Bushiya wacce Turanci: hedgehog) dabba ce ƙarama mai gashi mai kaifi da ake kira ƙaiƙai, wacce ke cikin zuriyar Erinaceidae. Ana samunta a sassan nahiyoyi kamar Afirka, Turai, da Asiya. Akwai nau’o’i kusan 17 da suka haɗu a rukunin Erinaceinae, kuma ana samunta musamman a wuraren da ke da ciyayi ko hamada.
Bushiya dabba ce mai muhimmanci a tsarin muhalli. Tana taimakawa wajen rage yawaitar ƙwari, tsaftace muhalli, da zama abinci ga dabbobi da dama. Sai dai kuma a hannu guda tana cikin barazana da tasgaro daga ayyukan ɗan’adam da sauyin yanayi.
Tsarin halitta da halayen bushiya
Bushiya na da ƙayoyi a bayanta waɗanda suke taimaka mata wajen kare kanta daga barazana da cutarwa. Idan ta ji abu mai hatsari, tana lanƙwasa jikinta ta koma ƙwallo mai ƙayoyi. Bushiya suna fitowa ne da dare (wato dabbobi masu sukuni a lokacin dare), kuma suna iya yin barci na tsawon watanni (hibernation) a lokacin sanyi mai tsanani.
Bushiya tana cin nau’in ƙananan tsuntsaye, ƙwari, da wasu tsirrai. A wasu lokuta tana cin matattun dabbobi, wanda hakan ke taimaka wa tsaftar muhalli. Bushiya suna da halaye na musamman kamar “anointing” – wato bushiya tana da fasahar lulluɓe kanta da kumfa daga bakinta.
Nau’ikan bushiya
1. Atelerix algirus – Bushiyar Arewa maso Yamma
Wannan bushiyar ana samun ta ne a Arewacin Afirka, musamman a Aljeriya, Tunisiya, Maroko, da Mauritaniya. Ita ce nau’in bushiya da aka fi samu a yankunan tekun Bahar Rum. Tsawon jikinta yana kaiwa santimita 20 zuwa 25. Bushiyar Atelerix algirus tana da fata mai launin fara ko ruwan toka a ƙasa da ƙaya masu launin ruwan ƙasa. Ba kamar Erinaceus europaeus ba, wannan bushiya ba ta yin dogon barci sosai.
Ta fuskar tsarin halitta, tana da ƙayoyi masu laushi fiye da sauran nau’ikan, kuma tana da hanci mai tsawo. Ana nazarin Atelerix algirus don fahimtar yadda halittu ke rayuwa cikin yanayin da bai da sanyi mai tsanani, amma kuma yana da sauyin zafi.
2. Erinaceus europaeus – Bushiyar Turai
Erinaceus europaeus ita ce bushiyar da ta fi shahara a ƙasashen Turai, kuma tana daga cikin halittun da ake karewa saboda raguwar yawansu. Girmanta ya kai santimita 25–30, tana da ƙayoyi masu yawa (kimanin 7000) a jikinta. Tana yin barcin hunturu (hibernation) mai tsayi daga watan Oktoba zuwa Maris.
Tsarin jikinta ya dace da rayuwa a yanayin sanyi, kuma tana da ƙarfin metabolic da ke taimaka mata wajen ajiye makamashi a lokacin dogon barcin hibernation. A lokaci guda, tana da fasahar kare kai ta hanyar naɗe jikinta gabaɗaya idan ta fuskanci haɗari. Bincike na genome sequencing ya nuna yadda E. europaeus ke amfani da kwayoyin genes na jure sanyi da rage motsi don tsira.
3. Paraechinus aethiopicus – Bushiyar Hamada
Paraechinus aethiopicus tana rayuwa ne a yankunan hamada kamar Sudan, Masar, Saudiya, da Yemen. Tsarinta ya dace da matsanancin zafi da fari. Bushiyar tana da ƙayoyi masu kauri da jiki mara yawan gashi. Tsawonta ya kai santimita 15–25, tana da nauyin kilo 0.25 zuwa 0.6.
Abin birgewa game da wannan bushiya shi ne yadda take jure zafi sosai. Tana amfani da dabarar aestivation (barci na lokacin zafi) domin rage gasuwa a zafin rana. Haka nan tana da ƙarancin buƙatar ruwa saboda huhu da fitsarinta na rage yawan zubar ruwa.
4. Atelerix albiventris – Bushiyar Afirka
Ana samun Atelerix albiventris a yammacin Afirka, musamman Najeriya, Ghana, da Kamaru. Wannan bushiya ana kiranta da Four-toed hedgehog saboda tana da yatsu huɗu a ƙafa maimakon biyar. Tsawonta ya kai santimita 17–25, kuma tana da fata mai launin fari da ƙayoyi masu launin fari da ruwan ƙasa-ƙasa.
