Organic Chemistry wani reshe ne na Chemistry, wanda ya ƙunshi nazarin sinadarai da abubuwan da ke ɗauke da carbon da kadarorinsu, yanayinsa, da sarrafa shi. Ya ƙunshi nazarin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na hydrocarbons da abubuwan da suka samo asali, waɗanda ywanci ana samun su a cikin rayayyun halittu, makamashin burbushin halittu, da tsarin halittu.
Organic Chemistry ya ƙunshi sassa daban-dabanna sinadarai, ciki har da:
1. Hydrocarbons:
– Alkanes (saturated)
– Alkenes (unsaturated)
– Alkynes (unsaturated)
2. Functional groups:
– Alcohols (-OH)
– Carboxylic acid (-COOH)
– Amines (-NH2)
– Aldehydes (-CHO)
– Ketones (-COCH3)
3. Organic reactions:
– Sauya (maye gurbin ƙungiyar aiki)
– Cire (cire ƙungiya mai aiki)
– Ƙari (ƙara ƙungiyar aiki)
– Sake tsarawa (sake tsara tsarin kwayoyin halitta)
4. Organic compound:
– Aliphatic (sarkar madaidaiciya)
– Aromatik (mai sifar zobe)
– Heterocyclic (zoben da ba carbon atoms)
5. Biomolecules:
– Carbohydrates (sukari, sitaci).
– Sunadaran (amino acid)
– Lipids (fats, mai)
– Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
6. Synthetic polymers:
– Filastik (polyethylene, polypropylene).
– Fiber (polyester, nailan)
– Adhesives (epoxy, acrylic)
7. Natural products:
– Alkaloids (caffeine, morphine).
– Glycosides (digitalis, ouabain)
– Terpenes (masu mahimmanci mai, steroids)
8. Spectroscopy:
– Resonance Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
– Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
– Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Waɗannan sassan sun zama tushen tushen sinadarai, wanda ke da mahimmanci don fahimtar hanyoyin nazarin halittu daban-daban, haɓaka sabbin kayayyaki da magunguna, da magance ƙalubalen muhalli.
Muhimman ɓangarorin Organic Chemistry
1. Pharmaceuticals
2. Fuel and energy
3. Agricultural and food production
1. Pharmaceutical chemistry
Wannan wani reshe ne na ilmin sinadarai wanda ƙunshi ƙirkira, haɗawa, da bunƙasa magunguna. Ya ƙunshi aikace-aikacen fasahar sinadarai don ƙirƙirar sabbin magunguna da hanyoyin magance cututtuka da yanayi daban-daban.
Wasu mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai da haɗa magunguna sun haɗa da:
• Drugs discovery: Gano sabbin mahaɗan sinadarai da haɓaka su zuwa magunguna don yaƙar cutuka.
• Medicinal chemistry: Ƙirƙira da haɗa ƙananan ƙwayoyin magani a matsayin magunguna masu mahimmanci.
• Pharmacology: Wannan ya kunshi yin nazarin illolin ƙwayoyin magani a kan halittu masu rai.
• Pharmaco-kinetics: Fahimtar yadda jiki ke karɓa, rarrabawa, da kawar da kwayoyin cuta.
• Pharmaco-dynamics: Shi ne nazarin tasirin ƙwayoyi magani a kan takamaiman maƙasudin kwayoyin halitta.
• Analytical chemistry: Inganta hanyoyin tantance tsaftar ƙwayoyi magani, da kwanciyar hankali, da wanzar da rayuwa.
Wannan fanni na ilimin sinadarai don harhaɗa magunguna ya samar da magunguna da yawa masu yaƙar cututtuka gami da damar da:
• Magungunan riga-kafi (misali, penicillin)
• Magungunan ciwon daji (misali, chemotherapy)
• Maganin kashe zafi (misali, acetaminophen)
• Magungunan zuciya (misali, statins)
• Magungunan jijiya (misali, antidepressants)
• Allurar riga-kafi (misali, riga-kafin COVID-19)
Fannin ilimin sinadarai na harhaɗa magunguna na ci gaba da samun bunkasuwa, tare da ci gaba da gudanar da bincike don samar da:
1. Magani na musamman
2. Maganin kwayoyin halitta
3. Immunotherapy
4. Nanomedicine
5. Tsarin isar da magunguna
Ta hanyar haɗa sunadarai, ilmin halitta, da ilimin harhaɗa magunguna, sinadaran magunguna na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta lafiyar ɗan’adam da inganta rayuwa.
