicon yana da mahimmanci wajen kyawun shuka da rayuwar dabba. Halittun Diatoms suna fitar da silicon daga ruwa don gina tantanin jikinsu. Ana samun silicon a cikin tokar shuka da kuma cikin kwarangwal ɗin ɗan’adam. Silicon wani abu ne mai mahimmanci wajen haɗa ƙarfe. Silicon carbide wani abu ne mai mahimmanci kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin laser don samar da haske mai daidaituwa a 456.0 nm.
Ana amfani da silicon da aka yi da gallium, arsenic, boron, da sauransu don samar da transistor, solar cells, da sauran mahimman na’urorin lantarki masu ƙarfi. Silicone aji ne na mahadi masu amfani da aka yi daga silicon. Silicones sun bambanta daga masu nau’in ruwa zuwa daskararru kuma suna da abubuwan amfani masu yawa. Ana amfani da yashi da yumbu don yin kayan gini. Ana amfani da silicon don yin gilashi.
Manazarta
Libretexts. (2023, June 30). Chemistry of Silicon (Z=14). Chemistry LibreTexts.
Periodic Table. (n.d.). Silicon – Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025e, May 23). Silicon | Element, Atom, Properties, Uses, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
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