Mahaifa (Uterus)

Mahaifa wata gaɓa ce ta tsoka mai kama da pear wadda ke tsakanin mafitsara da dubura. Tana taka rawa wajen yin haila da ɗaukar ciki da kuma uwa uba haihuwa. Mahaifa takan kasance a cikin mata. Rufin mahaifa (wato endometrium, a turance) shi ne tushen jinin da ke zubowa kowane wata yayin jinin haila.

Amma idan ciki ya shiga, ƙwan da aka saka a cikin mahaifa zai sauya zuwa ɗan-tayi har ma ɗan-tayin ya fara girma. Mahaifa tana miƙe sosai don ɗaukar ɗan-tayin mai girma kuma ta yi aiki don fitar da jariri ko jarirai yayin haihuwa.

Ayyukan mahaifa

Akwai manyan ayyuka guda hudu da mahaifa ke gudanarwa kamar haka:

• Haila

A lokacin da aka saba zagayowar haila, rufin mahaifar wato endometrial yakan shiga jijiyar wuyan mahaifa, a wannan lokacin ƙananan tasoshin jini ke yaɗuwa. Watsuwar jinin tana sa rufin mahaifa ya yi kauri da wadataccen jini a shirye-shiryen saka ƙwai. Idan ciki bai shiga ba, sai mahaifar ta zubar da jinin yayin al’ada.

• Haihuwa

Samun ciki yana faruwa ne lokacin da maniyyi namiji, ƙwaya ɗaya kawai ya isa ga ƙwan da mace ta saka a cikin mahaifa. Ciki yana faruwa ne lokacin da maniyyi mai girma ya shiga cikin endometrium na mahaifa kuma ya fara girma. Dalilai da yawa suna shafar aikin mahaifa game da haihuwa da kuma iya ɗaukar ciki, kamar siffar cikin, kasancewar fibroids ko polyps, da sauran yanayin kiwon lafiya kamar cutar kumburin pelvic (PID).

• Ɗaukar ciki

A lokacin daukar ciki, mahaifa tana girma, kuma ɓangaren tsoka ya zama siriri. Wannan yana taimakawa saukar da ɗan-tayin da ke tasowa da kuma wani sinadarin ruwa mai ba shi kariya. Mahaifa za ta yi girma sosai har zuwa sau matsakaicin girmanta a yayin haihuwa.

• Naƙuda

A lokacin naƙuda, tsokokin mahaifa suna ƙanƙancewa don fitar da jariri. Bayan an haifi jariri, mahaifar ta ci gaba da ƙanƙancewa don fitar da cibiya. Za ta ci gaba da ƙanƙancewa har tsawon makonni da yawa bayan haihuwa don komawa daidai girmanta da kuma dakatar da zubar da jini da ke faruwa a lokacin haihuwa.

Girma da kamanin mahaifa

Mahaifa yawanci girmanta ba ya wuce girma tufa (apple), amma tana iya mikewa ta ƙara girma sosai har zuwa kamar girman kankana a yayin ɗaukar ciki. Akwai wasu yanayi waɗanda za su iya haifar da ƙaramar mahaifa, kamar ciwon daji, fibroids, da ciwon ovary polycystic. Girman mahaifa na iya bambanta, ya danganta da shekaru da matakin rayuwa. Girma da siffar mahaifa na iya canzawa bayan ciki.

Ɗaukar ciki ba tare da  mahaifa ba

Hakan bai cika faruwa ba, yana da wahalar samuwa, amma duk da haka yana yiwuwa a iya samun ciki ba tare da mahaifa ba. Mace na iya samun ciwon mahaifa, wanda ake cire mahaifar ma gabaɗaya, amma takan iya saka kwai da kuma bututun da ake kira fallopian tube. A irin waɗannan yanayi, ana iya haɗe kwan kuma ya girma, yawanci a cikin bututun fallopian tube.

Samun ciki a wajen mahaifa shi ake kira da ectopic pregnancy, wannan matsala ce da ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa daga ƙwararrun likitoci da magani. Irin waɗannan juna-biyu ba su da amfani kuma ana bi da su ko dai da magani ko kuma ta tiyata.

Bangarori da sassan mahaifa

Mahaifa wani rami ne mai siffar pear wanda ke bayan mafitsara da gaban dubura. Ya ƙunshi manyan tantanin halitta (tissues) guda uku kuma yana da sassa daban-daban guda huɗu.

Akwai har riɓi uku na tantanin halitta (tissues) daban-daban da suka haɗa mahaifa, ga su kamar haka:

• Serosa: Wannan riɓi ne na waje wanda aka yi da ƙwayar halittar da ake kira da epithelial cell a turance.
• Myometrium: Wannan kuma shi ne riɓi na tsakiya wanda aka yi da ƙwayar tantanin tsoka mai santsi (muscle tissue).
• Endometrium: Shi ne riɓin ciki wanda ke tasowa sama da wata guda kuma yana zubar da jini idan ciki bai shiga ba.

