Gurjiya wacce a Turance ake kira da Bambara Groundnuts, a kimiyyance kuma ake mata lakabi da (Verdea (L.). Kodayake wani masanin tsirrai mai suna Swanevelder (1998) ya ruwaito cewa wannan amfanin gona tana da nau’ikan sunaye guda biyu a kimiyyance, wato V. subterranea var. spontanea, wanda ya ƙunshi nau’in gurjiyar da ke fitowa bisa tsarin ɗabi’a (natural) da kuma V. subterranea var. subterranea, wannan shi ne nau’in da ƙunshi gurjiyar da manoma suke nomawa.
Kamar yadda gyaɗa take, gurjiya tana samuwa ne ƙanana, yawanci tayinta bai wuce santimita 1 zuwa 5, mulmulalliya mai ban sha’awa mai siffar ƙwai, takan fito a saman ƙasa ko ƙarƙashi.’Ya’yan gurjiyar yawanci suna ɗauke da ƙwaya ɗaya ko biyu, mai launin ruwan ƙasa-ƙasa ko jaja-jaja. A mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka, waɗannan ƙwayoyin gurjiya sun zama marasa mahimmanci musamman saboda faɗaɗa noman gyaɗa. A cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata, an sabunta buƙatar wannan amfanin gona musamman a masu ƙarancin ruwan sama saboda juriyar shukar ga yanayin fari da ƙarfinta na samar da amfanin gona mai yawa a lokacin da ta girma a kan ƙasa mara inganci. Ana bayyana wannan amfanin gona da sunaye daban-daban, ya danganta da ƙasashen da suke shuka ta.
A Botswana, gurjiya tana gaba-gaba cikin albarkatun gona da ake samarwa sosai, tana cikin amfanin gona uku mafiya yawa bayan cowpea da gyaɗa. An ɗauke ta a matsayin mafi mahimmancin abinci na biyu da kuma amfanin gona na musamman na uku bayan masara da gyaɗa, dukkanin manoma Mpumalanga, a Afirka ta Kudu suna noman gurjiya. A kasar Zambara, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin hatsi tare da masara, pigeon Pea, chickpea, Mung Bean, lentil, da wake. Gurjiya ana noma ta a ƙaramin waje musamman a yammacin, kudancin da lardin gabashi, duk da kasancewar ta abinci mai gina jiki, kuma mai karfi juriya ga cututtuka da kwari. A nan, ana amfani da gurjiya a matsayin abinci don sha’awa. Dafaffiya ko busasshiyar gurjiya, ana cin ta a matsayin kayan ciye-ciye sosai wanda ya zama gama-gari, kodayake a wasu sassan ƙasar ana cin ta a matsayin abinci na sosai. A cikin Zimbabwe, gurjiya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan albarkatun cikin gida da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin abinci da amfanin gona don fitarwa waje. A cikin shekarar 1981, wani yanki da aka dawo yin noman gurjiya da ya kai adadin hekta 4000, da aka kiyasta yana samar da tan 2200 na gurjiya a duk shekara, yayin da wannan yanki ya kasance ƙarƙashin noma tsirarun manoma suna iya noma hekta 1300 tare da samar da tan 750 na ƙwayoyin gurjiya.
Asali da yaɗuwar gurjiya a duniya
Gurjiya amfanin gona ce ‘yar asalin nahiyar Afirka wadda ake amfani da ita a matsayin abinci ga mutane da dabbobi, bayan sanannun amfanin gonar nan guda biyu wato gyaɗa da cowpea, ita ce ta uku a nau’in ganyayyaki masu yaɗo da ke haifar da tsaba (legumes) a yankin Afirka mai zafi. An fara samun ta a Yammacin Afirka. Kuma ta hanyar ƙaurar jama’a ‘yan ƙasa, mutanen Afirka ta Tsakiya, gurjiya ta isa zuwa yankin KwaZulu-Natal da arewacin Afirka, inda yawancin mutane ke noma ta mafi yawa don cin gida. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan ne mutane suka fara sayar da ita a kasuwannin gida, misali, kamar yadda ake sayar da gyaɗa.