Ana yawan kiwon wannan nau’i a matsayin dabbar gida a ƙasashen Yamma. Bushiyar A. albiventris tana da halaye masu sauƙin fahimta, kuma tana amfani da ƙwaƙwalwarta wajen gane abinci, wurin fakewa da wurin kwana. Tsarin halittar jikinta ya dace da yawan motsi da cin ganyayyaki da ƙwari.
Wadannan nau’ikan bushiya na nuna irin yadda dabbobin ke daidaitawa da muhalli ta tsarin halitta daban-daban. Daga barcin hunturu zuwa jure fari da zafi, daga motsi da wayewa zuwa kariya ta jiki, bushiya sun zama wani muhimmin ginshiƙi a tsarin halittu. Kimiyyar halittu na ci gaba da bincike a kansu domin fahimtar dabarun tsira da jurewar dabbobi a duniya mai sauyin yanayi.
Wuraren da ake samun bushiya
Bushiya suna rayuwa ne a dazuka da hamada da kuma cikin lambuna. A Najeriya, nau’in da aka fi samu shi ne Atelerix albiventris. A yankin Sahara kuwa, ana samun bushiyar hamada (Paraechinus aethiopicus) da bushiyar Arewacin Afirka wato (Atelerix algirus). A dajin Amazon kuwa, ba a samun bushiya a matsayin dabbobi ‘yan asalin wurin.
Tasirin bushiya ga muhalli
Bushiya na taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin samuwar abinci ta hanyar cinye ƙwari da taimakawa wajen tsaftar muhalli. Suna rage yawaitar ƙwari masu cutar da amfanin gona, wanda ke taimakawa manoma a lambuna da sauran su. Haka nan suna kasancewa abinci ga wasu dabbobi kamar tsuntsaye masu farauta.
Dangantakar bushiya da mutane
A wasu ƙasashe, bushiya ta zama dabbar gida. Yayin da a wasu ƙasashen kuma, ana amfani da ita wajen aiwatar da sihiri ko kuma ana farautar ta don cin nama. A Najeriya da wasu sassan Afirka, bushiya na shiga cikin sana’ar sayar da naman daji wanda wasu ke ci. Haka nan, ana kallo bushiya a fina-finai da labaran yara, misali Sonic the Hedgehog.
Barazanar ɓacewa a duniya
Bushiya na fuskantar barazana da dama, daga ciki akwai kamar:
- Raguwar muhalli – yankan dazuka, gine-gine da ake ci gaba da aiwatar na zama mamaya fa muhallin waɗannan dabbobi.
- Sauyin yanayi – Sauyin yanayi shi ma ƙalubale ne da barazana ga bushiya kasancewar ba su da sukuni a lokacin sanyi.
- Haɗura – Bushiya na fuskantar haɗura a hanya kamar takewa da sauran su.
- Manoma – Manoma na zama haɗari ko ƙalubale ga rayuwar bushiya ta hanyar amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari a gonakinsu, wanda hakan kan shafi har bushiya.
- Mafarautan – Har ila yau akwai barazana daga mafarauta da masu cin naman dabbobin daji, farautar bushiya da sayar da namansu na taimakawa wajen raguwar su ko ɓacewar su gabaɗaya.
A Turai, bushiyar Erinaceus europaeus ta fara fuskantar raguwar yawa fiye da kashi 30% a cikin shekaru goma. Kungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi na duniya irin su IUCN da WWF sun gudanar da bincike tare da ɗaukar matakan bayar da kariya ga bushiya. Matakan da aka ɗauka sun haɗa da:
- Ilimantar da jama’a game da muhimmancin bushiya
- Hana amfani da sinadarai masu guba a gonaki
- Gina hanyoyin tsere da mafaka ga bushiya
- Tsare-tsaren doka kamar dokar Endangered Species Act a kasashe da dama
A Najeriya ma, an fara ɗaukar matakan ƙarfafa dokar kariyar dabbobin daji da hana safarar su ba bisa ƙa’ida ba.
Manazarta
Abdullahi, A. L., Balogun, E. O., Gouegni, F., Ibrahim, B., Nok, A. J., Yusuf, A. B., & Adepoju, O. A. (2020). Blood of African hedgehog Atelerix albiventris contains 115‑kDa trypanolytic protein that kills Trypanosoma congolense. Acta Parasitologica, 65(3), 733–742.
Coker, O. M., Olukole, S. G., & Udje, O. A. (2018). External and internal morphometry of the four‑toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris Wagner, 1841) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 15(2), 3003–3012.
Girgiri, I. A., Olopade, J. O., & Yahaya, A. (2015). Morphometrics of foramen magnum in African four‑toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) in Maiduguri. Folia Morphologica, 74(2), 188–191.
Girgiri, I. A., Gambo, B. G., Yahaya, A., & Olopade, J. O. (2015). Morphometric studies of some visceral organs and gastrointestinal tract of four‑toed African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). Journal of Morphological Sciences, 32(1), 29–32.
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