Lokaci muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwar al’umma. Tun daga tashi daga barci har zuwa lokacin da za a kwanta, a kodayaushe ana tunawa da lokaci. Kuma ɗaya daga cikin mahimman kayan aikin auna lokaci shi ne agogo.
Agogo na’ura ce da ake amfani da ita don tantancewa tare fahimta ko sanin lokaci. Motsawar hannaye ko tsinkayen agogo suna nuna sa’a, minti, da daƙiƙa. Agogo na iya zama babba wanda za a iya kafewa a jikin bango ko kuma a jikin hasumiyar birane da wuraren ibada kamar masallaci. Haka nan agogo na iya zama ƙarami wanda zai dace da ɗaurawa a wuyan hannayen mutane, kamar yadda ake kiran su agogon bango ko agogon hannu. Yawancin agoguna ana ƙawata su su zama kyawawan abubuwa, har ma sukan zama kayan ado.
Nau’ikan agoguna
Nau’o’in agogo daban-daban suna ba da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa. Dubban agogo daban-daban suna samuwa a kasuwa a kowane salo ko zane da kuke so. Akwai ɗaruruwan nau’ikan agogo daban-daban a yau cikin launuka daban-daban, samfuri, da ƙira. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan samfuran an tsara su don manufa.
Akwai manyan nau’ikan agogo guda uku: mechanical, electronic, da kuma atomic clock. Dukkansu suna da sassa iri ɗaya. Kuma dole ne su kasance suna da sashen makamashin lantarki da na’urar da za ta riƙa tafiyarwa tare da juya sassan daban-daban a daidai lokacin da aka tsara, da kuma hanyar nuna lokaci.
Mechanical clocks
Agoguna nau’in mechanical suna samun makamashin lantarki daga juyawar wani abu mai nauyi ko kuma sifirin (spring). Waɗannan sassan an haɗa su da haƙora masu juyawa (gears). An maƙala hannayen agogon da waɗannan haƙora. Yayin da haƙoran ke motsawa, suna juya hannayen ne. Akwai kuma wata na’urar da aka haɗe da haƙoran wadda ke sa su motsawa kodayaushe.
Electronic clocks
Agoguna masu amfani da lantarki suna samun makamashin lantarki daga wutar lantarki maimakon ta hanyar juyawar abu nauyi ko kuma sifirin. Wutar lantarki na iya kasancewa daga batura ko daga soket na lantarki a jikin bango zuwa ga wannan nau’in agogo. Wasu agogunan lantarki suna da hannaye, kamar yadda agogo mai wani (mechanical clock) ke da su. Wasu agogunan suna da allo ko fuskar da ke nuna lambobi wato digital, wanda suke nuna sa’o’i, mintuna, da kuma daƙiƙu ta hanyar amfani da lambobi. Agogon lantarki su ne nau’in agogunan da aka fi amfani da su a yanzu.
Agogon gilashin
Agogon gilashin ya wanzu ne a karni na 8. Wani Bafaranshe ne ya gano agogon gilashin na farko kuma ya yi amfani da shi don daidaita lokutan addu’o’i a coci. Agogon na sauya wa yashi ko ruwa wuri ta wata ƙaramar hanya a ƙasa. Siffar wannan agogon gilashin har yanzu tana bayyana a cikin shaguna a yau a matsayin kayan ado.
Agogon rana
Sundials suna cikin farkon nau’ikan agogo. An samun waɗannan agogon a zamanin daa ƙasar Masari da Sin, wanda inuwarsu, wacce ke nuna matsayin rana a agogon, tana ba da lokacin.
Agogon ruwa
Agogon ruwan Italiya a Roma har yanzu yana gudana ta ruwa. Agogunan ruwa suna jujjuyawq tare da gudun ruwa. Suna nuna lokaci. Kawo yanzu dai wannan nau’in agogo na ruwa kaɗan ne suka rage. A bayyane yake cikin kundayen tarihi cewa an yi amfani da su sosai a Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Agogon kyandir
Kafin ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki, kyandir ya kasance hanyar samun hasken wuta. A tarihi an yi lokacin da aka yi amfani da kyandir don ƙidaya lokaci. Manufar ita ce sanya alamar ƙayyadadden lokaci, samar da tsayayyen haske a cikin yanayi mai ƙarewa.
Agogon Obelisks
Obelisks duwatsun Masrawa ne tun zamanin da, sun kai tsayin mita 30. Da farko ba a yi niyya amfani da su a matsayin ma’aunin lokaci ba. Amma bayan lokaci, inuwar waɗannan duwatsu masu ado sun zama hanyar kimanta lokaci. Tare da bunƙasa agogon zamani, waɗannan agogunan ado an canja su zuwa sabbin ƙira. A cikin samfuran farko, an yi amfani da pendulums (nau’in agogo mai tsinke), amma daga baya an yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban.
Agogon pendulum
Christiaan Huygens ne ya kirkiro agogon pendulum na farko a shekara ta 1656 bisa ka’idar pendulum na Galileo. A cikin 1721, agogon pendulum na George Graham ya ƙirƙiro sabon ma’auni don daidaito.
Agogon atomic
Agogon atomic wani nau’in agogo ne wanda ke amfani da mitocin atom don auna lokaci. Waɗannan agogunan suna da ƙarancin tafiya bisa kuskure. Ta hanyar kafa Lokacin Atomic na Duniya (IAT), agogunan atomatik suna samar da daidaitaccen ma’auni kuma abin dogaro don auna lokaci. An kirkiro agogon atomic na farko a cikin 1949 kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau.
