Kalmar metabolism ana amfani da ita wajen bayyana chemical reactions ɗin da ke faruwa cikin jikin mutum, wanda ta dalilin reactions ɗin ne mutum yake iya ci gaba da rayuwa cikin ƙoshin lafiya. Wannan reactions ɗin sun haɗa da mayar da abincin da mutum yake ci zuwa energy, da fitar da gurɓatacce misali bahaya.
Abubuwan da ya kamata a lura da su
1- Energy production
Idan aka koma chemistry, muna da elements wanda ko wane substance da shi ya haɗa jikinsa. Idan aka ce kowane substance, ana nufin duk wani abu da za a iya gani, ji, taɓawa, ko jin ƙamshinsa.. a taƙaice sai matter. Tun a matakin farko ake sa ɗalibai su haddace 20 elements na farko.. su ne Hydrogen, Helium, lithium, beryllium da a sauran su.
Kowane abu da ake gani, element biyu zuwa sama ne suka haɗa shi. Kamar yadda za mu ce taya, kujeru, sitiyari, da sauran su, suke haɗa mota, a haka kuma elements suke.
Idan aka ɗauki ‘ruwa’, elements guda biyu ne suka haɗu suka samar da ruwa. Su ne Hydrogen guda biyu da oxygen guda ɗaya. Ana rubuta formular a haka H2O. Za a iya tsatstsefe ruwan, a ware oxygen daban, hydrogen daban. Daga lokacin da aka ware kowanne daban, elements ɗin za a iya kiran su da (Molecules). An samu oxygen molecule, sa hydrogen molecule guda biyu. Ana cire ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan elements ɗin, ruwa ya tashi daga ba ruwa ba.
Idan kuma aka ɗauki karfe, carbon da iron ne suka haɗu suka yi shi. Molecule biyu ke nan. A ɗauko ƙasusuwan jikin mutum. Molecules ɗin su shi ne calcium, protein, da mineral. Haka idan aka ɗauki iska. Iska element ce mai zaman kanta. Ba kala ɗaya ba ce. Akwai Oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon, hydrogen, da sauran su. Kowane abu chemicals/elements ne suka haɗa shi. Elements ɗin kuma muna iya kiran su molecules.
Fatan yanzu an fahimci molecule, saboda sanin shi zai taimaka sosai wajen fahimtar Metabolism.
Abubuwan da suka fi muhammanci dangane da Metabolism
1- Energy production
[a] duk lokacin da aka ci wani abu, jikin mutum yana tsattsefe sa zuwa molecules, misali, glucose, magnesium, iron.
[b] daga nan jikin mutum zai mayar da waɗannan molecules su koma energy ta hanyar wani process da ake kira cellular respiration.
[c] da wannan energyn mutum yake yin duk abin da yake yi, tun daga kan motsi har zuwa tunani, gani, ji. Komai da komai da ake yi sai da energy, saboda haka idan ba metabolism, babu rayuwa.
2- Building anx repairing
[a] da taimakon metabolism duk abin da ya samu matsala a jikin mutum yake warkewa, domin ta hanyar sa ce sinadarin da ake buƙata domin warkewa yake zuwa inda ake buƙata.
[b] protein, fat, carbohydrates ɗin da aka ci daga abinci suna hadɗewa da taimakon metabolism su haɗa mana muscles, enzymes, ƙasusuwa, da tarin abubuwa da yawa da jikin mutum yake buƙata.
Waste removal
Metabolism na taimakawa jikin mutum wajen fitar da waste products. (Duk wani abu da jikin mu ya fitar bayan amfani waste product ne. Misali gumi, fitsari, bahaya, fitar da iskar carbon dioxide wajen numfashi). So, wajen samar da energyn ake samun waste products ɗin gabaɗaya. Idan kuma aka koma a kan wasu parts guda biyu na metabolism waɗanda suka fi komai muhimmanci. Akwai catabolism na farko, sai anabolism na biyu.
• Catabolism: Catabolism ɓangare ne na metabolism da yake tsattsefe abinci (ban sani ba ko kalmar tsatstsefewa ta dace ba). Idan aka ɗauke ta kamar hanyar ce da jikin mutum yake babbare/tsattsefe duk abin da mutum ya ci domin ya ɗauki energyn da ke cikin wannan abin, don jikin ya yi amfani da shi. Kamar dai mutum ya ragargarza rediyonsa, sai ya ɗauki abubuwan cikin ta domin wani amfanin daban.
Misali; akwai chocolate a hannun mutum. Ana cin ta, jikin mutum zai tsattsefe ta ya kwashe energyn da ke cikin ta domin amfanin mutum. So, catabolism shi ne wannan hanyar da jikin mutum yake tsattsefe molecules masu girma ya mayar da su ƙanƙana.
