Oxygen

Oxygen sinadarin iska ce, tana alama ko tambarin O, tana kuma matsayin lambar ta 8 a jerin sinadaran da ke kan periodic table. Tana da nauyin atomic 15,9994. Oxygen tana da ban sha’awa sosai domin ita ce muhimmiyar iska a ɓangaren hanyoyin numfashi na yawancin halittu masu rai. Ita ce mafi yawan sinadari a doron ƙasa na duniya. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar a duk yawan iska shi ne iskar oxygen. Iskar oxygen da ba ta haɗe ba tana wanzuwa a cikin nau’ikan ƙwayoyin diatomic, O2, amma kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin sigar triatomic, O3, mai suna ozone.

Oxygen shi ne sinadari na uku da ake amfani da shi bayan sulfuric acid da nitrogen. Saboda haka, kusan tan miliyan 100 na O2 ake shaƙa a kowace shekara a duk faɗin duniya.

A bisa al’ada iskar oxygen ba ta da launi, ba ta da wari, ba ta da ɗandano sannan kuma iskar a nau’in gas take; tana tattaruwa cikin ruwa mai launin shuɗi mai haske. Oxygen wani yanki ne na ƙaramin rukuni na gases a zahiri, wato paramagnetic, kuma ita ce mafi yawan paramagnetic gabaɗaya. Oxygen da ke a sigar ruwa-ruwa kuma ‘yar kaɗan ce a matsayin paramagnetic.

Oxygen tana sarrafuwa kuma tana samar da oxides tare da sauran abubuwa ban da helium, neon, argon da krypton. Tana tsaka-tsaki a cikin ruwa (30cm³ a kowace lita 1 na ruwa) a daraja ta 20⁰ digiri a ma’aunin celsius.

Hanyoyin sarrafa iskar oxygen

Ana iya ware iskar oxygen daga cikin iska ta asali ta hanyoyi guda biyu fractionated liquefaction da distillation. Muhimman hanyoyin sarrafa iskar oxygen cikin tsari mai mahimmanci su ne:
1) Narkarwar, tacewa da ƙera karfe da sauran karafa
2) Samar da sinadarai ta hanyar sarrafa iskar shaƙa;
3) Harkar ƙera rokoki;
4) Tallafa wa ayyukan kiwon lafiya
5) Haƙar ma’adinai, samarwa da ƙera kayayyakin dutse da gilashi.

Ana samar da iskar oxygen cikin gaggawa ta tsarin atomatik ga fasinjoji a cikin jirgin sama lokacin da aka samu faduwar iskar pressure ta babu tsammani. Ana adana wannan iskar oxygen ba a matsayin iskar oxygen ba, a matsayin sinadarin sodium chlorate.

Oxygen a cikin muhalli

Doron ƙasa ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ma’adanai na silicon-oxygen, kuma wasu abubuwa da yawa suna nan a matsayin oxides. Iskar Oxygen tana matsayin kashi biyar na iskar sararin samaniya (atmosphere), wanda ya kai fiye da tan biliyan daya. Oxygen da ke cikin yanayin duniya ta samu ne daga photosynthesis na shuke-shuke, kuma ta ginu cikin dogon lokaci, yayin da shuke-shuken suke amfani da wadatacciyar iskar carbon dioxide a farkon yanayi kuma fitar da iskar oxygen.

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ana iya haɗa iskar daga mahaɗan sinadarai daban-daban kamar hydrogen peroxide, potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate, da dai sauransu. Ana iya samar da ita ta hanyar bazuwar hydrogen peroxide sama da platinum catalyst a cikin nickel foil.

Oxygen tana iya narkewa cikin ruwa, wanda ke sa rayuwar halittun cikin koguna, tafkuna da tekuna mai ingantuwa. Ruwan da ke cikin koguna da tafkuna yana buƙatar samun iskar oxygen akai-akai, domin idan iskar ta ƙare ruwan ba zai ƙara tallafa wa kifaye da sauran nau’ikan halittun ruwa ba.