Sassan mahaifa

Akwai manyan sassa guda hudu na mahaifa:

• Funus: Faffadan yanki ne mai lanƙwasa a sama, shi ne mafi faɗin ɓangaren sashin da ke haɗuwa da bututun fallopian.
• Corpus: Babban ɓangaren mahaifa ne wanda ke farawa kai tsaye daga karkashin bututun fallopian, kuma yana ci gaba da yin ƙasa, yana ƙara ƙanƙancewa.
• Isthmus: Wannan shi ne bangaren mahaifa na ƙasa sosai.
• Cervix: Mafi ƙarancin ƙasan mahaifa ne, bai fi inci 2 ba, wanda yake da siffar tubular kuma yana buɗewa cikin farji.

Yanayin mahaifa

Mahaifa na iya kasancewa a yanayi daban-daban a jikin mutane daban-daban. Za a iya kwatanta yanayin da mahaifa take a bisa wurin da ta karkata da kuma wajen da fundus yake. Yanyi ko wuraren da mahaifa take sun haɗa da:

• Anteverted: Mahaifa tana karkata ta gaba a bakin mahaifa, tana duban ciki. Wannan shi ne yanayin kowa na (gama-gari).
• Retroverted: Mahaifa tana ja baya zuwa ga ƙashin baya. Kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na mata suna da irin wannan mahaifar mai  komawa baya.
• Midline: Wannan kuma yanayi ne da mahaifa ke kasancewa a tsaye cir ba tare da karkata ba.

Fundus kuma na iya haɗawa da:

• Anteflexed: Sashin fundus ne na mahaifa wanda ya lanƙwasa gaba zuwa cikin ciki.
• Retroflexed: Bangaren fundus na mahaifa ne wanda yake komawa baya sosai zuwa dubura.

Mazaunin mahaifa a jiki

Mahaifa tana zaune a bayan mafitsara da gaban dubura. Sashin cervix shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta sashe na mahaifa kuma ana iya shigar shi ta hanyar farji. Tsawon hanyar farji ta bambanta amma mafi akasari ta kai inci 3.6-5. Duk da haka, tana iya mikewa a yayin jima’i.

Yanayin mahaifa a cikin ciki

A mako na 12 na ciki, mahaifa tana fara girma zuwa cikin ciki, ko yankin ciki, kuma ta cika yankin ƙashin ƙugu. A duk tsawon ciki, mahaifa tana ci gaba da girma kuma tana fitowa.

Matsalolin da ke shafar mahaifa

Ciwon pelvic na iya faruwa a cikin mahaifa saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar endometriosis da cutar kumburin pelvic ko takurewa a lokacin haihuwa. Ana sa ran jin wasu alamomin rashin daɗi a lokacin haihuwa da kuma haila, wannan ba matsala ba ce. Sai dai a  lokutan da aka ji yanayi ya tsananta to akwai matsala. Yawancin yanayin matsalolin mahaifa da aka fi sani sun haɗa da:

• Endometriosis

Kimanin kashi 11 cikin 100 na matan da aka gwada a lokacin haihuwa suna fama da cutar endometriosis, yanayin ne da wani nama na rufin endometrial ke tsirowa a wajen mahaifa. Wannan na iya haifar da alamomi kamar:

• Ciwon ciki
• Ciwon baya matsananci na dindindin
• Jin zafi a lokacin jima’i ko bayan jima’i

Ƙananan alamomin endometriosis sun haɗa da tabo tsakanin al’ada, matsalolin narkewar abinci, da rashin haihuwa.

Hanyoyin magance matsalar

Ana iya magance matsalar endometriosis tare da tsawaita tsarin haihuwa na hormonal ko na’urar intrauterine (IUD). Amma wasu mutanen suna buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin  warkewa kamar acupuncture da chiropractic.Yanayin yakan tafi daga baya.

• Fibroids

Uterine fibroids ciwake-ciwake ne wanda ba su da alaƙa da kansa, waɗanda ke girma a cikin tsokar mahaifa. Fibroids sau da yawa ba sa haifar da alamomi ko buƙatar magani. Ga wasu mutanen, duk da haka, fibroids na mahaifa yana haifar da al’ada mai nauyi ko zafi.

Hanyoyin magance matsalar

Fibroids yawanci ana bi da su tare da maganin rage raɗaɗi, wanda ke ɗauke da ibuprofen, acetaminophen, ko riga-kafin hana haihuwa na hormonal. A cikin lokuta masu tsanani, ana iya buƙatar yin tiyata kamar ablation na endometrial, myomectomy, ko kumburin fibroid na mahaifa.

• Uterine polyps

Polyps tsiro ne kamar yatsa waɗanda ke manne da bangon mahaifa. Yana iya girma daga ƙarami kwatankwacin irin riɗi zuwa girman fiye da ƙwallon golf. Mutane da yawa suna da polyps ba tare da sun sani ba. Lokacin bayyanar alamomi cutur suna iya haɗawa da:

• Rikicewar al’ada
• Jini mai nauyi
• Ci gaba da zubar jini
• Rashin haihuwa

Hanyoyin magance matsalar

Polyps na mahaifa yawanci ba su da illa. Amma duk da haka, ya kamata a cire polyps mafi girma ta hanyar da ake kira da hysteroscopy. Wani lokaci, ana yin dilation da curettage (D & C) don cirewa da biopsy endometrial polyps.