Ya kamata a lura da wannan: Jikin mutum yana karɓar manyan molecules (abincin da aka ci) ya mayar da shi ‘yan mitsi-mitsi. Wannan manyan molecules ɗin sun haɗa da Carbohydrates, protein, da fats.
Da zarar an gama tsatttsefe molecules ɗin, energy zai fita daga cikin su. Da wannan energyn ake duk abin da ake yi, misali: gudu, numfashi, magana, tunani, barci, gani, ji, cin abinci, jin haushi, farinciki, komai da komai.
Lokacin da aka ci abinci, jikin mutum zai tsattsefe molecules ɗin zuwa ƙanƙana kamar glucose daga sugar. (Ina nufin ana samun glucose daga suga). Amino acids daga protein. Fatty acids daga fats.
Idan kuma aka daɗe ba a ci abinci ba, kuma ga shi daga abinci jikin mutum yake samun energy, to jikin zai dawo amfanin da fats ɗin jikin mutum domin samun energy.
Ƙarin bayani
A ɗauka yanzu jikin mutum yana buƙatar energy guda 50 lokacin da ake jin yunwa. Sai kuma aka ci shinkafa cikin roba ɗaya. Wannan shinkafar tana da energy guda 70. Dama kuma guda 50 jikin yake buƙata, Kenan energyn ya wuce yadda jikin yake buƙata.. to bayan jikin ya gama ɗibar guda 50 ɗin nan, sauran 20 ɗin da ya yi saura hantar mutum za ta mayar da shi fats (kitse) ta ajiye sa. Shi ya sa yawan cin abinci ba tare da exercise ko aikin ƙarfi ba yake kawo ƙiba saboda mutum yana cin energyn da ya yi masa yawa ita kuma hanta Sai ta mayar da shi kitse. Fatan an fahimci wannan bayani.
Akwai sauran energy guda 20 wanda aka mayar fats. Misali, a ɗauka tun safe ba a ci abinci ba. Energyn da aka samu na abincin da aka ci da safe ya ƙone kuma gashi jikin yana buƙatar energy. Hantar mutum za ta ɗauko wannan energyn da ta mayar da shi kitse, sai ta sake mayar da shi energy ta zuba cikin jini, shi kuma jinin sai ya kai shi duk inda ake buƙata.. wannan dalili ne ya sa idan mutum ba ya cin abinci sosai yake ramewa saboda kitsen jikinsa ne ake mayar da shi energyn da yake amfani da shi.
• Anabolism ɓangare ne na metabolism da ya kunshi gini (ginin jiki) da girma.
To a ɗauke shi kamar aikin gini amma a jikin mutum. Shi ne yadda jikin mutum yake ɗauko ƙananan abubuwa ya haɗa su waje ɗaya domin samar da babban abu, kuma mai amfani.
A ɗauka akwai wasu tarin bulo da yawa. Za a yi amfani da waɗannan bulon wajen gina gida babba. Anabolism kamar haka yake. Yana ɗauko molecules da yawa ya haɗe su waje ɗaya. Misali, zai ɗauko amino acid daga protein domin gina wa mutum gaɓɓai, ƙasusuwa, da wasu sassan jikin mutum. Jikin mutum yana samun ƙananan molecules daga abincin da ya ci. Wannan molecules ɗin sun haɗa da amino acid, fatty acids, sugar.
Bayan wannan ya faru, jikin mutum zai haɗa waɗannan molecules ɗin waje ɗaya domin samar da complex molecules. Misali, ya na amfani da amino acid domin samar da protein wanda sai da shi gaɓɓan mutum za su ginu, ƙasusuwan mutum su ƙara lafiya.
• Anabolism yana buƙatar energy sosai kafin ya faru. Kuma energyn, kamar yadda aka riga aka sani, ana samun sa ne daga abincin da mutum ya ci sannan kuma catabolism ya gama tsattefe sa.
Misalan anabolism
Bayan mutum ya gama motsa jiki, jikinsa yana samar da ƙwanji a gaɓɓansa, wanda aikin amino acid ne daga protein.
Jikin mutum yana amfani da minerals kamar calcium da phosphate domin ƙara wa kashin mutum ƙwari, girma, da lafiya.
Abubuwan da ke shafar Metabolism
1- Shekaru: Mutum yana ƙara tsufa, metabolism ɗin sa yana yin low, saboda haka za a ga wasu tsoffin suna tara ƙiba ko da suna exercise.
2- Girman gaɓɓai: mutum mai manyan gaɓɓai yana fuskantar metabolism mai sauri saboda ya fi ƙona calories ɗin jikinsa.
3- Yawan motsa jiki:, tafiya da sauran su yana sa Metabolism level ya yi high.
4- Genetic: wasu mutanen haka ake haifar su da metabolism mai sauri.
Manazarta
Essential Biology Modern Biology.
J.G. Salway. (2017) Metabolism at a Glance. Wiley-Blackwell