Jupiter

Jupiter ita ce duniya ta biyar daga rana. Ita ce duniya a tsarin falaƙin rana mai cike da yanayin iska, kuma mafi girma a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana. Ta shahara wasu siffofinta guda biyu wato ‘stripy’ da kuma ‘The Great Red pot’.

Jupiter tana tsakanin duniyoyin Mars da Saturn, wannan ya sa ta zama duniya ta biyar a falaƙin rana. Tana da girma sama da ninki 317 na duniyar earth. Jupiter ta ƙunshi mafi yawan sinadarin hydrogen da helium, wanda yawancinsu suna cikin yanayin iska.

Siffofin Jupiter

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, mafi bayyana a siffofin wannan duniya shi ne girmanta, domin ita ce mafi girman duniya a jerin duniyoyin da ke tsarin falaƙin rana. A zahiri ma, Jupiter ta ninka girman sauran duniyoyi fiye da ninki biyu kuma tana iya haɗiye duniyar earth har sama da guda 1,300.

Dangane da yanayi, yanayin Jupiter a zahiri yana kama da na rana, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan sinadarin hydrogen da helium. Wata sananniyar siffar  Jupiter ita ce haske mai launi da wasu zobba masu duhu da ke kewaye da ita. Waɗannan zobba an ƙirƙiro su ne ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin sararin samaniyar duniyar, waɗanda ke tafiya a cikin sauri fiye da 335 mph (kimanin kilomita 539 a cikin sa’a guda). A cikin wuraren haske, akwai fararen giza-gizai waɗanda aka yi daga lu’ulu’u na sinadarin ammonia daskararre. Saɓanin haka, a wurare masu duhu, akwai gajimare masu duhu da aka yi da sinadarai daban-daban. A mafi zurfin bayyanannen yanayin Jupiter, za a iya ganin giza-gizai shuɗaye. Ratsin giza-gizai ba sa daɗewa na dogon lokaci, a maimakon haka suna canjawa koyaushe. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun siffar Jupiter shi ne yanayinta, tana zubar da ruwan lu’ulu’u.

Yanayin cikin Jupiter

Baya ga kasancewa duniya mafi girma a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana, Jupiter kuma tana da sararin maganadisu mafi ƙarfi daga duk taurarin. A zahiri ma, sararin maganadison Jupiter ya yi kusan ninki 20,000 na duniyar earth. Magnetosphere, wanda shi ne yankin da ke kewaye da duniyar da sararin maganadison ya mamaye duniyar, a cikin Jupiter yana da nisan mil 600,000 zuwa mil miliyan 2 zuwa ga rana, yana da wutsiya mai tsayi sama da mil miliyan 600 a bayan duniyar.

Wani abin da ya fi birgewa ga Jupiter shi ne ita ce duniyar da ta fi sauri juyawa, tana ɗaukar ƙasa da sa’o’i 10 don kammala cikakkiyar juyawa a kan bigirenta. Don fahimtar wannan sosai, a tuna da, ana ɗaukar sa’o’i 24 kafin duniyar earth ta yi cikakken juyi ɗaya a kan bigirenta. Tsananin saurin da take jujjuyawa yana nuna cewa Jupiter tana kumbura a ma’aunin equator, sannan kuma ta baje a poles ɗinta.

Jupiter tana fitar tiririn radiations masu ƙarfi sosai; waɗannan radiations suna da ƙarfi sosai har ma ana iya gano su a duniya. Radiation na iya zuwa ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, yana iya zuwa idan wani abu ya fashe mai ƙarfi waɗanda ke faruwa lokacin da mafi girma daga watannin Jupiter, wato Io, ya wuce ta wasu yankuna na sararin maganadison Jupiter. Siffa ta gaba da waɗannan radiations za su iya ɗauka ita ce ci gaba da hasashe daga saman Jupiter, da kuma ɓurɓushi masu ƙarfi a cikin bel ɗinta.

Nisan Jupiter daga rana

A tsaka-tsaki, nisan Jupiter daga rana yana kai nisan mil 483,682,810 (kimanin kilomita 778,412,028). Saboda siffar elliptical na kewayen duniya, akwai alama a cikin kewayanta lokacin da take kusa da nesa da rana. A mafi kusa, nisan Jupiter daga rana ya kai kusan mil 460,276,100 (kimanin kilomita 740,742,580), a mafi nisa kuma, tana da nisan mil 507,089,500 (kimanin kilomita 816,081,444).

