Makaman nukiliya sun kasance wata muhimmiya kuma barazana a tsarin siyasar duniya tun daga ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Wadannan makamai, wadanda ke fitar da makamashi ta hanyar sarrafa sinadaran fission da fusion, suna da ƙarfi na lalata rayuka da dukiyoyi cikin kankanin lokaci. Saboda haka, batun mallaka, amfani, da yaɗuwar makaman nukiliya ya kasance a tsakiya wajen tsara manufofi na tsaro da diflomasiyya tsakanin ƙasashe.
Ma’anar makamin nukiliya
Makamin nukiliya na nufin wata na’ura da aka ƙera don fitar da ƙarfi cikin tsananin fashewa ta hanyar tarwatsewar ƙwayoyin zarra (nuclear fission), haɗuwar kwayoyin zarra (nuclear fusion), ko haɗuwar duka biyun. Ana kiran su makaman fission da bam ɗin atomic, yayin da makaman fusion kuma ake kiranvsu da bam ɗin hydrogen ko thermonuclear bombs, inda aƙalla wani kaso na makamashin da ya fito daga haɗewar ƙwayoyin zarra ne.
Makaman nukiliya na samar da ƙarfin fashewa mai girma ƙwarai. Don fahimtar girman tasirinsu, an ƙirƙiro kalmomi kamar kiloton (daidai da ton dubu na fashewar TNT) da megaton (daidai da ton miliyan ɗaya). Alal misali, bam ɗin atomic da aka jefa a yankin Hiroshima a shekarar 1945, wanda ya ƙunshi uranium kimanin kilo 64, ya fitar da makamashi daidai da kiloton 15 na TNT. Wannan fashewa ta haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi, zafi mai yawa da kuma tartsatsin haske mai guba. Iskar da ta tashi daga fashewar ta watsa ƙura da tarkace zuwa sama inda ta samar da gajimare mai siffar (mushroom cloud). Haka nan, tarkacen radioactive sun tashi zuwa sararin samaniya sannan suka faɗo ƙasa a matsayin radioactive fallout. Harin Hiroshima da Nagasaki ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwa da raunata dubban mutane fiye da kowane makami a tarihin duniya.
Bayan haka, fargabar illar makaman nukiliya ta sa ƙasashe suka fara tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyoyi irin su Yarjejeniyar Hana Gwajin Makaman Nukiliya ta (1963) da Yarjejeniyar Hana Yaɗa Makaman Nukiliya ta (1968). Masana tsaro sun bunƙasa wata sabuwar dabarar yaƙi mai suna tsarin dabarun nukiliya (nuclear strategy) saboda haɗarin waɗannan makamai.
Nau’ikan makamin nukiliya
Makamin nukiliya na nufin irin makamin da ke fitar da fashewa mai girma ta hanyar sauya tsarin kwayoyin zarra. Akwai manyan nau’o’i biyu:
Makaman fission (Atomic bombs)
Wadannan nau’i na nukiliya suna amfani da rarrabuwar zarra (atoms) na sinadarai kamar uranium-235 ko plutonium-239. Misali: Bam ɗin da aka jefa a Hiroshima da Nagasaki, irin wannan nau’i ne.
Makaman fusion (Hydrogen bombs)
Duba kuwa waɗannan makamai suna amfani da haɗuwar zarra, galibi ta sinadarai masu sauƙi kamar deuterium da tritium. Wannan nau’in na fitar da makamashi fiye da atomic bomb sau dubbai. Wadannan makamai na da matuƙar ƙarfin fashewa wanda ake auna shi da kiloton (ton 1,000 TNT) ko megaton (ton 1,000,000 TNT).
Tarihin samuwar makaman nukiliya
A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, Amurka ta jefa bam ɗin atomic a birnin Hiroshima na Japan. Wannan ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar da raunata mutane kusan 130,000. Bayan kwana uku, Amurka ta sake jefa wani bam ɗin a Nagasaki, inda daga cikin mutane 286,000 da ke zaune a lokacin, 74,000 suka mutu sannan wasu 75,000 suka jikkata matuƙa. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, Japan ta amince da miƙa wuya ba tare da sharaɗi ba, kuma hakan ya kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.
A shekarun 1949 zuwa 1964, Tarayyar Soviet, Birtaniya, Faransa, da China suka zama ƙasashen da suka mallaki makaman nukiliya.
