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Evolution

Kalmar Evolution na nufin sauyawa bayan lokaci mai tsayi. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiga-jigan batutuwan Biology, domin idan kika cire evolution daga Biology, to Biology zai koma fanko. Evolution shi ya sa aka mayar da hankalin kan fahimtar yadda rayuwar abubuwa masu rai gabaɗaya take, da asalinta, da raba-rabenta, da kuma yadda halittu suka yi kamanceceniya a zubin halitta da kuma tsarin rayuwarsu. Misali, zubin halittar Dila da Kare ta yi kama, haka ta tsarin rayuwarsu. Amma suna da bambanci wajen abin da suke ci. Dila iya nama yake ci, kare kuma zai ci nama kuma zai ci dangin tsirrai.

Yadda mutum kan sauya ya girma a bisa fahimtar masana kimiyya.

A kimiyya akwai kalmar hypothesis da theory wanda ta nan mafarin binciken kimiyya yake farawa. Duk wani bayani na kimiyya da wani ilimi da aka samu tun daga farko duniya zuwa yanzu yana farawa ne daga hypothesis zuwa theory, zuwa law. Hypothesis yana farawa ne daga observation.

Hypothesis bayani ne a kan wani abu amma babu hujja sosai. Ko kuma wataƙila akwai hujjar amma ba za a yadda da ita ba saboda ba a yi gwajinta ba. Misali, manomin farko a duniya yana noma haka kawai babu taki, sai aka samu akasi watarana ya zuba wa shuka shara. Sai ya ga inda ya zuba sharar nan tsirran sun fi lafiya da saurin girma. A haka aka samu observation. Da farko zai fara tunanin me yasa haka ta faru? Watakila tunaninsa ya zo kan cewa saboda ya zuba shara ne. Idan tunaninsa ya zama haka, zai ce shara tana sa shuka ta girma kuma su ƙara lafiya. Idan ya fadi haka an samu hypothesis. Amma a kimiyya ba za a yarda da wannan ba saboda babu ƙwaƙƙwarar hujjar cewa daga sharar ne.

Ta ya ke nan za a sani? Ta hanyar gwaji. Za a ware shuka waje biyu. Ɗaya a zuba mata shara, ɗaya kuma a ƙi zuba mata. Idan mai sharar ta yi kyau kamar yadda aka yi zato, maganar ta soma tashi daga hypothesis tun da an fara samun hujja.

Bayan wannan gwajin, za a fara faɗin cewa tabbas shara tana sa shuka ta yi kyau. An samu theory ke nan daga hujja guda ɗaya.

Bayan wannan za a fara binciken me yasa shara take sa shuka ta yi kyau. Bayan bincike za a gano saboda tana da sinadaran da tsirrai suke buƙata domin lafiyarsu da girmansu. Shike nan theoryn ya zama gaskiya. Kuma daga nan theory zai koma Law. Zai kasance tabbas, haƙƙun, shara/taki tana sa shuka girma da kyau.

Evolution theory ne. Hakan yana nufin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da gaskiyarsa ba. Akwai theories evolution da yawa. Amma wanda a ka fi yarda da shi shi ne na Lamarck da Darwin.

Lamarck Theory of Evolution

Theoryn Lamarck, masanin kimiyya ɗan ƙasar Faransa na Rakumin Dawa ne. Domin Lamarck ya kawo Hypothesis a shekarar 1809, a kan evolution. Ya nuna cewa evolution yana faruwa ne a kan abu biyu: Use and Disuse. Da Hausa: Amfani da Rashin Amfani, da kuma gadon wannan siffar da ta canza daga amfani ko rashin amfani.

Lamarck ya nuna cewa idan muhalli ya canza, halayyar ma za ta canza, wanda hakan zai sa dole a ƙara yawan yadda ake wani abin ko kuma idan ba a yi a dawo yi. Ko kuma wannan canjin ya sa a daina abin da ake yi a da, wanda kuma hakan zai sai siffar organs ɗin mutum ya canza.

Yawan amfani da gaɓoɓi zai kawo sauyi na girma, yayin da rashin amfani da gaɓar zai kawo sauyi na ƙanƙanta. Waɗannan sauyin da aka samu rayuwa (ta mutum, dabba, ko tsiro), Lamarck yana ganin ana gadon su, ya ya za su tashi da su, daga nan shikenan sun koma haka.

Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution

Theoryn evolution yana Darwin, wanda yake faruwa daga Natural Selection, ko shakka babu yana ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka kafa Biology. Ya nuna yadda dabbobi da tsirrai suke canzawa, da kuma yadda ake samun sababbin tsirran.