Muhimmancin gurjiya
‘Ya’yan gurjiya suna da babban kaso na sinadaran abinci mai gina jiki da bunƙasa wadatar abinci a yankin SADC. Gurjiya ta ƙunshi manyan babban kaso na sinadarin furotin, carbohydrate, da lipids, kuma ana iya cin ta a matakai daban-daban na girmanta. ‘Ya’yan gurjiyar suna ɗauke da kusan kashi 14% zuwa 24% na sinadarin furotin da kashi 65% na sinadarin carbohyddrate.
Andarshen ya fi girma a cikin mahimman sinadaran amino acid methonine fiye da sauran ƙwayoyin hatsi. Har ila yau’ya’yan gurjiyar suna ɗauke da sinadarin maiƙo kashi 6% zuwa 12%, wato ƙasa da rabin adadin da ake samu a cikin gyaɗa, wannan dalili ya sanya gurjiya ba ta dace da amfanin gonar da ake shukawa don samar da mai ba. Har ila yau an bayyana cewa’ya’yan gurjiya waɗanda ba su nuna sosai ba suna da wadatar sinadarin furotin da ya kai kashi 17.5% zuwa 21.1% da sinadarin carbohydrate kashi 53% zuwa 60% da kuma maiƙo kashi 2.3% zuwa 8.5%.
Danyun ‘ya’yan gurjiyar sun fi kyau fiye da waɗanda suka yi tauri sosai. A zahiri ana dafa su don ci a farkon lokacin da aka girbe su, haka nan ana dafa ‘ya’yan masu tauri ko niƙe su su zama gari.
Ana gauraya ‘ya’yan da sauran abinci, kamar a miya ko cikin shinkafa ko alayyafo, ko masara ko dai wasu kayan lambu da sauran su. Ana iya yin kaya ko kwallaye daga garin da aka haɗe da masara. Ana iya amfani da ganyen wajen ciyar da dabbobi. Dabbobi, musamman awaki, suna da matukar son harawar gurjiya, wadda ake ba su bayan an girbe ‘ya’yan.
Gurjiya ana amfani da ita a matsayin magani, da kuma yaƙar ƙwari da cutuka. Ruwan da aka dafa masara da garin tsabar tsirrai masu yaɗo (, legumes) idan aka dama yana magance matsalar zawo. Hakabnan za a iya amfani da gurjiya don kawar da matsalar tashin zuciya ga mata masu juna biyu. A wannan yanayin, dole ne a tauna gurjiya ɗanya kuma a haɗiye ta.
Ganyayyakin suna cike da sinadaran Lantana Trifolia L. ko Mexico marigold, sannan a jiƙa su da ruwa don wanke dabbobi a matsayin maganin cutukan ƙwari da kaska. Lokacin da ake son yin amfani da wannan maganin a kayan lambu, dole ne a kula sosai, a yi amfani da shi a ƙasan shuka, kada a zuba shi a kan ganyayyaki domin zai iya ƙona su.
Baya ga mahimmancin gurjiya a matsayin abinci ga mutane da dabbobi da kuma kiwon lafiya lafiya, har ila yau gurjiya tana da amfani ga ƙasa a gonar da ake aiwatar tsarin noman da ake sauya ire-iren tsirran da ake shukawa, wanda hakan ke ba da gudummawa da yawa na sinadaran inganta ƙasa, wanda ke amfanar da kayan amfanin gona na gaba.
Wurin da gurjiya ke buƙata
Gurjiya tana yin kyau a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace da filayen ƙasa (A. hypogoaea). Bugu da kari, tana girma da kyau a cikin yankunan masu ruwan sama da kuma a cikin manyan wurare masu sanyi, kuma sun fi dacewa da juriya ga mawuyacin yanayi fiye da sauran albarkatun gona. Ana iya noma ta har a kan tudu kamar yadda ya kai mita 1600. Matsakaicin zafin yini na daraja 20 zuwa 28 ° C yana dacewa don girmanta. Ruwan saman da ya sauka a lokacin girmanta, da ya kama daga 500 zuwa millimita 700, yana da amfani sosai, amma ruwan sama lokacin girbi na iya lalata amfanin gonar. Babbar matsala da ke da alaƙa da samar da gurjiya ita ce ƙarancin yawan amfanin gonar yana sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da kuma yaɗuwarta da yawanta.