Daga baya, Amurka, Tarayyar Soviet, da Birtaniya suka ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen makaman nukiliya. A shekarar 1954, Firaministan Indiya, Jawaharlal Nehru, ya yi kira da a haramta gwajin nukiliya — wani babban yunkuri na farko don hana amfani da fasahar nukiliya wajen hallaka jama’a.
Yayin da a shekarar 1974, Indiya ta gwada nata makamin a karon farko, sannan Pakistan ta biyo bayan Indiya a cikin shekarar 1998 da jerin gwaje-gwaje guda shida.
A 1998, Koriya ta Arewa ta tsoratar da Japan bayan ta harba makami mara fashewa da ya ratsa sararin samaniyar Japan. Wannan ya nuna cewa duk wani yanki na Japan ko Koriya ta Kudu na iya fuskantar hari daga Koriya ta Arewa.
A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2006, Koriya ta Arewa ta gwada bam ɗin nukiliya da ƙarfin da ya kai na Hiroshima. Wannan ya sa Koriya ta Arewa ta zama ƙasa ta takwas da ta bayyana kanta da makamin nukiliya. Makamanta na iya kaiwa har Amurka, China, Rasha, Japan da Koriya ta Kudu.
A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1998, Indiya ta girgiza duniya bayan ta gwada bam uku da ƙarfin fashewa sau shida fiye da na Hiroshima. Washegari kuma, ta sake gwada wasu bam biyu. Bayan kwana kaɗan, Pakistan ta maida martani da gwaje-gwajen makamai guda shida. Duniya ta soki Indiya da Pakistan bisa karya yarjejeniyar CTBT. Amurka ta kakabawa ƙasashen takunkumi na tattalin arziki. Amma a shekarar 2001, aka ɗage takunkumin domin Amurka na buƙatar haɗin gwiwarsu wajen yaƙi da al-Qaeda a Afghanistan.
Tasirin makaman nukiliya a duniya
Tasirinsa ga lafiya
Makamin nukiliya na haifar da raunuka, mutuwa, da cututtuka na dogon lokaci irin su ciwon daji sakamakon tiririn radiation da kan tashi cikin sararin iska. Har ila yau, radioactive fallout na gurbata iska, ruwa da abinci.
Tasirinsa ga siyasa da diflomasiyya
Mallakar makaman nukiliya na bai wa ƙasa wani karfi a fagen siyasar duniya. Ya kuma haifar da taƙaddama tsakanin ƙasashe, musamman idan wata ƙasa ta yi yunkurin mallaka wanda hakan ya zama saɓa wa yarjejeniyoyi.
Tasirinsa ga muhalli
Gwaje-gwajen nukiliya suna gurbata ƙasa da ruwa. Wasu yankuna kamar Bikini Atoll sun lalace gabaɗaya saboda gwaje-gwajen makamin da aka gudanar a can.
Ƙoƙarin daƙile yaɗuwar makaman nukiliya
NPT – Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968)
Wannan yarjejeniya ce da ke hana ƙasashe sabbi su mallaki makamin nukiliya, sannan ta buƙaci ƙasashen da ke da shi su rage yawansu. Ta kuma halatta amfani da makamashin nukiliya don wasu hanyoyin marasa cutarwa.
CTBT – Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1996)
Ita ma wannan yarjejeniya ce da ta haramta duk wani gwajin makamin nukiliya a duniya. Duk da haka, ba duk ƙasashe ne suka amince da ita ba.
A shekarar 1958, masana kimiyya kusan 10,000 suka miƙa wa Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Dag Hammarskjold, wata takarda da ke roƙon a dakatar da duk wani gwajin makaman nukiliya.
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1968, Amurka, Tarayyar Soviet da wasu ƙasashe fiye da 60 suka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ke ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da makaman nukiliya da kuma inganta kawar da su gabaɗaya. Yarjejeniyar ta hana ƙasashen da ke da makaman nukiliya su baza su ga wasu ƙasashe, kuma ta hana ƙasashen da ba su da makaman nukiliya su mallake su. Sai dai an amince da amfani da makamashin nukiliya ta hanyar lumana. Ta fara aiki a 1970, kuma an dawwamar da ita har abada a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1995.
A cikin shekarar 1994, Amurka da Koriya ta Arewa sun haɗu a Geneva domin ƙulla yarjejeniya don shawo kan batun makaman nukiliya a yankin Korea. Koriya ta Arewa ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hana yaɗa makaman nukiliya, yayin da Amurka ta taimaka wajen gina tashoshin makamashin nukiliya masu aminci da kuma ba su tabbacin rashin kai musu hari. Amma daga baya, a shekarar 2003, Koriya ta Arewa ta rusa wannan yarjejeniya da sauran duk wata yarjejeniya ta hana yaɗa makaman nukiliya.