Kusan kowane sinadari, ban da iskar gas, suna haɗe da iskar oxygen don samar da wani sinadarin. Ruwa, H2O, da silica SiO2 da wani ɓangare mai yawa na ƙasa, suna cikin mafi yawan sinadaran oxygen binary. Daga cikin sinadarai masu ɗauke da abubuwa sama da biyu, mafi yawa akwai silicates, waɗanda ke samar da mafi yawan duwatsu da ƙasa. Sauran sinadarai waɗanda ke da yawa a cikin yanayin asali su ne calcium carbonate (limestone da marble), calcium sulfate (gypsum), aluminum oxide (bauxite) da nau’in oxides iri-iri, waɗanda ake amfani da su a matsayin tushen samuwar ƙarfe.

Tasirin iskar oxygen a fannin kiwon lafiya

Oxygen tana da mahimmanci ga kowane nau’i halittu masu rayuwa, domin kuwa ita ce tushen DNA da kusan dukkanin sauran bangarori masu mahimmanci na halittu. Tabbas yana da mahimmanci ga halittu dole ne su sami iskar oxygen akai-akai don yin rayuwa. Oxygen a cikin hunhu ana ɗaukar ta da ƙwayar zarra na sinadarin ƙarfe a tsakiyar haemoglobin ta cikin jini, da haka ake jigilar ta zuwa inda ake buƙata.

Kowane ɗan’adam yana buƙatar iskar oxygen don numfashi, amma kamar yadda a yawancin lokuta idan ta yi yawa tana haifar da matsala. Idan mutum ya tari iskar oxygen da yawa na dogon lokaci, hunhu na iya samun matsalar da zai yi lahani. Yin numfashi a kimanin 50-100% na iskar oxygen na tsawon lokaci yana haifar da matsalar hunhu. Mutanen da ke aiki a wuraren da ake samun yawan kaɗawar iskar oxygen fiye da ka’ida, ya kamata su yi gwajin aikin hunhu kafin fara aiki da kuma bayan sun gama.

Tasirin iskar oxygen ga muhalli

Mahimman hanyoyin samar da iskar oxygen suna haɓaka saurin ƙonewar abu, don haka wuta na da matuƙar haɗari idan aka ajiye ta a gaban man fetur, a yayin da iskar oxygen ta yawaita.

Misali, wutar da ta kashe ma’aikatan jirgin Apollo 1, a kan na’urar gwaje-gwaje ta bazu cikin sauri saboda tsantsar yawaitar iskar oxygen a wajen. Iskar ta kasance ne a yanayi na yau da kullun maimakon a rage ta zuwa kaso ɗaya cikin uku, wanda hakan ne zai ba da damar amfani da ita yayin ƙaddamar da gwaje-gwajen ba tare da haɗari ba.