Watanni a duniyar Jupiter

Jupiter tana da manyan watanni guda hudu, dukkansu Galileo ne ya gano su, da sauran wasu ƙananan watanni da suke kewayawa. Wannan yana nufin cewa Jupiter tana da irin nata ƙaramin tsarin falaƙin rana. Akwai watanni sama da 79 da ke kewaya Jupiter, yawancinsu ana kiran su da sunan gumakan allolin Romawa. Sunayen manyan watannin Jupiter guda huɗu su ne:

• Ganymede
• Io
• Europa
• Callisto

Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan watanni huɗu shi ne Ganymede, kuma a zahiri shi ne mafi girma a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana. Ganymede shi ne wata tilo a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana da aka sani yana da nasa sararin maganadisu. Watan yana da aƙalla teku guda ɗaya ta ruwan ƙanƙara, baya ga yuwuwar wasu nau’ikan ƙanƙara da ruwa da aka jera a saman juna.

Mafi kyawun mahallin wata mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana shi ne Io. Dutsen da ke kan Io ‘spew sulfur’, wanda ke ba wa watan siffa mai launin rawaya da ruwan lemo. Sakamakon ƙarfin Jupiter, Io yana fuskantar manyan igiyoyin ruwa a doron ƙasarsa wanda zai iya kaiwa ƙafa 300 (kimanin mita 91) tsayi. Waɗannan igiyoyin ruwa, suna haifar da isasshen zafi don ayyukan volcanic (dutse mai aman wuta).

Europa wata ne mai daskararren doron ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙanƙara ta ruwa. An yi imanin cewa wannan yanayi yana ɓoye teku mai ɗauke da ruwa ninki biyu  da yadda duniya ke da shi. Wasu daga cikin wannan ruwa suna fashe daga saman Europa a cikin magudanar ruwa a kudancin watan.

Daga cikin manyan watanni huɗu na Jupiter, Callisto yana da mafi ƙarancin haske. Wannan yana nuna cewa mai yiwuwa saman watan ya kasance da duhu da dutse mara launi.

Zobban Jupiter

Jupiter tana da zobba guda uku, waɗanda aka gano a kusa da equator na duniyar a cikin shekara ta 1979. Waɗannan zobban suna raguwa, saboda haka, ba a bayyane kamar zoben Saturn suke ba, dalilin da ya sa suka daɗe ba a gano su ba.

Zobe farko na Jupiter yana kwance, yana da kusan tsayin mil 20 (kimanin kilomita 32), kauri kuma ya kai sama da mil 4,000 (kimanin kilomita 6,437). Zoben ciki na duniyar, wanda yake kama da girgije, ana kiran shi halo. Wannan zobe yana da kaurin kusan mil 12,000 (kimanin kilomita 19,312). Halo ya miƙe fiye da rabin zoben farko har zuwa saman gajimare a cikin Jupiter kuma ya faɗaɗa daga can sama. Gabaɗaya zoben farko da halo sun ƙunshi ƙananan ɓurbushin ƙura mai duhu.

Na uku daga cikin zobban Jupiter ana kiran shi da zoben gossamer, saboda yanayin bayyanarsa ta zahiri, bai da duhu. Wannan zobe a haƙiƙa yana ƙunshe da ƙananan zobba guda uku, waɗanda kowannensu ya ƙunshi tarkacen ƙananan abubuwa daga cikin watannin Jupiter guda uku, waɗannan ƙananan zobba uku daga cikin zobe na uku a cikin Jupiter su ne; Amalthea, Thebe, da Adrastea. Wannan zobe yana shimfiɗe zuwa gefen waje mai nisan mil 80,000 (kimanin kilomita 128,748) daga tsakiyar Jupiter zuwa ciki zuwa kusan mil 18,600 (kimanin kilomita 29,934).

Babbar guguwar Jupiter

Jupiter ba matsayin kasancewa mafi girman duniya take da shi ba kawai a tsarin falaƙin rana, baya ga wannan ita ɗin mahalli ce ga hadari da ruwa da tsawa masu ƙarfi. Ana kiran wannan tsawa da Jupiter’s Great Red Spot kuma ta shafe fiye da ƙarni biyu. Babban da wannan yanayi ya mamaya mai girma shi ne wata babbar guguwa wadda ta ninka girman duniyar earth sau biyu. Har zuwa shekaru 10 da suka gabata, masana kimiyya sun takaita su kalli guguwar daga nesa, amma saboda wani kumbon da NASA ta harba a baya-bayan nan, mai suna Juno, yanzu za su iya samun karin haske kan Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.

