Sodium

Sodium sinadari ne mai lambar  atomic ta 11. Yana da alamavko tambarin Na, da ke wakiltar sunansa, yana iya narkewa a darajar ma’aunin zafi da ya kai 208°F (97.8°C), yana kuma tafasa a matsakaicin zafi a bisa ma’aunin faranhit da ya kai 1,621.4°F ko kuma salshiyos (883°C). Sodium sinadarin mineral ne da ke wanzuwa a cikin jiki kamar ion Na +. Ana samun sodium ta hanyar abinci, mafi akasari ta hanyar gishiri (sodium chloride, NaCl). Daidaituwar adadin sinadarin Na+ a cikin jiki na da matuƙar mahimmanci ga rayuwa da lafiya.

Sodium shi ne sinadari na biyu a rukunin na 1 na teburin ma’adinai da sinadarai (wato periodic table a turance). Masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ɗan ƙasar Ingila mai suna Sir Humphry Davy ne ya fara ware sinadarin a cikin  shekarar 1807. Tabbataccen sinadarin isotope a cikin sodium guda ɗaya ne kawai ke samuwa a cikin yanayi, wato sodium-23. Haka nan akwai aƙalla sauran nau’in isotopes da ke samuwa ta hanyar radiation guda  shida daga sinadarin lythine, wannan sun haɗa da sodium-20, sodium-21, sodium-22, sodium-24, sodium-25, da kuma sodium-26.

Abubuwan da ke cikin sodium

Sodium na zuwa a sinadarin metal (ƙarfe) mai laushi wanda za a iya datsa shi cikin sauki da wuƙa. Ba shi da nauyi sosai, hakan ta sa idan aka sanya shi cikin ruwa yake iya tasowa saman ruwan. A lokaci guda, yana aiki sosai ta hanyar haɗuwa da ruwa, yana samar da sodium nau’in hydroxide da gas na hydrogen. Ana samar da isasshen zafi a yanayin da zai sa sinadarin ya yi zafi ta yadda zai haifar da samuwar hydrogen.

Sodium yana samar da adadi mai yawa daga sindadaran haɗe-haɗe na asali, kuma akwai adadi mafi yawa da ke samuwa ta hanyar haɗa wasu sinadaran. Waɗannan sinadarai sun haɗa da sodium compound tare da sodium metal da none-metal, da metalloids, da ternary, da ƙarin wasu sinadaran. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai sanannun abubuwa kamar sodium chloride (wato gishirin da ake amfani da shi wajen yin girki), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), sodium borate (borax), sodium carbonate (soda ash), monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda ko lye), sodium nitrate (Chilean saltpeter), sodium silicate, da kuma sodium tartrate.

Wuraren da ake samun sodium

Sodium shi ne sinadari na shida mafi yawa da wanzuwa a sararin ƙasa da ya kai yawan 2.83% a kiyasi. Haka kuma shi ne na biyu mafi yawa a cikin ruwan tekuna bayan sinadarin chlorine. Yawan sodium da potassium kusan daidai suke a cikin mafi yawan duwatsu, amma sodium ya ninka sau 30 a cikin ruwan tekuna fiye da potassium. Bayanin wannan bambance-bambance ya ta’allaka ne a cikin mafi adadin da kan iya narkewa na sinadaran sodium fiye da na potassium.

Ƙasar da tafi samar da sinadarin sodium chloride a duniya ita ce Amurka, inda ake samun kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na buƙatar duniya. China, Jamus, Burtaniya, Faransa, Indiya, da yankin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet su ne sauran manyan ƙasashe masu samar da gishiri. Mafi yawan adadin gishirin da ake samu a Amurka yana fitowa ne daga brine, wato wani tsari ne da ke samar da sinadari da yawa a cikin ruwa. Sai dai ba a iyakance wannan tsari ga ruwan tekuna kaɗai ba, ya ƙunshi rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da tafkunan hamada. Tushen samuwar sodium chloride wato gishiri mafi yawa na biyu a Amurka shi ne gishirin dutse. Ana samun gishirin dutse gabaɗaya daga sinadaran minerals da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa.

Hanyoyin samar da sinadarin sodium chloride

Hanyar da Sir Humphry Davy ya samar ta ƙarshe a farkon ƙarni na sha tara ta zama abin koyi kuma abin dogaro ga hanyoyin zamani na samar da sinadarin sodium. A wannan hanya, an fara haɗa wani nau’i na sodium (yawanci sodium chloride) mai narkewa, sannan kuma aka sarrafa shi ta hanyar amfani da makamashin lantarki.