• Uterine Prolapse

Wannan ciwo yana faruwa ne lokacin da mahaifar ta faɗo zuwa cikin farji kuma wani lokaci yana fitar da ita daga cikin farji. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da tsokoki da tantanin jikin ƙashin ƙugu suka yi rauni. Abubuwan da ke haifar da kumburin mahaifa sun haɗa da shekaru, haihuwa ta farji, yin al’ada, kasancewa farar fata, matsananciyar kiba, da shan taba.

Hanyoyin magance matsalar

Magungunan da ba na tiyata ba yawanci su ne mataki na farko. Kodayake, hanyoyin tiyata ma na iya zama dole. Akwai manyan nau’ikan tiyata guda biyu: obliterative da reconstructive. Obliterative tiyata ce da ke ƙanƙantarwa ko rufe farji gabaɗaya don tallafa wa mahaifa. Jima’i ba zai yiwu ba bayan an yi wannan tiyata. Reconstructive kuwa, akwai nau’o’in aikin tiyata da yawa waɗanda za su iya dawo da tsari da aiki na yau da kullun ga mahaifa.

• Ciwon dajin mahaifa

Akwai nau’ika biyu na ciwon daji da suke shafar mahaifa:

• Uterine sarcoma: Wannan ba kasafai ake samun aukuwar shi ba
• Endometrial cancer: Wannan ya samo asali ne daga rufin endometrial, ya kuma zama ruwan dare gama duniya, kuma yawanci yana faruwa bayan an gama al’ada.

Alamar farko ta ciwon daji na endometrial ita ce zubar da jini na al’ada, wanda zai iya farawa kamar ruwa, a hankali ya riƙa ƙaruwa. Zubar da jinin ba irin na al’ada ba ne, don haka ya kamata a tuntuɓi likita.

Hanyoyin magance matsalar

Tiyata don cire mahaifa shi ne mafi yawan zaɓin maganin wannan matsalar. Likitoci na iya amfani da ƙarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, kamar chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy da sauran hanyoyin jinya.

• Ciwon ƙashin ƙugu

Ciwon kumburin ƙashin ƙugu (PID) yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta suka shiga cikin bangarorin mahaifar mace, kamar mahaifa, ovaries, da bututun fallopian. Idan ba a kula da shi ba, zai iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ga waɗannan bangarori. An fi samun PID ta gonorrhea ko chlamydia. Duk da haka, wasu cututtuka, irin su vaginosis na ƙwayar cuta, na iya haifar da shi.

Hanyoyin magance matsalar

Ana kula da PID tare da maganin riga-kafi. Amma maganin riga-kafi ba zai magance tabon ciki wanda zai iya faruwa idan ba a yi maganin cutar da sauri ba.

Hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje

Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi mahaifa don tantance cutar kansa, gano wasu cututtuka da yanayi, bayar da taimako a lokacin haihuwa da lura da girman ciki. Waɗannan gwaje-gwaje sun hada da:

Pelvic exam

Gwajin ƙugu na bai wa likita damar jin duk wani rashin daidaito a cikin mahaifa.

Pap smear

Wannan gwaji ne wanda ake tattara ƙwayoyin halittar mahaifa (cells) sannan a yi nazarin su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don gano ƙwayoyin da za su iya haifar da kansa sauran canje-canje.

Ultrasound

Ana iya yin wannan gwajin hoton a cikin farji, ta hanyar yin amfani da na’urar transducer, (wata na’ura ce da ake sakawa a cikin farji ko a waje). Ultrasound yana amfani da sauti don samar da hotunan mahaifa da bututun fallopian da ovaries da tantanin da ke kewaye.

Pelvic X-ray (Ɗaukar hoton pelvic)

Wannan gwajin hoto yana amfani da radiation don ɗaukar hotuna na ƙashin ƙugu. Za a iya amfani da hasken X-ray don duba yanayin mahaifa da gano yawan matsaloli.

Hysteroscopy

Wannan hanya ce da ake shigar da bututu a cikin mahaifa don ganin cikin mahaifar. Ana amfani da hysteroscopy don taimakawa wajen kawar da fibroids.

Other imagine

Ya danganta da yanayin, likita na iya zaɓar yin amfani da MRI ko CT scan don ganin tsarin haihuwa kamar mahaifa.

Manazarta

Anatomy of pregnancy and birth – uterus. (n.d.). Pregnancy Birth and Baby.

Fn, J. W. R. M. (2024, September 30). Uterus anatomy and function. Verywell Health.

National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Uterine diseases. Endometriosis | MedlinePlus.

Ameer, M. A., Fagan, S. E., Sosa-Stanley, J. N., & Peterson, D. C. (2022, December 6). Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis: uterus. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf.