Cashew, ɗaya ne daga cikin kayan marmari wanda a kimiyance ake kira da ‘Anacardium occidentale’, ɗan itaciya ne da ke samuwa a wurare masu zafi da kuma yankin bishiyoyin da ba sa sauya launin ganye waɗanda ke cikin dangin Anacardiaceae. Asalin cashew daga arewa maso gabashin ƙasar Brazil ya fito, wannan nau’in kayan marmari ya sami karɓuwa a duniya saboda alfanunsa da daɗin ci, da kuma ‘ya’yan cashew ɗin na musamman wanda ake ci a matsayin gyaɗa.
Yanayin girman bishiyar cashew
Shukar cashew dai na iya girma a matsayin bishiya, takan yi tsayi har zuwa mita 14 (kimanin ƙafa 46) a cashew na asali ke nan. Amma ga cashew na noman kasuwanci, akwai nau’in da ake girbewa a ɗan gajeren lokaci, an fi son shi saboda saurin nunarsa da kuma yalwarsa. Yawanci girman bishiyarsa kan kai tsayin mita 6 (kimanin ƙafa 20). Bushiyar tana da ɗan gajeren kututture, mai santsi, launin toka mai ko fata. Tana da rassan da yawa da ke sauka kusa da ƙasa kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai, suna haifar da ‘ya’ya masu yawa.
Pirangi do Norte, gari ne a ƙasar Brazil, da ya kasance gida ga bishiyar cashew mafi girma a duniya, wato “Major Cajueiro do Mondo.” Faɗin bishiyar ta rufe sama da murabba’in mita 8,500.
Abin da ya bambanta wannan bishiya mai ban mamaki da takwarorinta shi ne sauye-sauye na musamman na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke ba da damar rassanta su taɓa ƙasa su yi saiwa, suna kafa sabbin kututturai na cashew.
Girman bishiyar da shekarunta na ban mamaki sun ɗauki hankalin mazauna wurin da masu yawon buɗe ido. Tarihi ya nunar da cewa Manjo Cajueiro, wani matuƙin jirgin ruwa ɗan ƙasar Portugal ne ya shuka wannan bishiyar a ƙarni na 19, kuma an danganta bunƙasarta ga ƙarfin aljanu da ke fitowa daga shurin Pirangi do Norte da ke kusa da bishiyar.
Siffar ganyen cashew
Ganyen bishiyar cashew an jera su a karkace, masu launin fata, kuma suna bajewa zuwa siffar ƙwai. Suna da tsayi kusan santimita 4 zuwa 22 da faɗin santimita 2 zuwa 15, tare da santsi mai laushi. Lokacin da suka girma, ganyen suna yin kore mai duhu, kodayake suna iya bayyana da launin ja ko kore mai haske a farkon girmansu. Wannan bambancin launin ganye ana iya danganta shi da yanayin muhalli daban-daban.
Tuffar cashew
‘Ya’yan itacen cashew sun ƙunshi sassa daban-daban: tsokar cashew wacce ta ƙunshi ruwa mai zaƙi ko bauri a wasu lokutan da kuma gyaɗar cashew ɗin wacce ake gasawa ana ci kamar gyaɗa, tana da garɗi fiye da gyaɗa.
Tuffar cashew, ko ‘ya’yan itace, wani yanki ne mai ɗaukar hankali. Yana zuwa da launuka masu ɗorawa ko rawaya zuwa ja, waɗannan launuka suna ƙara wa cashew kyan gani sosai. Tuffar cashew tana tasowa daga sashen da furen cashew yake. Tana girma cikin tsari mai ɗanɗano da tsoka wadda ta fi girman ‘ya’yan gyaɗar, tana da kusan santimita 10 zuwa 20 a tsayi da kuma faɗin santimita 4-8. Ana sarrafa wannan ɓangaren da ake ci na cashew a cikin ruwan ‘ya’yan itace masu daɗi ko kuma a markaɗe shi don samar da abubuwan sha masu daɗi.
Ƙwayar gyaɗar cashew
Kwayar gyaɗar cashew ba iri ce kawai ba; ita ma ‘yar itacen bishiyar cashew ce da ake ci sosai. Wannan gyaɗa mai siffar koda ko kuma mai kama da wake, an lullube ta a cikin ɓawo mai launi biyu da ke da sinadarin guba. Kwayar tana da tsayin kusan santimita 2.5 kuma tana cikin wannan ɓawo mai guba. Wani abin sha’awa shi ne, ɓawon na cashew yana haifar da wasu sinadaran da ke taimaka wa aikace-aikace iri-iri, da suka haɗa da amfanin masana’antu irin su haɗa man shafawa da fenti.
Ɗanɗanon cashew
Ɗanɗanon tuffar cashew tana da sarkakiya tantancewa, an gauraya ɗanɗanon ne tsakanin ɗanɗanon mangwaro da abarba. Kwayar gyaɗar cashew, idan aka sarrafa ta tawanda ake yi ta hanyar gasawa, tana ba da ɗanɗano tare da ɗan laushi.
