Vanadium sinadari ne da ke rukunin ƙarafa masu canjawa, yana da alama ko tambarin V, tare da lambar atomic 23 a jadawalin sinadarai (wato Periodic Table). Sinadarin yana cikin rukuni na 5, tare da tantalum da niobium. Yana da launi ruwan azurfa mai ɗan haske da laushi, kuma yana da ƙarfin jure lalacewa da tsatsa saboda kasancewar shi da siririn fim na oxide a samansa. Vanadium yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a masana’antar ƙarafa saboda yana ƙara ƙarfin steel da titanium alloys, yana hana su yin tsatsa, kuma yana ƙara musu juriyar zafi.
Vanadium ƙarfe ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci a masana’antu saboda ƙarfinsa da juriya ga lalacewa, musamman a alloys na ƙarfe da titanium. Isotopes ɗinsa suna da amfani a nazarin kimiyya da likitanci. Duk da ƙalubale a samarwa da batun tsaro, mahimmancin vanadium yana ƙaruwa a fannin makamashi mai sabuntuwa da fasahar zamani.
Sunan Vanadium ya samo asali ne daga sunan Vanadis, wata abar bauta a tatsuniyoyin Scandinavia, saboda launuka masu ban sha’awa da sinadarin vanadium ke samarwa.
Tarihin gano sinadarin Vanadium
An fara gano vanadium ne a shekara ta 1801 ta hannun masanin kimiya ɗan ƙasar Mexico, wato Andrés Manuel del Río, wanda ya kira shi panchromium saboda launuka masu yawa da sinadarin ke nunawa, daga baya ya sake masa suna zuwa erythronium. Amma daga baya wasu sun yi tunanin abin da ya gano chromium ne, don haka aka manta da gano shi.
A shekara ta 1830, masanin kimiya ɗan ƙasar Sweden Nils Gabriel Sefström ya sake gano vanadium yayin nazarin ma’adinin iron ore. Shi ne ya ba shi sunan Vanadium. Bayan haka, masanin kimiya ɗan ƙasar Jamhuriyar Czech Friedrich Wöhler ya tabbatar da cewa wannan sinadari ne daban da chromium. Tsantsar ƙarfen vanadium mai tsafta an same shi ne a shekarar 1867 ta hannun Sir Henry Roscoe ta hanyar rage vanadium(II) chloride da hydrogen.
Siffofn sinadarin Vanadium
Vanadium ƙarfe ne mai matsakaicin tauri, mai kauri kaɗan fiye da aluminum amma ƙasa da ƙarfin ƙarfe. Yana da ingantaccen ƙarfe wanda baya lalacewa cikin sauƙi a yanayi. Nauyin kwayoyin zarra na sinadarin vanadium shi ne 50.9415 u, kuma yana da tsari na lantarki [Ar] 3d³ 4s².
Taƙaitattun bayanai
- Nauyi (Density): 6.11 g/cm³
- Zafin narkewa: 1910 °C (2183 K)
- Zafin tafasawa: 3407 °C (3680 K)
- Yanayin oxidation: +2, +3, +4, +5 (na +5 shi ne mafi ƙarfi)
- Launi: Launin azurfa mai ɗan shuɗi
- Magnetism: Paramagnetic
Vanadium yana nuna launukan sinadarai masu yawa a cikinsa, misali:
- +2 – Shuɗi mai duhu
- +3 – Kore
- +4 – Shuɗi mai haske
- +5 – Rawaya
Hanyoyin samuwar sinadarin
Vanadium ba ya samuwa a matsayin tsantsar ƙarfe a tsarin ɗabi’a. Ana samun shi ne a cikin ma’adinai kamar:
- Vanadinite (Pb₅(VO₄)₃Cl)
- Carnotite (K₂(UO₂)₂(VO₄)₂·3H₂O)
- Patronite (VS₄)
- Roscoelite
Haka kuma ana samun vanadium a cikin abubuwa irin su crude oil, coal, da tar sands. Ana iya samun ƙananan adadi na vanadium a cikin ruwa da ƙasa. Manyan masu samar da vanadium a duniya sun haɗa da China, Russia, South Africa, da Brazil.
