Kwamfuta

Kwamfuta wata naura ce da take aiki da wutar lantarki ko batir, ana iya sarrafa ta sakamakon wasu umarni da ake ajiye su a ma’ajiyarta wato memory). Sannan kuma za ta iya karbar bayanai (wato data) a matsayin abin shigarwa (input) sannan kuma ta sarrafa bayanan (processing) da aka saka mata kamar yadda ake so, kuma ta fitar da sakamako (output), sannan kuma za ta iya ajiye wannan sakamakon don amfanin gaba, ko idan bukatar hakan ta taso a nan gaba.

Saboda haka ne, za a iya cewa idan ka dauki wannan bayanai dangane da yadda kwamfuta take, shi ne dukkanin kayan nasara da ba zai yi aiki ba sai da wuta ko batir a matsayin kwamfuta, wannan ya haɗa da injin nika, talabijin, radiyo, video, microwave, calculator, handset da dai makamantansu. Sai dai idan kuma aka dauki bayani na gaba zai cire mana wasu kayan da aka lissafa, shi ne da aka ce ita kwamfuta tana iya karɓar saƙo wato ba kasancewar wuta na shiga cikin ta ba kaɗai ba, a’a za ta iya karɓar sako, wanda ya kama kamar kowane irin rubutu, ko bayanai, ko hotuna, ko video komai dai ake iya saka mata, to a nan calculator, da wayar hannu sun shigo ciki tunda ana iya saka musu bayanai kuma su riƙe.

Sai dai ba a nan gizo ke sakar ba, har ila yau, ba wai karbar data kaɗai take yi ba, ita kwamfuta tana iya sarrafa wannan data da aka saka mata kamar yadda aka umarce ta, wato idan aka saka mata abu aka ce ki maimaitashi sau kaza to ba za ta kara ba ba kuma zata rage ba.  Sannan kuma tana iya fitar da sakamakon shi wannan bayanai da aka saka ta sarrafa, kodai a waje ko kuma a jikin ta, bayan tayi hakan za kuma ta iya ajiye wannan data ko information da ake saka mata domin gobe ko kuma domin bukatar tashi in ta zo a nan gaba. Shi yasa kusan computer ba ta iya cika computer sai idan tana iya yin abubuwa guda hudu (4) wanda idan machine yana iya yin uku ko biyu daga ciki to ba ta cika kwamfuta ba, wadannan abubuwan su ne:

• Ta iya karbar bayanai ko sako (input)
• Ta iya sarrafa bayanai (Processing)
• Ta iya fitar da bayanan (output)
• Ta iya ajiye bayanan (Storing),

A ilmin fasahar Computer Science idan aka ce Data ana nufin dukkan abin da ake iya sa wa kwamfuta a cikinta wanda ba su da ma’ana, wanda suka shafi kalma, ko sauti, ko hotuna, ko lambobi, sannan kuma ba a shirya su ba. Sabo da haka ne idan ka saka su a cikin kwamfuta, sai ta sarrafa su su zama bayanai (information).

Ɓangarorin kwamfuta

Akwai manyan bangarorin kwamfuta guda biyu kamar haka:

•  Hardware
•  Software

Mene ne hardware?

Hardware su ne dukkan abubuwan da kake iya gani tare da kwamfuta sannan kuma za a iya tabawa. Wanda suka hada da Monitor (wato wannan abu mai kama da talabijin da ka ke gani), sannan keyboard (wannan shimfidadden allo wanda yake da maballai da ake latsawa idan ana so a yi rubutu a cikin kwamfuta), sannan akwai mouse (shi kuma wani ɗan karamin abu ne wanda za ka ga masu amfani da computer suna riƙe shi suna motsa shi da dai makamantansu, dukkansu hardware ne saboda kana iya gani har ma ka tabasu.

Mene ne software?

Su kuma software su ne wasu irin rubuce-rubuce ne da ake yi ko kuma a ce tarin umarni ne (programs) da ake saka su a cikin kwamfuta domin su ba ka dama a iya sarrafa hardware, ko kuma su gaya wa kwamfuta abin da  ake son ta yi, shi ya sa software suke da matukar muhimmanci a kan hardware domin ba domin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen da ake yi ba da babu yadda za a yi a iya sarrafa kwamfuta ko kuma idan ka latsa maballi a jikin keyboard har kwamfuta ta gane me ake so ta yi.

