Sulfur (wanda ake rubutawa da S) wani muhimmin sinadari ne mai lamba ta atomic 16 a cikin jadawalin sinadarai. Yana cikin rukuni na chalcogens tare da oxygen, selenium, tellurium da polonium. Sulfur yana daga cikin tsoffin sinadarai da mutane suka sani tun kafin a fara rubuce-rubuce na kimiyya. Ana samun shi a matsayin abu mai tsabta a cikin yanayi, kuma galibi yana bayyana a matsayin ƙasa mai launin rawaya. Wannan sinadari yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fannoni da dama kamar aikin gona, masana’antu, kimiyyar halittu, magunguna da muhalli.
Tarihin samuwar sulfur
An san sulfur tun zamanin daular Misira da Babilon, inda aka yi amfani da shi wajen warkar da cututtuka da kuma wajen yin hadaya. A cikin Tsohon Alkawari na Littafi Mai Tsarki, an ambaci “gandun wuta da gubar sulfur” a matsayin abin hallaka. Masu falsafa irin su Homer, Pliny the Elder, da Aristotle sun yi rubuce-rubuce a kansa. A ƙarni na 18, Antoine Lavoisier ne ya tabbatar da cewa sulfur ba wani gauraye ba ne, illa dai wani sinadari mai zaman kansa. Wannan ya ƙarfafa fahimtar kimiyyar zamani a kan asalin sulfur.
Siffofin sinadarin sulfur
Sulfur yana wanzuwa a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfar ƙasa mai launin rawaya. Yana narkewa a yanayin zafi da ya kai kimanin 115 °C sannan kuma yana tafasa a 444 °C. Ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma yana narkewa a wasu sinadarai kamar carbon disulfide. Sulfur na iya shiga cikin sinadarai masu yawa saboda yawan ƙarfin lantarki da kuma damar yin haɗin covalent da sauran abubuwa. Daga cikin muhimman sinadaran sulfur akwai sulfur dioxide (SO₂), sulfur trioxide (SO₃), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), da kuma hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).
Samuwar sulfur a duniya
Sulfur yana fitowa daga cikin duwatsu masu aman wuta, gas ɗin da ke tashi daga cikin ƙasa, da kuma a matsayin ma’adinai kamar pyrite (FeS₂), galena (PbS), da gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O). A cikin yanayi, sulfur yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sulfur cycle, inda yake zagayawa tsakanin yanayin ƙasa, ruwa, iska da halittu.
Rabe-raben isotopes na sulfur
Sulfur yana ɗauke da isotopes guda huɗu na zahiri waɗanda suke da stable, wato ba sa lalacewa cikin sauƙi. Waɗannan isotopes su ne ³²S, ³³S, ³⁴S, da ³⁶S. Kowanne isotope yana da adadin proton guda 16 a cikin kwayar halittarsa (domin hakan ne ke ba shi siffar sulfur), sai dai adadin neutron ne ke bambanta su da juna.
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Isotope ³²S
Sulfur (³²S) shi ne isotope mafi yawa a cikin sulfur, yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 95% na dukkanin sulfur da ake samu a cikin yanayi. Wannan isotope yana da protons 16 da neutrons 16. Yana da matuƙar juriya ga lalacewa, kuma shi ne ginshiƙi na yawancin nazari da amfani da sulfur. Saboda yawansa da kuma sauƙin ganinsa, ³²S ana yawan amfani da shi wajen nazarin yanayin geochemistry da nazarin gurɓatar muhalli.
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Isotope ³³S
Sulfur (³³S) na ɗauke da protons 16 da neutrons 17. Yawan samuwarsa bai kai na ³²S ba, domin yana daukar kashi 0.75% kacal na dukkan sulfur. Duk da ƙarancin adadinsa, yana da amfani a fannin kimiyyar nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) saboda yana da nuclear spin wanda ke ba da damar nazari kan yanayin ƙwayoyin sulfur. Wannan isotope ya taimakawa wajen fahimtar tsarin sinadaran sulfur a fannoni na kimiyyar halittu da magunguna.
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Isotope ³⁴S
Sulfur (³⁴S) shi ne isotope na biyu mafi yawa bayan ³²S. Yana wakiltar kusan kashi 4.2% na dukkan sulfur. Wannan isotope na da protons 16 da neutrons 18. Muhimmancinsa ya fi fitowa a fannin isotopic fractionation, inda ake amfani da bambancin isotopes na sulfur wajen nazarin tsarin yanayi da canje-canjen sinadaran ƙasa. Masana ilimin ƙasa da na muhalli suna amfani da ³⁴S wajen gano tushen gurɓatar ruwa da iska, musamman wajen bambance gurɓatar da ta fito daga masana’antar man fetur da sauran hanyoyi.