A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1995, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ayyana hana duk wani gwajin makamin nukiliya.
Bayan haka, ƙasashe 10 na kudu maso gabashin Asiya suka rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Bangkok, don samar da yanki marar makamin nukiliya. A shekarar 1996, ƙasashe 43 na Afirka suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Pelindaba domin hana makaman nukiliya a nahiyar Afirka.
A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1996, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Hana Gwajin Nukiliya Cikin Gabaɗaya (CTBT), kuma Amurka ce ta fara sa hannu. Sai dai a 1999, Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da yarjejeniyar.
Ƙasashe masu makaman nukiliya
Tun bayan amfani da su a Hiroshima da Nagasaki a shekarar 1945, yaɗuwar makaman nukiliya ta kasance abin damuwa. A yau, akwai ƙasashe 9 da ke da irin waɗannan makamai, kuma wasu ƙasashe suna karɓar makaman wasu ƙasashen ajiya. A halin yanzu, akwai ƙasashe 9 da ke da tabbacin mallakar makaman nukiliya. Waɗannan ƙasashe su ne:
- Rasha – tana da kimanin 5,449 na makaman nukiliya, mafi yawan adadi a duniya.
- Amurka – tana da 5,244 kuma ta adana su a ƙasashe 5 na Turai.
- China – tana da 600.
- Faransa – tana da 290.
- Birtaniya – tana da 225.
- Indiya – tana da 180.
- Pakistan – tana da 170.
- Isra’ila – ana kimanta nata da 90, kodayake ba ta tabbatar ba.
- Koriya ta Arewa – ana kyautata zaton tana da kimanin 50.
Ƙasashen masu karɓar ajiyar makaman nukiliya
Waɗannan ƙasashe ba su mallaki makaman ba, amma sun ba da izinin a adana su a ƙasashensu:
- Belgium ta karɓi guda 10 zuwa 15 daga Amurka
- Jamus ta karbi guda 15
- Netherlands ta karɓi guda 15
- Turkiyya ta karɓi guda 20
- Italiya ta karɓi guda 35
- Belarus ta karɓi makaman Rasha
Amurka ta ce, har yanzu ita ke da iko da wadannan makamai duk da kasancewarsu a waje.
Ƙasashen masu goyon bayan amfani da makaman nukiliya
Akwai ƙasashe 28 da ke cikin kawancen tsaro (kamar NATO) da ke da yuwuwar fara amfani da makaman nukiliya a madadinsu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
- Japan
- Koriya ta Kudu
- Kanada
- Australia
- Norway
- Poland
- Hungary
- Spain, da sauran su (jimilla: 34 da suka haɗa da masu karɓar ajiya)
Ƙalubale da barazanar nukiliya
- Ƙasashe marasa bin doka: Kamar Koriya ta Arewa, sun ƙi bin yarjejeniyoyi.
- Ƙungiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda: Tsoron cewa makaman nukiliya na iya faɗawa hannun ‘yan ta’adda ya kara tsananta tsoro a zukatan jama’a.
- Saɓani tsakanin manyan ƙasashe: Rashin amincewa da yarjejeniyoyi kamar CTBT da wasu ke yi na rage tasirin ƙoƙarin kawar da makaman a faɗin duniya.
Makaman nukiliya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazana ga zaman lafiya, tsaro da ci gaban bil’adama. Duk da cewa fasahar nukiliya na iya amfani da ita don ci gaban tattalin arziki da makamashi, mallaka da amfani da su a matsayin makami yana buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfar doka, kulawa da haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Dole ne duniya ta ci gaba da ƙarfafa yarjejeniyoyi, diflomasiyya da ilimantarwa don kawar da wannan barazana daga doron ƙasa.
Manazarta
Arms Control Association. (n.d.). Nuclear weapons: Who has what At a glance | Arms Control Association.
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. (n.d.). Nuclear arsenals. ICAN
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. (n.d.). Catastrophic harm. ICAN
Norris, S, R., Cochran, & B, T. (1999, July 26). Nuclear weapon | History, Facts, Types, Countries, Blast Radius, & Effects. Encyclopedia Britannica.
UNODA. (n.d.). Nuclear weapons – UNODA.
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