Sassan kwamfuta (Computer Components)

Kamar yadda aka fadi cewar su Hardware su ne duk abin da za a iya ganin su a jikin kwamfuta kuma a iya taba shi, sabo da haka shi hardware sun kasu kashi biyar.

• Na’urorin shigarwa (input devices)
• Na’urorin fitarwa (Output Devices)
• Na’urorin sadarwa (Communication Devices)
• Na’urorin ajiya (Storage Devices)
• Ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta (System Unit)

Na’urorin shigarwa

Duk inda ka ji an ce Input Devices ana nufin na’urorin kwamfuta wanda ake amfani da su wajen aikawa da ita kanta kwamfutar sako, wato ana yin amfani da su irin wannan ɓangare na hardware wajen aikawa da kwamfutar abu daga waje zuwa cikinta. Kadan daga cikin input devices hardware sun hada da:

Keyboard

Shi keyboard wani shinfidadden allo ne mai wasu maballai ajikin shi, ana amfani da shi wajen yin magana da kwamfuta ko kuma aika mata da sakon rubutu, wanda rubutun ya shafi lambobi da haruffa da bakake da kuma alamomin rubutu, kamar su alamar motsin rai, da alamar tsayawa ko kuma alamar tambaya, sannan kuma a jikin wannan keyboard akwai wadansu karin maballai wadanda ake kiran su da (Functions Keys) wanda suke yin aiki daidai da yadda wanda ya tsara wani program yake son suyi aiki.

Saboda haka, shi keyboard shi ne babban input device hardware da ake da shi wanda da sh ine ake iya magana da computer ta rubuce. Idan muka dubi tsarin keyboard da ake saka shi a jikin kwamfutar gida ko kuma muce desktop computer za mu fahimci cewar muna da keyboard launi biyu. Akwai keyboard da yake da maballai 101 sannan akwai keyboard da yake da maballai 105. Amma keyboard da ake samu a wasu ƙananan kwamfutoci irin su laptop su ba yawan maballansu ɗaya da na desktop computer ba.

Mouse

Wannan a Hausance za mu iya kiran shi da (ɗan bera) domin yadda aka yi shi da igiya a jikin shi wacce ta haɗa shi da kwamfuta sannan kuma aikin da yake yi shi ne, yana zama a mazaunin hannu a wurin mutum, wato, idan ka riƙe mouse da hannunka idan ka duba jikin monitor ɗin ka za ka ga wata ‘yar kibiya, idan ka matsar da mouse za ka ga wannan kibiyar tana matsawa. Shi ya sa mouse yake zama a mazaunin hannu a wajen kwamfuta, duk abin da kake son ka dauka ko kuma ka taba a cikin ita kwamfuta to, za ka yi amfani da mouse ne wajen dauka.

Microphone

Wacce a Hausance muke kira da makirfon ana haɗa wa computer microphone kuma tana mazaunin na’urar da ake amfani da ita wajen shigar wa da kwamfuta sauti ko kuma yin amfani da sauti wajen bai wa kwamfuta umarni.

PC Camera

PC Camera tana daga cikin fitattun na’urorin da ake amfani dasu wajen saka wa kwamfuta abu a cikinta, amma PC Camera, camera ce da ake hada ta da kwamfuta domin a dauki hoto a saka a cikin kwamfuta, ko kuma a dauki hotuna masu motsi (motion picture) a ajiye su a cikin computer. Camerar kwamfuta ba ɗaya take da camera wacce muka saba aiki da ita ta yau da kullum ba ce, ita tana aiki ne kawai a computer ba za tayi aiki ba idan ba a hada ta da kwamfuta ba. Duk da cewar a wannan lokaci akwai wadansu camerori da ake hada su da kwamfuta kuma su yi aiki kamar PC Camera sannan kuma a yi aiki da su kamar yadda ake aikin yau da kullum.

Scanner

Ita ma tana daga cikin shahararrun input devices da ake amfani da su yau da kullum, amma kuma aikin ta shibne ta mayar maka da abin da yake a kasa ya koma cikin computer, misali kamar kana son ka yi aiki da hoto amma kuma hoton ba ya cikin kwamfuta za ka yi amfani da scanner ka saka wannan hoto a cikinta, haka zaka iya daukar rubutu da yake cikin littafin ka saka shi cikin scanner ita kuma ta mayar maka da shi cikin kwamfuta. Dukkan abin da yake cikin kwamfuta kamar rubutu, wasiku da kamar su hotuna ana kiransu da (soft copy) abin da aka fitar da shi a jikin takarda wanda ya hada da hotuna da rubutu shi ake kira da (hard copy). Sabo da haka ita scanner tana taimaka maka wajen shigar da hard copy na abu ya koma soft copy.

Na’urorin fitarwa

Su kuwa output devices hardware na’urori ne na kwamfuta da ake amfani da su wajen fito da sakamakon abin da input devices suka shigar. Fitattun output devices sun hada da:

Printer

Ita ce wadda da za a iya kiran ta da maɗaba’a, wato ita printer ana amfani da ita ne a fitar da rubutu da kuma zane-zane da aka yi cikin kwamfuta zuwa takarda, kusan ko wane mai aiki da kwamfuta yana bukatar printer domin idan ya gama shirya takardunsa ya fitar da su, shi yasa printer ita kuma ta canji scanner, domin kamar yadda aka yi bayani a baya scanner tana mayar da abu da yake hard copy zuwa soft copy, to ita kuma printer tana fitar da soft copy ya zama hard copy.

Kusan akwai printer iri-iri da ake da su waɗanda kuma suka sha banban wajen aiki. Akwai printer da take iya fitar da takarda da baƙar tawada ne kawai (Black ink) sannan kuma akwai wacce take iya fitar da takarda da baƙa da kuma launi na tawada (Colour ink). Sannan kuma ta ɓangaren masu fitar da launi na tawada akwai waɗanda suke da tawada mai hoda sannan kuma akwai masu tawada mai ruwa.

Monitor

Shi ne wannan abu mai kama da talabijin da ake gani a gaban masu amfani da kwamfuta. Shi monitor talabijin ce amma kuma ba irin ta gida ba, domin ita ana hada ta da ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta ne domin ta fitar da abin da mutum yake yi a kwamfuta, misali da babu shi monitor, to da ai ba za a san abin da ke faruwa ba a cikin kwamfuta na program da ake aiki da su ba, misalin rubutu da ake yi. Shi ya sa suka kira shi da monitor mai lura da abin da yake gudana a cikin kwamfuta.

Shi ma monitor ya karkasu kamar yadda sauran suka kasu. Misali idan kai ma’abocin zuwa wurare irin su banki, ko ma’aikatu za ka ga a wasu wurare suna da monitor mai kamar talabijin mai doro wacce ake kiran ta da CRT (Crystal Ray Tube) wannan kusan ada za ka same ta a ko’ina saboda ita ce aka fara kirkira, ta yi kama da talabijin matuka. Sannan kuma akwai Monitor wanda ake kira da LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) wanda yake a yanzu za ka gan shi ya yi kama da talabijin nau’in Plasma wato irin wadda ake manna ta a jikin bango. Sannan kuma cikin su irin waɗannan monitor akwai wacce take da jan wuta akwai wacce ba ta da jan wuta, akwai wacce take da cin idanu (radiation) akwai kuma wacce ba ta da cin idanu.

Speaker

Ita ma ɗaya ce daga cikin output devices hardware da ake da su, sai dai ita speaker tana taimakawa ne wajen fitar da sauti daga kwamfuta, wato duk irin karatun da za ka saka cikin kwamfuta ko kuma sauti za ka iya jin su ne kawai idan kana da speaker a jikin kwamfutarka. Kodayake ita speaker a jikin computer ba ta da wasu darajoji na musamman kamar yadda wasu daga cikin na’urorin computer suke da su, sai dai kamar yadda aka sani iya kudinka iya shagalinka, iya girman speaker da ka saka wa kwamfutarka iya kara da sautin da za ta iya fitar maka da shi.

