Pharmacology; ɓangare ne na kimiyyar magunguna wanda shi ya fi mayar da hankali a kan yadda magani yake. Misali, amfaninsa da yadda yake sa jiki ya yi, da kuma yadda aka samu maganin.
Pharmacology ilimin magunguna, wanda ya danganci asalinsu, abin da ya haɗa su, pharmacokinetics (yadda jiki yake yi wa magani), pharmacodynamics (yadda magani yake yi wa jiki), da yadda ake amfani da maganin wajen kula mai tsayi, misali, shekaru ko watanni.
Ɓangarorin Pharmacology
Pharmaco-dynamics
Wannan ɓangaren yana duba yadda magani yake yi wa jikin mutum ko dabba. Yana duba yadda drug receptors (halittun da ke karɓar magani) ke aiki, da yadda alaƙar da ke tsakanin adadin maganin da aka sha da gangar jiki take. Misali, Ibuprofen, magani ne da ke rage raɗaɗi. Yana yin haka ne wajen katse ko dakatar da enzyme ɗin cyclooxygenase (COX), wanda shi ke taimakawa wajen samar da prostaglandins, shi ne sinadarin da ke rage raɗaɗi, zafi, da zazzaɓi.
Pharmaco-kinetics
Ɓangaren duba yadda jiki yake yi wa magani, kamar shan maganin, raba shi ko’ina a sassan jiki, da metabolism.
Misali, idan aka sha Aspirin, yana narkewa cikin ciki da kuma hanji. Sinadaran da ke cikin maganin za su shiga hanyoyin jini. Shi kuma jini zai kai shi inda ya dace.
Clinical Pharmacology
Ilimin yadda magani ke yi wa ɗan’adam ne. Yana tabbatar da magani ba shi da matsala kuma ya dace da jikin mutum.
Neuropharmacology
Yana duba yadda magani yake yi wa nervous system. Nervous system sun haɗa da ƙwaƙwalwa, spinal code, da jijiyoyi wanda ake kira nerves. Su ne suke sarrafa jiki. A taƙaice dai su ne mutum.
Psychopharmacology
Ilimin sanin yadda maganin mental health yake.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
Yana bincika yadda magani yake shafar zuciya da kafofin jini.
Pharmacogenetic
Yana duba yadda bambancin genes a mutane ke sa maganin ya yi musu aiki daban-daban. Misali, wani zai iya shan aspirin ya saka shi barci, amma idan wani ya sha ya ƙi saka shi barcin.
Yadda ake samar da magani da aminta da shi
Discovery and pre-clinical tests
Da farko mutum ne zai fara gano wani abu magani ne, misali, goba tana maganin ciwon ciki, ciwon suga da wasu cutukan. Bayan an gano wannan, za a gwada gobar a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje domin tabbatarwa sannan a sake gwadawa a kan dabbobi.
Clinical trials
Ana yin sa daki-daki a kan mutane domin gano lafiyar maganin, adadin da ya kamata a dinga sha, da kuma cutarwar da maganin zai iya yi.
Regulatory approval
Bayan mutum ya gama bincike da gwaje-gwajensa kuma ya harhaɗo hujjojinsa, zai miƙa sakamakon da ya samu zuwa ga waɗanda aikinsu dubawa sannan su ba da izinin yin amfani da maganin. Idan aka ɗauki ɓangaren maganin da ake shan su don rage raɗaɗi, akwai magunguna kamar:
• Analgesics: Rage raɗaɗi, misali, opiods, NSAIDs.
• Antibiotics: Yana yaƙar infections na bacteria, misali, penicillin, tetracycline.
• Antiviral: Yana yaƙar duk wani infection wanda virus ya kawo, misali, acyclovir, oseltamivir
• Antifungal: Yana yaƙar duk wani infection ɗin da fungi ta kawo. Misali, fluconazole, amphotericin B.
• Antidepressants: Yana rage raɗaɗi depression. Misali, SSRIs, MAOIs
• Antihypertensives: Yana rage blood pressure (hawan jini). Misali, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors.
To idan magani guda biyu suka haɗu. Da farko muna da Pharmaco-dynamics interaction. Wasu lokutan, magani ya fi saurin aiki, ko kuma ya fi aiki idan aka haɗa shi da wani ko kuma idan ya haɗu da wani. Misali, paracetamol da anti-malaria. Wannan misali ne, ba lallai haka haɗuwar paracetamol da anti-malaria yake ba. Ko kuma wani magani zai cutar da mutum idan ya haɗu da wani.
Sannan kuma akwai Pharmaco-kinetics interaction. Wannan yana faruwa idan wani magani ya ƙara ko ya rage yadda metabolism ɗin ɗaya maganin yake, ko rarrabuwar shi a jiki, ko fitar da shi ta hanyar bahaya da makamantansu.
Hanyoyin haɗa magani na zamani.
1. Nano-pharmacology: Wannan hanya ce ta amfani da Nanotechnology wajen samar da ingantattun magunguna wanda kai tsaye za su tafi inda ya dace a jikin mutum su fara yi masa aiki, kuma babu cutarwa sosai.
2. Biopharmaceutical. Irin waɗannan maganin su ne wanda aka samo su daga abubuwa masu rai. Misali, proteins da monoclonal antibodies.
Duk bayan wannan, kuma dole ne akwai dokoki, tsare-tsare da ake bi wajen haɗa magani, siyar da shi, da rarraba shi. Misali, shin a addinance ko al’adace ya kamata a yi amfani da wannan maganin? Ko ya kamata a yi amfani da wannan hanyar wajen haɗa wannan maganin? Ko ya kamata a sha maganin da aka samar da shi ta wannan hanyar?
Saboda haka dole akwai ƙa’idoji wanda za su tabbatar da maganin ingantacce ne ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje da kuma miƙa shi zuwa ga hukumomin da za su amince a fara sayar da shi.
Wannan bayanin pharmacology ne a takaice. Saboda Pharmacology yana da girma da faɗi tare da rikitarwa kuma yana da amfani sosai a likitance domin sai da shi ake fahimtar yadda magani yake.
Manazarta
Laurence L. Brunton, Randa Hilal-Dandan, Bjorn Knollmann. (2017). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Education
James M. Ritter, Rod J. Flower, Graeme Henderson, Yoon Kong Loke, David MacEwan. (9th edition, 2020). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology. Elsevier