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Isotope ³⁶S
Sulfur (³⁶S) shi ne isotope mafi ƙarancin yawa, domin yana da kaso ƙasa da 0.02% a cikin dukkan sulfur na yanayi. Yana ɗauke da protons 16 da neutrons 20. Duk da ƙarancin samuwarsa, yana da muhimmanci wajen nazarin yanayin cosmochemistry da tsarin halittun taurari. Masana ilimin taurari suna amfani da ³⁶S wajen bin sawun yadda taurari da duwatsu daga sararin samaniya suka samo asali da kuma yadda abubuwa suka rarrabu a duniya tun fil azal.
Amfanin isotopes
Amfanin isotopes na sulfur ya wuce fahimtar sinadarin kansa. Ana amfani da ³²S da ³⁴S wajen nazarin gurɓatar muhalli da hanyoyin da sinadarai ke yawo a cikin ruwa da iska. ³³S kuma na taka rawa a fannin nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar fasahar NMR. ³⁶S, duk da ƙarancin samuwarsa, yana taimakawa wajen nazarin yadda abubuwa suka samo asali a taurari da kuma wajen nazarin carbon cycle da sulfur cycle a duniyar kimiyya.
Takaitaccen bayanan sulfur
Muhimmanci sulfur ga rayuwa da muhalli
Sulfur, da isotopensa, na taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin halittu. A jikin mutum da dabbobi, sulfur na cikin wasu muhimman sinadaran amino acids irinsu cysteine da methionine. Waɗannan su ne ke taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar furotin da kuma tabbatar da ayyukan enzymes. A muhalli kuwa, sulfur isotopes na taimakawa wajen gano hanyoyin gurɓatar muhalli, musamman wajen tantance bambancin gurɓatar masana’antu da na dabi’a.
Sulfur yana daga cikin sinadaran da ake buƙata a rayuwa, domin shi ne ke cikin amino acids kamar cysteine da methionine. Haka nan yana cikin bitamin B1 (thiamine) da B7 (biotin), wanda ke taimaka wa jiki wajen yin aiki yadda ya kamata. Yana cikin tsarin enzymes masu muhimmanci, kuma yana taimaka wa jiki wajen yin metabolism.
Wasu ƙarin alfanun sulfur
- A masana’antu: An fi amfani da shi wajen samar da sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), wanda shi ne sinadari mafi yawan amfani a duniya a matsayin ma’aunin cigaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Ana amfani da wannan acid wajen tace mai, samar da takin zamani, sarrafa ƙarafa, da kuma masana’antar sinadarai.
- A aikin gona: Sulfur yana cikin takin zamani (kamar ammonium sulfate) da magungunan kashe ƙwari da cututtukan tsirrai.
- A kimiyyar magani: Ana amfani da sulfur wajen haɗa wasu magunguna masu kashe ƙwari a fata (misali, magungunan ƙuraje).
- A masana’antun roba: Sulfur yana taka rawa a cikin vulcanization of rubber, wato tsarin da ake haɗa roba da sulfur don ƙarfafa ta da rage raunin narkewa.
- A wutar lantarki da makamashi: Ana amfani da sinadarai masu ɗauke da sulfur a cikin baturin lithium–sulfur, wanda ake ci gaba da bincike a kansu saboda ƙarfin ajiya da tsawon lokacin aiki.
Illolin da ƙalubalen sulfur
Kodayake sulfur a yanayi ba shi da haɗari kai tsaye, amma wasu daga cikin haɗe-haɗensa da wasu sinadaran suna da haɗari. Misali:
- Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) yana da matuƙar guba kuma yana warin ƙwan da ya lalace.
- Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) yana iya haifar da gurbatar iska, yana kuma jawo acid rain, wanda ke lalata muhalli, gonaki, da gine-gine.
Saboda haka masana suna ci gaba da nazarin hanyoyin rage fitar da sinadarai masu ɗauke da sulfur daga masana’antu da motocin zamani.
Sulfur na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sinadarai da suka taka rawa a tarihi, masana’antu, kimiyya, da rayuwar halittu. Isotopes huɗunsa na ³²S, ³³S, ³⁴S, da ³⁶S suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen nazarin tsarin duniya da sararin samaniya, kuma suna taimaka wa masana kimiyya a fannoni masu yawa. Haka kuma, tasirin isotopes na sulfur ya haɗa da ilimin muhalli, ilimin taurari, da kuma nazarin tsarin halittu.
Manazarta
European Chemical Agency (ECHA). (2024). Sulfur: Information on chemical safety. (ECHA)
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (2023). Sulfur. (NCBI)
Nielsen, H. (1974). Isotopic composition of the major constituents of the earth’s crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38(9), 1809-1822.
Seal, R. R. (2006). Sulfur isotope geochemistry of sulfide minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 61(1), 633-677.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2023). Mineral Commodity Summaries: Sulfur. (USGS)
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