Na’urorin sadarwa

Su kuma na’urori sadarwa (communication devices hardware) na’urori ne da ake amfani da su tare da da kwamfuta wajen harhada kwamfutoci ta hanyar musayar umarni. Wato su communication devices su ne ake amfani da su idan ana son a aikawa da sako daga wata kwamfuta zuwa wata, abubuwan da ake iya sadarwa sun hada da rubuce-rubuce, da irin su hotuna da video da dai makamantansu. Na’urorin sadarwa sun hada da:

Modem

Yana ɗaya daga cikin communication device da ake amfani da su wajen sadarwa ko kuma hada wata computer da wata ta hanyar amfani da shi a haɗa shi da ita kwamfutar a ramin da ya yi kama da rami wayar tangaraho da ka sani, kodayake su modem sun karkasu kashi-kashi kuma suna da dangi iri-iri da kuma karfi da  kuzari wajen tafiyar da sako daban-daban. Misali akwai modem da yake a jikin kwamfutarka wato yana hade da Motherboard dinta wanda ake kira da (internal), sannan kuma akwai wanda yake wajen kwamfuta wanda ake kira da (external).

Har ila yau akwai waɗansu irin na’urori da ake amfani dasu wajen haɗa sadarwa da kwamfuta wanda a zahiri su ba modem ba ne amma wani dalili sai ya sa su zama modem, wannan kuwa ya haɗa da wayar tafi da gidanka (GSM).

Bluetooth

Kamar yadda kowa ya sani cewar ana amfani da Bluetooth wajen aikawa da sako daga wannan waya zuwa wannna waya, to ita ma kwamfuta da take da Bluetooth za ta iya aikawa da sako zuwa waninta wacce take da Bluetooth.

Infrared

Shi ma infrared kamar yadda masu amfani da wayoyi suka sani ana amfani da shi wajen aikawa da sako daga wannan waya zuwa wata wayar, to haka kwamfuta da take da infrared za ta iya aikawa da sako ga wata kwamfuta mai infrared duk da cewar sakon da za ka iya aikawa ta infrared bai daukan dogon zango kamar yadda wadancan abubuwa na baya da muka yi bayani a kan su.

Na’urorin ajiya

Na’urorin ajiya wato (storage devices) su ne na’urorin da ake yin amfani da su wajen ajiyar data ko information domin amfanin gaba, wato su ne suke taimaka wa computer wajen adana kayayyaki da kuma dukkanin bayanai da suka ƙunshi program da hotuna da rubuce-rubuce da dai makamantansu, domin idan aka zo gobe ko nan gaba za a same su a kintse. Su ma kadan daga cikin irin waɗannan na’urori da ake amfani da su wajen ajiya suna da ɗan dama wanda suka hada da:

Floppy disk

Ana kira shi da diskette, shi wani ma’aji ne wanda aka yi shi domin ya rinka daukar kananan program wanda girman abin da yake iya dauka bai wuce 1.44mb ba. Da yake a wannan zamani da muke ciki yana da wahala ka samu wani wanda yake amfani da kwamfuta tare da Diskette, kasancewar a yanzu akwai waɗansu abubuwan ajiya waɗanda suka fi shi ajiyar abu mai yawa da nauyi, duk da cewar diskette ya taka mahimmiyar rawa a lokacin da aka fito da shi a wancan lokacin domin ya fara bayyana ne tun cikin 1970’s. Kodayake kamfanin da suka fito da shi (IBM) sun fara fito da wanda yake da fadin inchi 8, daga bisani suka rage shi ya koma inchi 5.25 a wajen fadi.

Zip

Shi zip ya fi diskette ɗaukar kayan computer, domin shi yana daukar kayan computer daga 100MB ko kuma fiye da haka. Jerin irin waɗannan disk din ana saka su a cikin jerin high capacity floppy disk, saboda irin abubuwa masu nauyi da ake iya saka musu wanda sai ka sani asalin karamin diskette guda 69 su iya daukar abin da ƙaramin zip disk guda ke iya dauka. Sai dai su kansu waɗannan high capacity diskette suna da jerin dangogi iri-iri da kuma nau’o’i daban-daban, daga ciki akwai waɗanda ake kiransu da SuperDisk wanda ake iya ajiyar abu daga nauyin 120MB zuwa abin da ya kai 200MB. Har ila yau akwai wani da ake kiran shi da zip drive wanda fadinsa kamar fadin diskette ne wato inchi 3.5 wanda yake da  sauri wajen bincikar abin da aka ajiye masa ko kuma saurin ajiya, wanda yake farawa daga 250MB kusan abin da diskette 173 za su iya kwashewa. Sabo da haka mafi ya yawancin kwamfutoci a wancan lokacin sukan zo da gidan da ake zira shi Zip Drive wanda aka iya saka manyan hotuna masu motsi (bidiyo) da sauti masu girma, da kuma manyan ayyuka wanda ba kowace ma’ajiya ba ce za ta iya ajiya ko kuma kwashewa.