Na’urar da aka fi amfani da ita a yau don sarrafa sodium ita ce, Downs cell, wacce ta samu sunanta daga maƙirƙirinta wato, J. Cloyd Downs. Wannan na’ura ta ƙunshi babban tankin ƙarfe wanda aka rufe da wani abu mai jujjuyawa mai ɗauke da ƙaton ƙarfe a kusa da ƙasan tankin. Ana ƙara narkakken sodium chloride da calcium chloride a cikin tanki. Kasancewar calcium chloride yakan kai kusan kashi 60, yana rage saurin narkewar sodium chloride daga 1,472°F (800°C) zuwa kusan 1,076°F (580°C).

Lokacin da makamashin lantarki ya wuce ta cikin haɗin da ke cikin cell ɗin wannan na’ura, ions sodium na matsawa zuwa sashen cathode, wato inda suke ɗaukar electrons kuma su zama sodium atom. Chlorine ions suna matsawa zuwa cikin anode, wajen da suke cire electrons kuma su zama ƙwayoyin sinadaran chlorine. Sakamakon narkakken sodium ba shi da yawa kamar cakuɗaɗɗen sodium chloride ko calcium chloride, yakan tashi zuwa saman cell ɗin kuma ya fice. Iskar gas ta chlorine tana ficewa ta hanyar iska da ke manne da anode a saman cell. Yawan sodium da aka samar ta wannan hanya yana da kusan 99.8% a matsayin tatacce kuma tsaftatacce. Na’urar Downs cell hanya ce mai inganci kuma mai gamsarwa wajen samar da sodium.

Amfanin sodium ga masana’antu

Sinadarin sodium yana da amfani ta fuskar masana’antu kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci shi ne akan yi amfani da shi a matsayin matsakaiciyar hanyar musayar zafi ga masu sarrafa makamashin nukiliya mai sauri. Matsakaiciyar hanyar musayar zafin, hanya ce da ke jigilar zafi daga wannan wuri zuwa wani. Game da na’urar makamashin nukiliya, matsakaiciyar hanyar musayar zafin tana ɗaukar zafin da aka samar a cikin na’urar wutar lantarki sannan ta tura wannan zafin zuwa na’urar sanyayawa. A cikin na’ura mai sanyaya, ana fitar da zafin zuwa cikin yanayi gari, ana amfani da shi don tafasa ruwa.

Liquid sodium yana da matsakaicin zafi mai tasiri sosai saboda dalilai da yawa. Da farko, yana da ƙarfin zafi mai yawa, wato yana iya ɗaukar zafi mai yawa a kowane gram na sinadarin da ƙaramin ɓangaren na sinadarin neutron, wato ba ya ɗaukar neutron sosai. A lokaci guda, sinadarin yana da ƙarancin narkewa da ƙarancin ɗanɗano.

Wani babban kaso na sodium chloride da ake amfani da shi a masana’antu na tafiya ne wajen haɗa wasu sinadaran sodium, kamar sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, da kuma sodium nau’in karfe.

Wani muhimmin amfani na sinadirin sodium shi ne wajen ƙera wasu ƙarafa, kamar irin su zirconium da titanium. Kafin samun sodium, sinadarin ƙarfen magnesium shi ne madaidaicin zaɓi wajen aiwatar da wannan aikin, amma a yanzu sodium ya zama sananne kuma ya maye gurbin magnesium.

Ana amfani da kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na dukkan sodium don samar da sinadarai na musamman irin su sodium hydride (NaH), sodium peroxide (Na2O2), da sodium alkoxides (NaOR). Ana amfani da sinadarin ƙarfen sodium don ƙara kuzari ga na’urar elastomers.

Shekaru da yawa, ana amfani da sodium chloride a masana’antun sarrafa abinci, ana amfani da shi a matsayin sinadarin busarwa da inganta ɗanɗanon abinci. Yawancin hanyoyin da ake ganin bambanci wajen sarrafawa adana abinci, na faruwa ne ta hanyar da ake amfani da gishiri don sarrafa adana abincin. Masana kimiyya ba su da tabbas game da tasirin da gishiri ke da shi wajen sarrafawa da adana abinci, amma sun yi imanin cewa wasu sinadarai da ƙarancin lema da kuma yawan gishiri suna daƙile cututtuka.

Sodium hydroxide da sodium carbonate suna cikin manyan sinadarai 25 masu muhimmanci. Bayan sodium sulfate a cikin jerin manyan sinadarai 50 a shekarar 1988 shi ne sodium silicate. Ana amfani da wannan nau’in sodium wajen samar da sabulu da  kayan wanke-wanke da wajen haɗa kayan mayuka da sauran kayayyakin kwalliya.

Alfanun sodium ga jiki

• Sodium na iya kasancewa mafi mahimmancin sinadarin mineral a cikin jiki. Sodium chloride (gishiri) shi ne sinadarin sodium da aka fi amfani da shi. Saboda yawan samuwar shi da ƙarancin wahalar sarrafawa, ya sa babu buƙatar sarrafa shi a masana’antu na musamman.
• Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zagayawar ruwa a jiki, yakan taimaka wajen daƙile hawan jini,
• Yana taimakawa wajen samar da makamshin (electron) wanda ke taimaka wa ayyukan jijiya da tsoka.
• Sodium yana kare hanyoyin da gaɓoɓin da ke sarrafa gurɓatattun abubuwa da daidaita acidity (pH) na jini.
• Yawancin gaɓoɓin da ke aiki tare, kamar ƙoda da endocrine da ƙwaƙwalwa, suna sarrafa matakin Na+ a cikin jiki sosai.
• Masu bincike sun kiyasta cewa tsakanin kashi 20% zuwa 40% na lokacin hutu da kan samar da kuzari ga manya yana amfani wajen daidaita sinadarin sodium a jiki.
• Sodium yana shafar dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin jiki, kuma da zarar hanyoyi da gaɓoɓin da ke sarrafa sodium sun gaza wajen gudanar da aikinsu to babu abin da zai faru face mutuwa.

Adadin sodium da jiki ke bukata

Adadin sinadarin sodium ga manya masu ƙoshin lafiya ‘yan sama da shekaru 18, da matan da lokacin renon ciki da shayarwa, shi ne gram 2 kowace rana. Wannan yana daidai da kusan gram 5 ko cikin cokali na gishirin girke-girke (wato, sodium chloride), wanda shi ne babbar hanyar samun sinadarin sodium a cikin abinci.

Nau’in abincin da suka ƙunshi sodium

Sodium ana samun shi ta a cikin dukkan abincin da ba a sarrafa shi ba, amma adadin kaɗan ne ba ya wadatarwa. Misali, ɗanyen nama da kifi suna iya ƙunsar tsakanin gram 30 zuwa 150 a cikin kowane gram 100 na abinci, yayin da ‘ya’yan itatuwa da kayan marmari yawanci sukan ƙunshi ƙasa da gram 50 a kowane gram 100 na abinci. Ana kuma samun sinadarin sodium a cikin ruwan sha, amma ya danganta da ƙasa da kuma nau’in abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen tace ruwa.

Sodium da sauran sinadarai

Sodium yana aiki tare da chloride da potassium don taimakawa wajen daidaita yawan ruwa a cikin jiki da kuma tallafa wa aikin yau da kullum ga tsoka da jijiyoyi. Samun daidaitattun adadi na waɗannan sinadarai guda uku a cikin abinci, tare da tabbatar da cewa an ci wadataccen sinadarin potassium  da gishiri a bisa adadin da aka ba da shawarar su ne hanyoyin tallafa wa lafiyar jini da jiki gabaɗaya.

Abincin da ke da sinadarin sodium da yawa yana illata yawan sinadarin calcium a cikin jiki, domin jiki yana amfani da sinadarin calcium da ke cikin ƙasusuwa don taimakawa wajen rage yawan sodium ta hanyar fitsari. Saboda haka, yin amfani adadi kaɗan na gishiri a cikin abinci, yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya ba, har ma don kare lafiyar ƙasusuwa.

Ƙarancin sodium a cikin jiki

Ba lallai ne a iya samun karancin sinadarin sodium ba, domin kuwa kamar yadda aka bayyana ana samun wannan sinadari a cikin yawancin abinci.

Ƙarancin sinadarin sodium yana da alaƙa da cututtukan da suka shafi bangarorin fitar gurɓatattun abubuwa daga jiki ko kuma wasu tabbatattun cututtuka kamar cutar gudawa mai tsanani ko rashin aikin ƙoda, wanda ke sa jiki ya fitar da rarar wannan sinadari.

Yawaitar sodium a jiki

Matsakaicin adadin da aka ba da shawarar amfanin yau da kullun ga sinadarin sodium shi ne gram 2, wanda yayi daidai da cikin cokalin gishirin da ake girki da shi. Amma yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa ana ƙara gishiri a yawancin abinci yayin sarrafa su a masana’antu, hakan yana sauƙaƙa wuce adadin da aka ba da shawara.

Yawan wuce gona da iri ga wannan adadi yana sanya mutane cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar hawan jini, tare da haifar da cututtukan zuciya ko ƙoda.

Manazarta

Periodic Table. (n.d.). Sodium – Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table.

Science Direct (n.d) Sodium. Science Direct.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998b, July 20). Sodium | Facts, Uses, & Properties. Encyclopedia Britannica.