Anthrax wata ƙwayar cuta ce da Bacteria Bacillus anthracis suke haddasa ta. Asali dabbobin gida da na dawa take kamawa, amma kuma za ta iya shafar har mutane. Ƙwayar cutar tana haddasa spores (Wani nau’i na bacteria) masu matuƙar taurin rai da ba su mutuwa a yi komai cikin sauƙi.
Nau’ikan Anthrax
1- Cutaneous Anthrax
Tana faruwa lokacin da Spores suka shiga jikin mutum ko dabba ta hanyar yanka ko ciwo.
Alamomin, cutaneous Anthrax shi ne mutum zai ga ya fara ƙurji mai matuƙar ƙaiƙayi mai kama da cizon wani ƙwaron. Daga nan sai wajen ya ɗaɗe amma ba zai dinga raɗaɗi ba, tsakiyarsa kuma ya yi baƙi. Wajen zai kumbura sannan alamomin mura za su kama mutum.
2- Inhalation Anthrax
Ana samun ta duk lokacin da aka samu akasi aka shaƙi spores ta hanci. Wannan ta fi duk sauran haɗari, kuma za ta iya zama ajali idan ba a yi hankali da ita yadda ya kamata ba.
Alamominta, da farko-farkon cutar, alamominta sun yi kama da na mura da kuma sanyi, kamar zazzabi, atishawa, da ciwon gaɓɓai. Yayin da cutar ta ci gaba kuma za ta iya kawo matsalar numfashi, shock da Meningitis.
3- Gastrointestinal Anthrax
Ana samun ta idan aka ci dabba mai ɗauke da irin cutar.
Alamominta sun haɗa da tashin zuciya, amai, ciwon ciki, rashin appetite, da kuma diarrhea.
4- Injection Anthrax
Ana kamuwa da ita ta hanyar allura. Babban misali shi ne mutanen da suke amfani da kayan maye ta hanyar allura, idan mutum mai ita ya yi, kuma wani ma ya yi, to magana ta ƙare.
Alamominta sun yi kama da na cutaneous anthrax, sai dai wannan ta fi saurin yaɗuwa a cikin jiki, sannan ta fi wahalar ganewa.
Abin da ke haifar da Anthrax
Abin da ke janyo cutar anthrax shi ne bacillus anthracis kamar yadda aka ambata a sama. Siffar farko ta ƙwayar cutar ita ce spores masu taurin rai.
Asalin cutar
Ƙwayar cutar tana shiga ta fata (cutaneous anthrax), ta hanci (inhalation anthrax), ta abinci (gastrointestinal anthrax), ko ta allura (injection anthrax). Kuma bayan ta shiga jikin mutum za ta yi aiki musamman idan akwai sinadaran da take buƙata a jikin mutum ko dabba.
Bayan nan za ta fara hayayyafa. Shi ne abin da ake kira toxins, su ne lethal toxins (LeTx) da Edema toxin (EdTx). Waɗannan toxins ɗin suna lalata cells da tissues.
Ƙwayar cutar tana haifar spores a muhalli wanda yakan yi tsawon shekara da shekaru a wannan wajen bai ɗaga ba. Yayin da shi waɗannan spores ɗin suke shiga jikin dabba ko mutum, a lokacin za su fara aiki, su hayayyafa, sannan su fara sakin guba (toxins).
Toxins suna sakin toxins guda uku.
1- protective antigen (PA)
2- lethal factor (LF)
3- edema factor (EF)
Waɗannan toxins ɗin suna haifar da mutuwar cells, lalacewar tissues, da wasu cutukan.
Hanyoyin yaɗuwarta
• Dabba zuwa mutum
Taɓa dabba mai ɗauke da cutar, gyara dabbobi (wanka ko gyaran gashi), cin naman dabba mai ɗauke da cutar, ko shakar spores daga dabbobi masu ɗauke da ita, duka ana kawo wa mutum Anthrax.
• Mutum zuwa mutum
Bai fiya faruwa ba. Amma idan ya faru zai zama ko dai ta hanyar ciwo da ciwo.. Misali, wanda yake ɗauke da ita tana da ciwo, sai ciwon nasa ya haɗu da ciwon wani ya gauraya. Amma kuma wannan bai faye faruwa ba, sai dai ta hanyar amfani da sirinji ɗaya.
Gwajin cutar
– Clinical Examination: Ana yin wannan gwaji ta hanyar duba alamomin marar lafiya da tarihinsa idan ya taɓa yi ko ya yi mu’amala da mai ita ko dabba mai ɗauke da ita.
– Laboratory Test: Wannan gwajin ya haɗa da, Blood culture (wato gwajin jini), skin lesion swabs, chest x-ray (ɗaukar hoton kirji), da scanning na CT domin duba idan an shaƙi anthrax ta iska. Duka wannan hanyoyin gane mutum na ɗauke da anthrax ne a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje.
Yadda za a magance cutar
• Antibiotics: Ba wa mutum antibiotics masu ƙarfi kuma da wuri kafin cutar ta yi nisa tana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Antibiotics ɗin kamar irin su ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, da penicillin.
• Antitoxins: Ana amfani da antitoxins domin rage wa ƙwayar cutar tasiri. Kamar irin su raxibacumab da obiltoxaximab.
• Supportive Care: Bai wa mara lafiyar kyakykyawar kulawa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen karin lafiyarsa ta hanyar amfani da respiratory support (abin shakar numfashi), fluids, da magunguna, domin daidaita blood pressure.
Hanyoyin Kariya
1- Riga-kafi: Akwai riga-kafin Anthrax domin mutanen da za su fi kowa saurin ɗauka. Misali, sojoji, ma’aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje, da masu kula da dabbobi.
2- Guje wa taɓa dabbobi masu ɗauke da ƙwayar cutar.
3- A tabbatar an dafa nama ya dafu sosai.
4- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis: Ana bai wa duk mutamin da anthrax ta kama sa.
Manazarta
Ken Alibek and Stephen Handelman. (2000). Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World—Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It. Delta
Jeanne Guillemin (1999). Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. University of California Press
Leonard A. Cole. (2003) The Anthrax Letters: A Medical Detective Story. Joseph Henry Press
Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg, and William Broad. (2001) Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War. Simon & Schuster