Wannan guguwa mai ban sha’awa ba ta kama da irin guguwar da ake fuskanta a nan duniyar earth, domin ita dai farkonta tana da giza-gizai. Mafi kusancin kwatancen guguwar duniya earth da babbar guguwar Jupiter su ne guguwa irin su, cyclone, typhoon, ko hurricane, duk da haka ta fi girma.

Wannan guguwa dangane da girma, tana da faɗin mil 10,000 (kimanin kilomita 16,093). A gefenta, tana juyawa irin juyawar agogo a tsakiyarta, tana da gudu tsakanin 270 da 425 mph (kimanin 684 km/h). An lura da wannan guguwar kusan shekaru 200 da suka gabata. Duk da cewa an lura da ita kawai tsawon ƙarni 2, an yi imanin cewa guguwar ta daɗe sosai. Idan aka yi la’akari da guguwa a duniyar earth, yawanci ba sa wuce watanni biyu, don haka akwai rashin tabbas cewa guguwar Jupiter ta daɗe tana tada hankali. Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su sami bayanin yadda wannan guguwar ta ci gaba da tafiya ba.

A cikin aikin binciken sararin samaniya na NASA na kumbon Juno, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa guguwar Jupiter tana canja siffa kuma tana raguwa a yanayin girmanta. An ƙaddamar da aika wannan kumbo a hukumance daga tashar jiragen sama ta Cape Canaveral da ke Florida a shekarar 2011, kuma ya isa Jupiter ne a shekarar 2016. Tawagar da ke cikin kumbon ta yi amfani da wannan gamuwa da babbar guguwa ta hanyar amfani da na’urori masu auna firikwensin microwave don fahimtar zahirin zurfinta. Wannan shi ne samfurin 3D na farko na guguwar Jupiter. Wannan samfurin ya bayyana cewa guguwar tana da siffar pancake.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa guguwar Jupiter ba ɗaya ba ce da Great Dark Spot, duk da kamanceceniyar sunayensu. Guguwar Great Dark Spot alama ce da aka lura kusa da arewacin Jupiter a shekara ta 2000 a binciken da kumbon Cassini-Huygens ya yi. Dangane da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, Great Dark Spot, an yi imanin ba ta da zurfi kuma an keɓe ta daban. Sauran Great Dark Spot a sararin samaniya suna iya samuwa a cikin yanayin duniyar Neptune. Wannan siffa da ke a cikin Neptune ta bayyana ne ta hanyar binciken Voyager 2, a shekarar 1989 kuma an yi imanin cewa rami ne na yanayi saɓanin guguwa.

Tsawon yini a cikin Jupiter

Tsawon yini a cikin Jupiter, kamar tsawon yini a kan sauran duniyoyi, ya dogara ne da saurin da ke juyawa. Jupiter ita ce duniya mafi saurin juyi a cikin falaƙin rana, tana juyawa sau ɗaya bayan kowace awa 10. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran duniyoyin da ke cikin falaƙin rana, wannan yana da sauri sosai, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da girman Jupiter. Kamar yadda rana ɗaya take daidai da jujjuya ɗaya, yini a cikin Jupiter gajere ne. A zahiri, Jupiter tana da mafi gajartar kwanaki a cikin dukkan duniyoyin da ke cikin tsarin falaƙin rana.

Duk da haka, wani abu da za a lura shi ne, kamar yadda Jupiter take ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa masu iskar gas a cikin falaƙin rana, ba ta juyawa a cikin yanayi daskararre. Maimakon haka, ma’aunin equator na Jupiter yana jujjuyawa a gudun mil 28,273 (kimanin kilomita 45,501) a cikin sa’a guda, wanda ya ɗan ɗara yankunan polar sauri. Wannan yana sa tsawon yini a cikin Jupiter ya ɗan bambanta dangane da duniyar earth. Misali, a ma’aunin yini a cikin Jupiter yana da tsawon sa’o’i 9 da minti 50; yayin da, a kusa da yankunan iyakacin duniyar, yini na da awa 9 da minti 56.

Tasirin Jupiter ga falakin rana

A matsayin Jupiter na duniya mafi girma a tsarin falaƙin rana, ƙarfin nauyin Jupiter yana da babban tasiri wajen tsara yanayin falaƙin rana. Misali, ana tsammanin cewa nauyin Jupiter shi ne ya turo duniyoyin Neptune da Uranus waje. Haka kuma, game da duniyar Saturn, akwai tsammanin cewa Jupiter ta jefa tarkace mai yawa zuwa duniyoyin da ke cikin tsakiyar falaƙin rana wanda ya haɗa da ita Saturn tun farkon tarihin falaƙin.