Hard Disks

Shi ne makunshi mai girma wanda ake sa ran ya fi kowane irin ma’aji da yake jikin  wajen adanar kaya ko kuma bayanai. Amma da farkon fari, lokacin da aka shigo da irin waɗannan kwamfuta da muke ganin su a cikin gidajenmu da makarantunmu da ofisoshinmu, a wancan lokacin program da ake saka wa kwamfuta ba su da girma, a sanadiyyar rashin girmansu ya zamanto su waɗancan kwamfutocin ba su da Hard Disk. Ilimi na ƙara zurfi bukatar da ake da ita na  tana kara fadada kuma program da ake saka wa computer sai ya zamanto sun fi karfin su zauna jikin Diskette, saboda wannan dalili ne yasa kamfanoni da suke kirkiran kayan computer suka kirkiro Hard Disk. Hard Disk wanda kowace computer a yanzu take da shi yana da girma matuka wajen ajiyar kaya ko bayanai ko kuma sauti, ga ta da kuma tsananin sauri fiye da Zip ko Diskette, shi yasa Hard Disk yake zama shine babban mazubin ajiya da shi kanshi kundin computer da ma dukkanin wasu program da suke cikin computer suke zaune, wanda karancin Hard Disk yana farawa ne daga 4GB (Giga Byte) zuwa Illa masha Allah.

CD/DVD

CD shi ne dai irin CD’n da ka sani ake amfani da shi a bidiyo ko kuma rediyo irin taka ta gida, haka DVD shi ma ka zalika. Amma da farko a da kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya kwamfuta suna zuwa babu Hard Disk a kansu saboda rashin nauyin program, haka a da idan ka sayi kwamfuta za ta zo ne da Diskette ɗauke da mafi yawa daga cikin program ɗin ka da kake son ka yi amfani da su. To, zamani na tafiya abubuwa suna ƙara ƙaruwa sai ya kasance duk wani program da kake son ka saka a cikin kwamfuta ya fi karfin  diskette sai dai a saka shi a cikin CD wani lokaci ma ya fi karfin CD sai dai a saka shi a DVD. Domin shi CD yana da girma ko kuma nauyi kayan da yake iya dauka ba sa wuce 700Mb shi kuwa DVD yana farawa ne daga 4.7Gb wanda yake kwatankwacin CD guda bakwai (7) ke nan.

Tapes

Kaset mai kama da kaset na radiyo shi wannan kaset ana amfani da shi wajen ajiyar data ko kuma information a cikin kwamfuta, kodayake yana yin tsarinsa ya sha bamban da na karamar rediyo, shi wannan tapes wanda ake iya sarrafa shi kamar yadda ake sarrafa kaset na rediyo, kamar matsar da shi gaba, dawo da shi baya da dai makamantansu. Sannan kuma shi wannan tape suna da nau’o’i daban-daban a misali mafi kankantar tapes na kwamfuta yana farawa daga karfin 40Mb zuwa 5GB wanda ake kiran shi da Quarter inchi cartrage, sannan kuma https://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Classification_of_Ants wanda yake farawa daga 2GB zuwa 24GB wanda ake kira da Digital Audio Tape. Sannan kuma akwai wanda yake farawa daga 20GB zuwa 40Gb wanda ake kiranshi da Digital Linear Tape.

Manazarta

 BBC Bitesize. (2025, January 28). What is a computer system? – BBC Bitesize.

GeeksforGeeks. (2025, April 21). Components of computer. GeeksforGeeks.

Wang, M. (2020, November 27). Topic A: Basic knowledge of computers. Pressbooks.

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Duk maƙalun da kuka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.

Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.