Tarihin samuwar agogo
An ƙirƙira agogon farko a ƙasar Masar. Ana kiran ta da alamar rana kuma an yi amfani da inuwar obelisk don ƙayyade lokaci. Tun a zamanin da, mutane sun fahimci bukatar auna lokaci. Hanyoyin farko na kiyaye lokaci sun samo asali ne tun zamanin dutse kuma sun dogara ne a kan bin diddigin yanayin rana da wata.
Sundials wasu na’urori ne da aka yi amfani da su wajen tantance lokaci a da. Suna daga cikin tsoffin kayan aikin auna lokaci. Waɗannan na’urori masu sauƙi sun yi amfani da inuwar rana don tantance sa’a.
A zamanin da mutane suna auna lokaci ta hanyar wajen da rana take a sararin samaniya. Yayin da rana ta wuce ginshiƙi ko wani abin zai haifar da bayyanar inuwarsa. Tsawon inuwar zai riƙa canjawa ya danganta da inda rana take a sararin samaniya. Don haka tsayin inuwar ginshiƙin yana nuna ainihin lokacin rana.
An ƙirƙiro agogon na wanawa (mechanical clock) na farko a tsakiyar 1300s. An samar da agogon da aka yi amfani da sufurin (spring) wanda aka naɗe a cikin 1500s. Agogunan da ke amfani da wutar lantarki sun bayyana a ƙarshen 1800s da kuma farkon 1900s. An inganta agogon atomic a cikin 1950s.
Ƙirƙirar agogon mechanical na farko
Agogunan masu wani waɗanda aka yi amfani da motsawar haƙora da hanyoyin tantance lokaci, sun bayyana a ƙarni na 13. A wajen shekara ta 1280, masanin falaƙi kuma mai ƙirƙira dan kasar Italiya, Guido Moneta, ya samar da sabon agogon mai wani wato mechanical clock na farko.
Bunƙasar fasahar agoguna
A cikin ƙarni na 14 da na 15, an sami sabbin abubuwa na ƙirƙirar agoguna. A shekara ta 1656, masanin kimiya mai suna Holland Christiaan Huygens ya ƙera na’urar tantance lokaci ta farko ta amfani da wata sanda mai nauyi da ke juyawa gaba da baya don nuna lokaci. Wannan aiki ya haifar da bunƙasar ingantattun agoguna kuma ya zama tushen agoguna masu tsinke na zamani. Kusan a lokaci guda a Ingila, aka ƙirƙiro hannu mai nuna minti, sannan aka ƙirƙiro agogo mai mintuna da daƙiƙu.
Tarihin kula lokaci
Masarawa sun ƙirƙira merkhet, wanda kayan aiki ne na taurari. Lokacin amfani da su bibiyu, ana iya amfani da merkhets don tantance lokacin da dare ta hanyar lura da lokacin da taurari ke wucewa.
Yawancin lokaci tsakanin 500 da 1500 a Turai, an sami ɗan ci gaban fasaha. An ci gaba da amfani da na’urorin Sundials don bayyana wasu sassa na rana. Kusan karni na 10, mutane sun fara amfani da sundials na aljihu.
A farkon karni na 14, sabon nau’in agogo ya bayyana. A cikin manyan biranen Italiya, ana iya samun manyan agogon mechanical a jikin hasumiyoyi. Maimakon kwararar ruwa ta motsa su, waɗannan agogon ana tafiyar da su ta hanyar juyawar abu mai nauyi. Ayyukan waɗannan agogon na iya zama da wahala a daidaita su.
A farkon shekarun 1500, an ƙirƙiro wani sabon nau’in agogo wanda ke amfani da makamashin iska maimakon juyawar abu mai nauyi. Amfani da hanyoyin lokacin bazara ya ba da damar sanya agogon ƙarami da sauƙin motsawa. Rashin koma baya ga waɗannan agogon shi ne cewa sun yi tafiyar hawainiya yayin da bazarar ta ɓace.
Tasirin agogo ga al’umma
Har lokacin da aka kirkiro agogon mechanical, kwanakin da suka gabata sun raba ta hanyar wucewar rana. Akwai sassa zuwa yini amma ba daidai ba sa’o’i. Yayin da amfani da agogon mechanical clock ke yaɗuwa daga Italiya zuwa Yammacin Turai a cikin ƙarni na 14, an fara daidaita lokuta.
Cocin Katolika ta raba rana zuwa sassa biyu na sa’o’i goma sha biyu, sa’o’in hasken rana goma sha biyu da sa’o’i goma sha biyu na dare. Kararrawar majami’u sun yi ƙara da karfi a fadin garuruwa don nuna alamun lokutan ibada. Daidaiton agogon mechanical clock wanda ke sarrafa adadin kararrawa shi ma ya fara zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar yau da kullun ga gari gabaɗaya.
A hankali, agogo ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar al’umma. Daga tsoffin agogunan mechanical zuwa agogon dijital na yau, suna ba da damar tsarawa da aiwatar ayyuka yadda ya kamata.
Har ila yau, bunƙasar fasahar kirkirar agogo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin zirga-zirgar jiraga, samar da masana’antu da yawa.
Kafin ƙirƙirar agogo, mutane suna amfani da wata da rana don tantance lokaci. Sun binciki hanyoyinsu ta sararin sama kuma suka gano cewa rana da wata za su kasance a wurare na musamman a wasu lokutan dare da rana.
Manazarta
Westland London | Antique fireplaces, antique chimneypieces & Architectural Antiques. (n.d.). Westland London.
Bellis, M. (2024, July 17). The development of clocks and watches over time. ThoughtCo.
BBC. (2023, July 21). The History of Timekeeping – Nine quick facts about the history of timekeeping.