Ire-iren Isotopes na Vanadium
Vanadium yana da isotopes tsayayyu guda biyu: ⁵⁰V da ⁵¹V.
- ⁵¹V – Mafi yawa a tsarin ɗabi’a yake samuwa kusan kashi (99.75%), yana da amfani a nazarin NMR.
- ⁵⁰V – Kusan kashi 0.25%, yana da tsawon rayuwa sosai (≥ 1.5 × 10¹⁷ years), yana lalacewa ta β⁻ zuwa chromium-50 ko ta electron capture zuwa titanium-50.
Baya ga waɗannan, akwai fiye da isotopes 20 masu ɗan gajerun rayuwa waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin ɗakin gwaje-gwaje, kamar:
- ⁴⁸V – Tsawon lokacin rayuwa kwanaki 15.97, ana amfani da shi a binciken likitanci (PET scanning).
- ⁴⁹V – Tsawon lokacin rayuwa sa’o’i 330, ana amfani da shi wajen nazarin metabolism.
- ⁵²V – Tsawon lokacin rayuwa mintuna 3.74, ana amfani da shi a nazarin nukiliya.
Vanadium da sauran sinadarai
Vanadium yana samar da nau’o’in haɗin sinadarai a oxidation states daban-daban:
- Vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅): Launin ruwan lemo mai ƙarfi, ana amfani da shi a matsayin catalyst wajen samar da sulfuric acid.
- Vanadyl sulfate (VOSO₄): Launin shuɗi, ana amfani da shi a nazarin ilimin halitta da likitanci.
- Ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃): Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da pigments da a matsayin reagent.
- Vanadium chlorides (VCl₂, VCl₃, VOCl₃): Ana amfani da su a sinadarai da catalysis.
Alfanun Vanadium
- Masana’antun ƙarafa: Ƙara vanadium kashi 0.1–0.3% a cikin ƙarfe yana ƙara ƙarfi da juriya ga lalacewa.
- Aerospace: Vanadium–titanium alloys suna da ƙarfi sosai amma suna da sauƙin nauyi, ana amfani da su a sassan jirage da roka.
- Batura: Vanadium redox flow batteries suna amfani wajen adana makamashi daga hasken rana da iska.
- Catalysis: V₂O₅ yana da amfani wajen samar da sulfuric acid.
- Pigments: Vanadium compounds na ba da launin kore, rawaya, ko shuɗi a masana’antun zanen gida da roba.
Muhimmanci da kalubale
Vanadium yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fannoni masu amfani da kayayyakin ƙarfe masu ƙarfi da juriya ga lalacewa. Amma yana da ƙalubale kamar:
- Farashin samarwa mai tsada saboda ƙarancin ma’adinai masu ɗauke da shi da yawa..
- Tasirin muhalli idan ba a sarrafa shararsa yadda ya kamata ba.
- Wasu sinadaran vanadium suna da guba idan aka shaƙa ko aka haɗiye.
Sabbin bincike
Bincike yana gudana kan amfani da vanadium a sabbin batura masu ƙarfi (vanadium redox flow batteries) don adana makamashi mai sabuntawa. Haka kuma ana nazarin nau’ikan isotopes ɗinsa a fannin likitanci musamman wajen gano cutuka ta hanyar PET scan.
Tasirinsa ga lafiya da muhalli
Vanadium yana cikin abubuwan da ke iya haifar da cuta idan aka shaƙi ƙurarsa ko turirinsa. Yana iya haifar da matsalar numfashi, ciwon fata, da cutar koda idan an sha shi da yawa. A muhalli, yana iya taruwa a cikin ƙasa da ruwa idan masana’antu ba su bi matakan tsabtace shararsu ba.
Manazarta
National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2025). Vanadium. PubChem Element Summary.
Wikipedia contributors. (2025, July 30). Vanadium. Wikipedia.
Royal Society of Chemistry. (2024). Vanadium. Periodic Table.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024). Vanadium. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Lenntech. (2024). Vanadium – chemical element.
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An wallafa maƙalar 11 August, 2025
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