Wasu muhimman bayanai game da iskar oxygen

• Ɗan’adam yana shakar kusan lita 11,000 na iska a kowace rana yayin da yake shaƙar kusan lita 550 na iskar oxygen a kowace rana. Lokacin da ake shaƙar iska, ana numfashi da kashi 20% na iskar oxygen kuma ana fitar da kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari.
• A duk lokacin da mutum ya shaƙi iskar oxygen, kashi 5 cikin 100 na iskar yakan koma carbon dioxide da zarar ya fitar da numfashi.
• A matsayin sinadarin mahaɗi, ana iya samun iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, shuke-shuke, dabbobi, da kuma a cikin mafi yawa daga cikin ƙaƙƙarfan abu wanda ya zama ƙasa. Waɗannan abubuwa sun ƙunshi oxygen, tare da carbon, hydrogen, da sauran abubuwa.
• Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa kashi 70% na iskar oxygen na zuwa daga photosynthesis ta koren algae da cyanobacteria wanda ya zarce gudunmawar iskar oxygen ta shuke-shuke da bishiyoyi.
• Ɗan tayi ba ya numfashi a cikin mahaifa, uwa ce take yi wa tayin. Oxygen din ɗan tayin ke buƙata tana shiga ta cikin cibiyarsa. Idan cibiya ta ci gaba da kasancewa, ba za a nutsar da tayin a cikin mahaifa ba.
• Oxygen tana yaɗuwa ta dabi’a ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira “oxygen cycle”. Ana amfani da iskar oxygen ta hanyar photosynthesis ta ƙwayoyin halittu masu rai (masu rai masu bukatar iskar oxygen), sannan kuma carbon dioxide za ta saki ta hanyar ƙwayoyin halittar da ake buƙata a lokacin photosynthesis.
• Kifaye suna iya shaƙar iskar oxygen a cikin teku ta hanyar amfani da gills saboda ruwa yana ɗauke da mafi yawan iskar oxygen fiye da gills. Lokacin da ruwa ya ratsa cikin gills, hanyoyin jini a cikin gills suna shan oxygen daga ruwa.
• Ozone layer tana wanzuwa a ɓangaren sarari na yanayin duniya wanda ke haifar da layer ta ozone wadda ke kare mu daga hasken ultraviolet na rana.
• Jikin ɗan’adam mai nauyin kilogiram 60 zuwa 63 yana amfani da 250 ml na iskar oxygen a minti ɗaya, kuma manyan gaɓoɓin da ke amfani da iskar oxygen su ne hanta (20.4%), ƙwaƙwalwa (18.4%), da zuciya (11.6%). Oxygen atom ta zama muhimmin sashi na DNA da furotin a jikin mutum.
• Ruwan dumi yana riƙe iskar oxygen fiye da ruwan sanyi saboda ƙwayoyin ruwa sun fi kusa da juna a cikin ruwan sanyi wanda ke hana sinadiran oxygen su fita. Haka nan, iskar oxygen tana narkewa da ƙarfi a cikin ruwan ɗumi fiye da cikin ruwan sanyi.
• Oxygen za ta iya ƙarewa idan ana lalata dazuzzuka da yawa na duniya, tare da kashe tsirrai masu yawa a cikin teku. Ƙasashe masu gurbatar yanayi a zahiri sun fara sayan tankunan oxygen.
• Yawancin asibitoci suna amfani da iskar oxygen ta hanyoyi daban-daban don warkarwa ko magance rashin lafiya. Incubator na yara yana taimaka wa jarirai su girma idan an haife su da wuri. Likitoci suna sarrafa yawan iskar oxygen a waɗannan wuraren saboda yawan iskar oxygen na iya lalata jarirai.
• Oxygen tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ingancin karfe, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa kamfanonin karfe su ne mafi yawan masu amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin masana’antu. A lokacin aikin ƙirƙira, ma’aikata suna amfani da iskar oxygen da aka matsa don cire abubuwan da ba a so a cikin ƙarfe.
• Ana iya samun oxygen ba kawai a atmosphere ba, har ma a cikin duwatsu, datti, har ma a cikin rana. Rana  ta ƙunshi 91.2% hydrogen, 8.7% helium, 0.043% carbon, da 0.078 oxygen.
• Yawan iskar oxygen a sararin duniya shi ne 30% kusan shekaru 300 da suka gabata. A yau, yanzu yawan shi ne 20% kacal, kuma tana barazanar sauka zuwa 19%. Wasu halittu masu rai sun dace da wannan sabon yanayi amma mutane ba sa maraba da yanayin.

Taƙaitaccen bayanin game da iskar oxygen

Manazarta

Bryan, M. (2024, April 28). 50 important oxygen facts you need to know – Facts.net. Facts.net. 

Gd-Admin. (n.d.). News – What are the uses of medical oxygen? hzsihope.com

Lenntech. (n.d.). Oxygen (O) – Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects. Lenntech.com