Tsarin noman gurjiya
Zaɓib ƙasa da shirye-shirye
Gurjiya tana girma a kan ƙasa mai kyau, amma marar nauyi yashi tare da pH 5.0 zuwa 6.5 ya fi dacewa da ita. Gurjiya tana yin kyau har a kan ƙasa mai rangwamen inganci. Yawan sinadaran nitrogen na fifita girman amfanin gonar. A Zambia, ana dasa ta a kan shimfiɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa da kuma a kan kunya
Lokacin yin shuka
Kusan duk irin da aka yi amfani da shi don dasa shukar ya bambanta ta fuskar girma da launi. Mafi kyawun lokacin don dasa gurjiya yana farawa ne daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba zuwa farkon Janairu bayan kyakkyawan ruwan sama ya jiƙe ƙasa. Daga baya shuka a watan Janairu da Fabrairu za ta biyo baya
Tazara tsakanin shukoki
Irin gurjiya ya bambanta. Yawancin lokaci, ana yin shuka a tazarar santimita 10 × 15 a cikin layuka guda, da kuma tazarar santimita 45 × 90 a baya. Adadin seeding na iya bambanta daga kilogram 25 zuwa 75 a hekta ɗaya tare da matsakaicin nauyin gram 1000 daga kusan 500 zuwa 750.
Yanayin zurfin shuka
Zurfin ramin dashen ya dogara da nau’in ƙasa. A cikin ƙasa mai nauyi ko yanayin danshi, ana iya shuka iri a rami mai tsayin zurfin santimita 2-5.0. Zurfin yana bambanta daga santimita 5.0 zuwa 7.5 a cikin ƙasa. Ana amfani da fatanya don shuka iri a cikin hanyar gargajiya ta shuka shi cikin ƙasa da rufewa.
Zuba taki
Sau da yawa ana amfani da gonakin gurjiya don ci gaba da samar da wasu shukokin a cikin tsarin noman da aka tsara kuma ya kawo babban amfanin sauran albarkatu da aka noma a kusa da ita ba tare da amfani da taki ba. Takin zamani ba shi da tasiri ga gurjiya wajen yawan amfanin gona kamar yadda shukar take samar da takinta daga atmospheric N.
Cutuka da ƙwari
Cutuka
Manyan cututtukan da suka shafi gonakin gurjiya a cikin yankin musamman a lokacin damina suna haifar da asarar amfanin gona su ne, Fusarium wilt, Cercospora leaf spot, da kuma ƙwayar cutar da take yaɗuwa. Ƙwayar cutar tana kai hari ga gurjiya kuma ta watsu a cikinta. Za ta iya nacewa a cikin ƙasa har tsawon shekaru da yawa saboda plalodiophorid prorist vector, polymyxa Graminis, suna da ikon samar da ƙofofi.
Ƙwari
Ƙwari suna kai hari ga gurjiya, kuma suna da yawa ciki har da sap-sucking leafhopper, Hilda patruelis Stål, da kuma lepidopterous larvae na Diacrisia maculosa Stoll da Lamprosema indicata Fabricius. Wani bincike ya ruwaito cewa mafi yawan gonakin gurjiya a cike suke da ƙwarin weevils waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewa mai tsanani.
Manazarta
Abba, A. (2024, June 7). Yadda ake noman gurjiya a Nijeriya. Leadership Hausa.
Mbam, G. (2023, November 17). Bambara Nut (Okpa); Everything you should know about it. – Green Baskit. Green Baskit.
Mahama, A. A. (2023, October 29). Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea). Understudied Indigenous Crops.
Tan, X. L., et’al. (2020). Bambara groundnut: an underutilized leguminous crop for global food security and nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7.
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