Muhimman ɓangarorin Darwin’s Theory

• Variation

Wasu daga cikin tsirrai ɗaya suna tashi da bambanci. Misali, banbancin girma, launi, da halayya. Misali, a jinsin mutane, wani ƙato ne, wani dogo, wani gajere, wani fari, wani siriri. A jinsin tsuntsaye, wasu farare ne, jajaye, baƙaƙe, da sauran su. Haka ma halayya ba za ta zo ɗaya ba. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen ana gadonsu daga iyaye zuwa ‘ya’ya.

• Overproduction

Wasu halittun suna haifar ‘ya’ya masu yawan da wasu ba za su kai labari ba. Misali, bishiya ta yi dubunnan ‘ya’ya, amma ‘yan kaɗan ne kawai za su girma su zama bishiya su ma.

Sauyawar shuka.

• Competition

Tun da abubuwan da muke buƙata don mu rayu masu iyaka ne (ruwa, abinci, matar aure ko mijin aure). Organisms, idan aka ce organisms ana nufin dabbobi da tsirrai, suna fafatawa domin su rayu kuma su haihu. Ba duka ba ne za su rayu kuma su haihu ba. Abin da ake nufi a nan shi ne, wajen neman abinci, kowa ta kansa yake yi tunda abincin ba mara iyaka ba ne. Misali, zaki zai fito neman abinci. Sauran zakuna za su fito nema. Don haka an samu competition (gasa). A wannan gasar kuwa kowa tasa ta fisshe shi. Wanda ya fi sa’a ya samu, wanda ya fi wani ƙarfi ya ƙwace na wanda ba shi da karfi. Haka wajen neman mata. Haka wajen neman wajen kwana.

• Adaptation

Wasu bambance-bambancen suna ba masu su damar iya rayuwa a waje. Wannan ake kira da adaptation. Misali, jiki ba ya son zafi, idan climate ta canza, weather garin yana canzawa. Misali, daga 42° zuwa 47°, ba za a iya rayuwa a garin ba idan dai ba jikin ba ne ya canza daga mara jure zafi zuwa mai jure zafi ba. Za a samu mutanen da jikinsu zai canza ya dace da sabon zafin garin. Idan jikinsu ya canza, sun yi adapting kenan. Wanda jikinsa bai canza ba, bai yi adapting ba. Saboda haka ko dai a bar garin, ko kuma a mutu. Nature babu ruwansa idan aka mutu.

Haka ba za a samu wasu dabbobi a gari kaza ba sai a gari kaza. Misali, babu Kangaroo a ko’ina a duniya sai Australia. Me yasa? Saboda babu inda za su iya rayuwa sai nan. Babu Cheetah da Lions a Europe, saboda jikinsu ba zai yi adapting da Europe ba.

Haka ma ba a samun wasu tsirran a gari kaza sai gari kaza. Haka kifaye da komai. Ko wane organism da inda yake iya adapting. Ba a noman doya a Arewacin Najeriya saboda ba za ta yi adapting da ƙasar wajen ba saboda babu ruwa. Ba a noman gero a kudancin najeriya saboda gero ba zai jure yawan ruwan saman kudu ba.

• Natural Selection

Waɗanda suke da waɗannan bambance-bambancen da za su iya zama a waje, ma’ana sun yi adapting, su ne kaɗai za su rayu kuma su hayayyafa. A hankali masu irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen za su fi yawa saboda waɗanda ba su da su mutuwa suke kuma ba sa haihuwa sosai. Wannan ake kira da Natural selection.

• Descent with Modifications Generation

Bayan generation, ana samun ƙananun canji daga specie, wannan zai kawo samuwar sabon specie.. Kamar yadda na faɗa a baya, daga Dila aka samu kare. Daga chimpanzee aka samu Ɗan Adam. Daga dinosaur aka samu kaza. A wajen Darwin, duk wani abu mai rai daga wajen Uba ɗaya yake. Abin da yake nufi abu ɗaya ne mai rai ya samar da su gabaɗaya. Misali, masu binciken sun ce wannan uban da ya haifi komai wani kifi ne da ake kira Haikouchthys, Pikaia specie, ya yi evolving daga ruwa zuwa doron ƙasa. Daga ‘ya’yan da ya haifa aka samu mutation da masu variations, ta haka samu sababbin species, aka samu tsirrai, dabbobi, da ko wane abu mai rai.

Manazarta

Charles Darwin. (1859) The Origin of Species. John Murray

Richard Dawkins. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press

Jerry A. Coyne. (2009) Why Evolution is True? Viking (Penguin Group)

Richard Dawkins. (2009) Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution. Free Press (Simon & Schuster)

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