Haka nan Jupiter ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare duniyar earth, ta hanyar hana duwatsu da ɓurɓushin fasassun taurari faɗowa cikin duniyar earth ɗin.

Rayuwa a cikin Jupiter

Yanayin Jupiter yana da ɗumi da zurfi, yanayin yana yin zafin sosai a wasu lokutan kamar dai yanayin zafin ɗaki.  Yanayin yakan kai kusan ninki 10 na duniyar earth. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa, idan akwai wani rai a cikin Jupiter, zai kasance a wannan yanayin, kuma dole ne ya kasance cike yake da iska. Sai dai waɗannan hasashe ne kawai, domin kuwa babu wani rai da aka taɓa samu a cikin Jupiter har yau.

Muhimmancin duniyar Jupiter

Duniyar Jupiter, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ɓangarori daban-daban a faɗin duniya. Alal misali, ga Babilawa, waɗanda rukunin mutanen da ne da ke tsakiyar kudancin Mesopotamiya da kuma wasu sassan Syria, Jupiter tana da muhimmanci sosai. Domin wannan rukunin mutanen Jupiter ta kasance tana wakiltar allahn Marduk, wanda shi ne babban allahn birnin Babilawa

Jupiter kuma tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da tsoffin Helenawa da addinin Girkawa. Helenawa da ake kira Jupiter, Phaethon, wanda ake fassarawa zuwa ‘haske ɗaya’. A cikin tarihin addinin Girkanci, sunan Jupiter shi ne Zeus, ko kuma ana iya kiran ta da Dias. Akwai bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin sunan duniyar, Zeus, da allahn Girkawa wanda sunan ya zo ɗaya.

Saɓanin haka, a addinin Romawa, Jupiter ita ce takwara ga allahn Hellenanci, Zeus. Jupiter shi ne sunan babban allah a addinin Romawa, wanda yake da iko a kan tsawa, walƙiya, da hadari. Saboda haka shi ne allahn haske da gajimare.

Jupiter ba kawai shahara ba ce a al’adu da cigaban mutanen farko ba. A matsayinta na duniya mafi girma a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana, Jupiter tana da yawa a cikin al’adun yau. Misali, duniyar ta fito a cikin fitattun shirye-shiryen talabijin, fina-finai, wasannin bidiyo, da littattafai.

Takaitattun bayanai game da Jupiter

• Jupiter ita ce duniya mafi girma a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana. A zahiri, duniyar earth na iya dacewa da Jupiter har ninki 11.
• Jupiter ita ce duniya ta 5 daga rana.Nisan Jupiter daga rana kusan kilomita miliyan 778 ne.
• Jupiter tana kammala juyawa ɗaya a kowace sa’o’i 10, amma tana ɗaukar daidai da shekaru 12 na duniyar earth kafin ta kammala zagaye ɗaya cikakke na rana. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwanakin Jupiter gajeru ne, amma shekarunta suna da tsayi sosai.
• Jupiter tana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa masu ƙunshe da iskar gas guda 4 a tsarin falaƙin rana. Wannan yana nuna cewa ba ta da wani fili kamar wanda muke da shi a duniyar earth.
• Yanayin Jupiter a farko ya ƙunshi sinadaran hydrogen da helium.
• Jupiter tana da fiye da watanni 75.
• A cikin 1979, aka gano Jupiter tana da tsarin zobe mai rauni, wanda shi ne siffa ta gama-gari tsakanin manyan duniyoyi 4 a cikin tsarin falaƙin rana. An gano wannan zobe a binciken Voyager.
• Jiragen sama daban-daban guda tara sun ziyarci Jupiter, bakwai daga cikinsu sun yi sama sun ɓace a Jupiter, sauran biyun kuma sun zagaya duniyar. Ziyarar ta baya-bayan nan a Jupiter ita ce a cikin shekarar 2016, wato Kumbon Juno.
• Bisa ga bincike, an yi imanin cewa Jupiter ba za ta iya ba da damar yin rayuwa ba. Amma wasu daga cikin watannin Jupiter suna da teku a ƙarƙashinsu da za su iya ba da damar yin rayuwa.
• Akwai wata babbar guguwa mai suna The Great Red Spot a cikinJupiter.  Wannan babbar guguwa ta kai girman duniyar earth kusan sau biyu. Kuma ta shafe fiye da karni 2 tana tafiya.

Manazarta

Cermak, A. (2025, January 21). Jupiter Moons. NASA Science.

Owen, T. C. (2025, January 17). Jupiter | Facts, Moons, Rings, Temperature, Size, & color. Encyclopedia Britannica.