Nauyi cashew
Nauyin tuffar cashew ya zarce na ƙwayar gyaɗar. Nauyin tufar shi ne ninki 6 zuwa 7 na nauyin ƙwayar gyaɗar.
Muhimmancin cashew a tsarin abinci
‘Ya’yan itacen cashew suna da ɗauke da sinadaran abinci mai yawa. Tuffar cashew ita ce tushen wadataccen sinadarin bitamin C, tana samar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na abin sha na yau da kullun, kuma tana ƙunshe da antioxidants waɗanda ke magance matsalar damuwa.
Kwayar gyaɗar cashew tana da alfanu sosai saboda sinadarinta, akwai mahimman sinadaran maiƙo (fatty acids) da sinadaran minerals, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama cikin muhimman abinci a duniya.
Matakan shuka bishiyar cashew
• Dasa iri da tsirowa
Bushiyar cashew galibi tana yaɗuwa ne daga iri, kodayake dasawa al’ada ce ta gama-gari don noman kasuwanci da samar da ingantacce cashew. Tsirowar irin cashew na faruwa a kusan kwanaki 4 zuwa 10 bayan shuka a ƙarƙashin mafi kyawun yanayin danshi da yanayin zafi. Dashe kuwa yana buƙatar yanayi na wurare masu zafi, tare da yanayin zafi sama da digiri 10 ma’aunin celcius, wajibi ne domin girma da haɓaka a samu zafin digiri 24.
Zangon samartaka
Bayan tsirowa, shukar kan shiga zangon samartaka, tana baza ganyayyaki sosai tare haɓaka jijiyoyi masu zurfi, sannan ta fara fitar da furanni. Wannan lokaci yana da mahimmanci don kafa ƙaƙƙarfan ginshiƙi domin tabbatuwar bishiyar a zango na gaba. Bishiyoyin cashew suna fara samar da ƙwayar gyaɗa a cikin shekaru 2 zuwa 3 na dashen shukar, amma bayyanar nunar tuffar yana farawa bayan kusan shekara ta uku.
Lokacin fitar da fure
Bishiyoyin cashew suna yin fure sau ɗaya a shekara, yawanci tsakanin watan Nuwamba da Janairu, ya danganta da wurin da suke. Itacen yana samar da furanni na maza da na tsarin bisexual iri ɗaya, tare da haɗa barbara da farko ta hanyar ƙwari. Lokacin furanni yana kula da yanayin muhalli, kuma yawan danshi a wannan lokacin yana iya haifar da asarar ɗan fure saboda cututtuka kamar anthracnose da mildew.
Bayan nasarar yin barbarar furannin, cashew na shiga zangon girman ‘ya’yan itacen. Da farko, gyaɗar tana girma cikin sauri, yayin da tuffar ta fara girma, tana girma ne a kusan makonni biyu kafin ‘ya’yan itacen su girma. Wannan matakin yana ɗaukar kimanin makonni 6 zuwa 8 daga lokacin yin barbara zuwa lokacin zama nunannu.
Nuna da lokacin girbewa
Canjin launi yana bayyana nunar ƙwayar gyaɗar da kuma tufar; tufar tana sauyawa daga launin kore zuwa rawaya ko ja ko ruwan hoda, kuma ɓawon gyaɗar yana yin duhu zuwa launin toka. Dukkan yanayi daga fure zuwa girman ƙwayar gyaɗar ya bambanta tsakanin kowace tufar cashew, amma gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar watanni 2 zuwa 3. Girbi yawanci yana farawa da zarar ‘ya’yan cashew ɗin da ƙwayar gyaɗar sun faɗi ƙasa, alamar yanayin nuna, kodayake wasu cashew ɗin na iya buƙatar cirewa da hannu.
Sarrafawa bayan girbewa
Bayan girbi, ana ware ƙwayoyin gyaɗar daga jikin cashew ɗin kuma a shanya su a rana don rage danshin jikinsu, wanda hakan ke da mahimmanci idan an yi nufin adanawa don amfanin gaba. Za a iya gasa ɗanyar ƙwayar gyaɗar a cire ɓawon nan mai guba sai a fitar da ƙwayar da ake ci.
Asalin samuwar bishiyar cashew
Asalin cashew nau’in Anacardium occidentale, sun fito ne daga Brazil, a wani yanki mai yanayin zafi na arewa maso gabashin ƙasar. Tarihin samuwar bishiyar cashew ya samo asali ne a yankunan bakin tekun Brazil, inda bishiyoyin suke girma a cikin daji. A karshen karni na 16, masu bincike da masu mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun taka rawar gani wajen yaɗa bishiyar cashew daga Brazil zuwa sauran sassan duniya, musamman ga nahiyoyin Afirka da Asiya.
Turawan Portugal sun kai bishiyar cashew zuwa gaɓar tekun gabashin Afirka da yankin Indiya, inda ta dace da yanayin wuraren. Da farko dai ana amfani da bishiyar wajen kiyaye ƙasa da kuma kula da zaizayar ƙasa a gaɓar tekun Mozambik. Amma muhimmancin ƙwayar gyaɗar a matsayin abinci da kayan masarufi ba da daɗewa ba aka gane hakan, sai noman cashew ya fara yaɗuwa.