2. Fuel and energy
Wannan fanni na ilimin chemistry da ya haɗa da nazarin man fetur da makamashi, ya kuma ƙunshi fahimtar abubuwa kamar haka:
• Nau’ikan man fetur
– Chemical fuels: Abubuwa ne da ke fitar da makamashi ta hanyar haduwar sinadarai, kamar konewa abu.
– Fussil Fuels: Hydrocarbons ne da aka samu daga tsofaffin tsirrai da dabbobi, gami da kwal, da man fetur, da iskar gas.
– Renewable fuels: Maɓuɓɓugar makamashi mai ɗorewa kamar wutar lantarki, hasken rana, da iska.
• Chemical reaction
– Combustion: Haduwar iskar oxygen wato (Oxidation) yana samar da makamashi mai yawa a yanayin zafi da haske.
– Oxidation: Sarrafa iskar oxygen wanda ya haɗa tura da sinadarin “electrons, daga wani bigire zuwa wani yana haifar da tashin makamashi.
• Energy production
– Heat energy: Wannan bangare na juyar da chemical energy zuwa chemical energy
– Power generation: Ana amfani da man fetur wajen samar da wutar lantarki a tashoshin wutar lantarki.
Muhimmancin Man Fetur da Makamashi
– Tsaron ga Makamashi: Ingantaccen makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga tsaro da ci gaban tattalin arziki da rayuwar yau da kullum.
– Tasiri ga muhalli: Konewar mai na taimakawa wajen sauyin yanayi, gurbacewar iska, da gurbacewar ruwa.
Makomar Man Fetur da Makamashi
– Samar da makamashi mai ɗorewa: Wannan fanni na ba da gudunmawa wajen janzawa zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa don rage tasirin muhalli.
– Ajiye Makamashi: Ɓangaren haɓaka fasaha don adana makamashi yadda yakamata don amfani nan gaba.
Ta hanyar fahimtar ilimin sarrafa man fetur da makamashi, za mu iya inganta samar da makamashi da rage cutar da muhalli, da samar da sababbin hanyoyin inganta fannin.
3. Agricultural and food production
Chemistry yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin noma da samar da abinci, yana tasiri a bangarori kamar haka:
1. Soil fertility:
– Sarrafa kayan abinci
– Ci gaban taki
2. Crop protection:
– Ci gaban maganin kwari
– Haɗin gwiwar sarrafa kwari
3. Plants growth regulations:
– Hormone tsarin
– Masu haɓaka haɓaka
4. Food processing:
– Hanyoyin adanawa (gwangwani, daskarewa)
– Additives abinci (flavorings, colorings)
5. Food safety:
– Gano gurɓataccen abu (maganin kashe qwari, ƙarfe mai nauyi)
– Gudanar da inganci
6. Agricultural efficiency:
– Madaidaicin noma
– Kula da amfanin gona
7. Biofuels:
– Juyin halitta
– samar da Biofuel
8. Livestock production:
– Ciyar da ƙari
– Gudanar da lafiyar dabbobi
Muhimmancin ilmin Chemistry ga fannin noma da samar da abinci
1. Samar da Taki (NPK)
2. Samar da maganin kashe kwari (magungunan ciyawa, maganin kwari, fungicides)
3. Samar da sinadarai masu kula da girma shuka
4. Samar da sinadarai masu kiyayewa da ƙara dandano
5. Samar da ingantaccen amfanin gona
6. Samar da Ingantaccen abinci
7. Haɓaka aikin gona
8. Samar da sabbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin noma da abinci mai ɗorewa.
Manazarta
Libretexts. (2023b, July 12). 3.7: Names of formulas of organic compounds. Chemistry LibreTexts.
Libretexts. (2023, June 16). Fuels and enthalpy. Chemistry LibreTexts.
Noller, C. R., Norman, R. O., & Usselman, M. C. (1998, July 20). Organic compound | Definition & Examples. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Toppr-guides (2019, September 6).Fuel Meaning & Definition – Types of fuel, fuel efficiency. Toppr-guides.
University of North Dakota. (n.d.). Introduction to Organic and Biochemistry | Online course | Enroll anytime . University of North Dakota.