Noman cashew a duniya gabaɗaya
A yau, ana noman cashew a yankuna masu zafi da yawa a duniya. Yankunan da ke samar da cashew sun haɗa da ƙasashe a Afirka, Asiya, da Latin Amurka. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, kasashen da ke kan gaba wajen samar da cashew su ne Cote d’Ivoire, Indiya, da Vietnam, tare da gagarumar gudunmawa daga Philippines, Tanzania, Benin, Indonesia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, da Mozambique.
Noman cashew a nahiyar Afirka
Afirka ta zama babbar kasuwar cashew ta duniya, Afirka ta Yamma ce ke da kaso mai tsoka na noman cashew a duniya. Cote d’Ivoire, musamman, ta sami ci gaba mai yawa dalilin noman cashew kuma ta faɗaɗa fitar da shi zuwa ƙetare, musamman zuwa kasuwannin Turai. Sauran ƙasashen Afirka, irin su Ghana, Tanzania, Benin, da Burkina Faso, su ma sun yi fice wajen noma da fitar da cashew.
Noman cashew a yankin Asiya
A yankin Asiya, Vietnam da Indiya manyan manoman cashew ne, suna kuma sarrafawa da fitar da shi. Vietnam ta yi nasara musamman ta hanyar a kasuwancin cashew, tare da sarrafa kaso mai yawa na cashew a duniya. Philippines da Indonesiya su ma suna ba da gudummawa ga samar da cashew a yankin Asiya.
Noman cashew a Latin Amurka da Caribbean
Duk da yake Brazil ba ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da cashew ba, amma tana ba da gudummawa ga kasuwar cashew ta duniya. Cashew ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikin a Latin Amurka, yana samar da ba kawai na tufar cashew da gyaɗar ba har ma da sauran kayan masarufi kamar ruwan ‘ya’yan cashew da itacen bishiyar cashew.
Muhimman sinadaran da ke cikin cashew
• Sinadarin frotin
Cashew ya ƙunshi matsakaicin furotin da ya kai kusan gram 5 a kowane cashew da ya kai nauyin gram 28. Wannan sinadarin furotin yana da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da sauran abinci nau’in tsirrai, ya mayar da cashew wata hanya ta samun sinadarin furotin mai mahimmanci.
• Sinadarin kitso
Cashew ya ƙunshi sinadaran kitse masu ƙara wa zuciya lafiya. Mafi yawa cashew sun ƙunshi sinadaran ‘monounsaturated’ da ‘polyunsaturated fatty acids’. Jimullar kitsen da ke cikin cashew ya kai gram 12 zuwa 13 a kowane cashew mai nauyin gram 28. Cikakken sinadarin kitse yana cikin matsakaitan ‘ya’yan cashew, wanda suka ƙunshi kusan gram 2.2 zuwa 3 a kowane cashew guda ɗaya.
• Sinadarin carbohydrates
Cashew na da ƙarancin sinadarin carbohydrate, yawan carbohydrates bai wuce gram 8.6 zuwa 9 a kowane cashew mai nauyin gram 28. Sinadarin fiber yana da kusan gram 0.9 zuwa 1, haka nan sikari yana da ƙarancin adadi, bai wuce gram 1.7.
• Sinadarin bitamin
Cashew na samar da mahimman sinadaran bitamin, ciki har da bitamin K, da ya kai kusan micrograms 9.7 a kowane cashew mai nauyin gram 28. Haka nan yana ɗauke da nau’ikan bitamin B kamar thiamin da bitamin B6.
• Sinadarin minerals
Cashew shi ne kyakkyawan hanyar samun sinadaran minerals daban-daban. Yana da wadatar sinadarin magnesium kusan milligrams 82.8 zuwa 82.9 a kowane cashew mai nauyin gram 28, kimanin kashi 20% na buƙatar yau da kullum. Yana kuma samar da adadi mai yawa na sinadaran phosphorus, bronze, da manganese. Iron da zinc suna da matsakaicin adadi.
Alfanun cashew ga lafiyar jiki gabaɗaya
Cashew na da wadatar minerals da ke ƙunshe da sinadaran antioxidant kamar bronze da manganese. Waɗannan antioxidants suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a matakai daban-daban a jikin ɗan’adam, ciki har da lafiyar ƙashi, inganta garkuwar jiki, da rage damuwa. Yin amfani da cashew yana da fa’idojin kiwon lafiya da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da inganta lafiyar zuciya, sarrafa ciwon sikari da sauran su.
Manazarta
Cashew Coast (n.d) Cashew Nuts (Anacardium occidentale) | Species Guide
Nigerian Export Promotion Council – NEPC. (2020, August 31). Cashew – NEPC importer.
Plant Village (n.d) Cashew nuts | Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation. Plant Village
Rd, A. P. M. (2023, February 23). Are cashews good for you? Nutrition, benefits, and downsides. Healthline.