Router

Router na’ura ce da ke ba da damar haɗa na’urorin sadarwa yanar gizo guda biyu ko fiye su yi aiki a kan intanet. Tana da manyan ayyuka guda biyu: sarrafa zirga-zirgar bayanai tsakanin waɗannan na’urorin da cibiyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar tura ƙunshin bayanai zuwa adiresoshin IP da aka nufa, da kuma bawa na’urori da yawa damar su yi amfani da hanyar intanet iri ɗaya.

Akwai nau’ikan hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa, amma yawancin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa suna ba da bayanai tsakanin LANs (matsakaitan cibiyoyi) da WANs (manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa). LAN rukuni ne na na’urorin da aka haɗe kuma aka iyakance zuwa takamaiman yankin waje. LAN yawanci yana buƙatar na’ura mai samar da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.

A tsarin WAN kuwa akasin haka ne, babbar hanyar sadarwa ce da aka kafe a wani yankin waje mai faɗi sosai. Manyan masana’antu da kamfanonin da ke aiki a wurare da yawa a cikin ƙasa, za su buƙaci LAN daban-daban don kowane wuri, wanda sai su haɗa zuwa sauran LAN don samar da WAN. Saboda an rarraba WAN a kan babban yanki, sau da yawa yana buƙatar masu amfani da na’urar network switch da kuma router.

Na’urar network switch tana tura ƙunshin bayanai tsakanin rukunin na’urorin kwamfuta a cikin hanyar sadarwa guda ɗaya, yayin da na’urar router ke tura bayanai tsakanin cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban.

Yadda router take aiki

Ɗauki router a matsayin mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da ƙunshin bayanai, tamkar yadda jirgin sama yakan nufi filayen jirgin sama daban-daban (ko cibiyoyin sadarwa). Kamar yadda kowane jirgin sama yake da inda yake tafiya kuma yana bin hanya ta musamman, kowane ƙunshin bayanai yana buƙatar jagora zuwa inda zai nufa yadda ya kamata. Kamar yadda mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ke tabbatar da cewa jiragen sun isa inda suke ba tare da sun ɓata ba ko kuma sun sami wata babbar matsala a hanya, haka na’urar router ke taimakawa kai tsaye ga ƙunshin bayanai zuwa adireshin IP ɗin da suka nufa.

Domin sarrafa bayanai yadda ya kamata, na’urar router tana amfani da wani jadawalin jerin hanyoyin zuwa wurare daban-daban na yanar gizo. Router tana fahimtar taken ƙunshin bayanai don tantance inda zai dosa, sannan ya nufi jadawalin na’urori don gano hanya mafi inganci zuwa wurin. Daga nan sai ta tura ƙunshin bayanan zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ta gaba a hanyar isar da bayanan.

Bambanci tsakanin router da modem

Kodayake wasu kamfanoni masu samar da sabis na intanet (ISPs) na iya haɗa na’urar router da modem a cikin na’ura ɗaya, amma ba iri ɗaya ba ne. Kowannensu yana taka muhimmiyar rawarsa amma duka dai aikin nasu shi ne  haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa juna ga intanet.

Na’urar router tana samar da tashoshin sadarwa kuma tana sarrafa kwararar bayanai a ciki da tsakanin waɗannan tashoshin sadarwar, yayin da shi ma modem ke haɗa waɗannan tashoshin sadarwa zuwa intanet. Modem suna ƙirƙira damar hawa intanet ta hanyar canja sigina daga ISP zuwa siginar dijital wadda kowace na’ura da aka haɗa za ta iya fassara ta. Na’ura ɗaya ce kan iya haɗuwa da modem don samun damar shiga intanet. A yayin da na’urar router na iya taimakawa wajen rarraba wannan siginar zuwa na’urori da yawa a cikin kafaffiyar hanyar sadarwa, tana ba su damar shiga intanet lokaci guda.

Misali: Idan Malam Balarabe yana da na’urar router, amma ba shi da na’urar modem, zai iya ƙirƙirar matsakaicin network (LAN) kuma ya tura bayanai tsakanin na’urorin da ke wannan hanyar sadarwar. Amma ba zai iya haɗa wannan network zuwa intanet ba. Malama Ladidi kuwa, a gefe guda, tana da modem, amma ba ta da na’urar router. Za ta iya haɗa na’ura guda ɗaya zuwa intanet (misali, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka), amma ba za ta iya rarraba wannan sabis ɗin intanet zuwa na’urori da yawa ba (misali a ce, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da wayar salula). Shi kuwa Malam Tanko, yana da na’urar router da modem. Yin amfani da na’urorin biyu, zai ba shi damar ƙirƙirar matsakaicin network na LAN tare da kwamfutar kan tebur, kwamfutar hannu, da wayar salula kuma ya haɗa su duka zuwa ga inntanet a lokaci guda.

Nau’ikan na’urorin router

Domin haɗa matsakaicin network (LAN) zuwa intanet, ana bukatar fara haɗa na’urar router da modem. Akwai manyan nau’ikan router guda biyu don yin hakan:

Wireless router (mara waya)

Ana amfani da Ethernet cable don haɗa na’urar router da modem. Ana rarraba bayanai ta hanyar canja ƙunshin bayanai daga lambar binary zuwa siginar rediyo, sannan a watsa su ta hanyar amfani da eriya ba tare da waya ba. Masu amfani da router mara waya ba sa iya ƙirƙirar matsakaitan LANs; a maimakon haka, suna ƙirƙirar WLANs (matsakaitan cibiyoyin sadarwar marar waya), waɗanda ke haɗa na’urori da yawa ta hanyar sadarwa marar waya (wireless communication).

Wired router (mai amfani da waya)

Kamar na’urar router marar waya, ita ma wannan nau’i na router tana amfani da Ethernet cable don haɗuwa da modem. Sannan tana amfani da (waya) kebul daban-daban don haɗawa zuwa na’ura ɗaya ko fiye  a cikin hanyar sadarwar, ƙirƙirar LAN, da haɗa na’urorin da ke cikin wannan hanyar sadarwar zuwa intanet.

Baya ga masu amfani da waɗannan nau’ika na router da aka ambata don ƙirƙirar ƙananan network LANs, akwai wasu ƙarin nau’ikan na’urorin router na musamman da yawa waɗanda ke yin wasu tabbatattun ayyuka kamar:

Core router

Ba kamar na’urorin da ake amfani da su a cikin gida ko ƙirƙirar matsakaitan network LANs ba. Core router manyan kamfanoni da ‘yan kasuwa ne ke amfani da ita don watsa ƙunshin bayanai masu yawa a cikin hanyar sadarwarsu. Core Routers suna aiki don samar da sabis ga kamfanoni da aka saka su kawai ba sa haɗuwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa na waje.

Edge router

Yayin da core router ke tafiyar da zirga-zirgar bayanai a cikin tsarin hanyoyin sadarwar kamfani kawai, edge router tana sadarwa tare da manyan hanyoyin sadarwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa na waje. Masu amfani da edge router suna rayuwa ne a “gefen” hanyar sadarwa kuma suna amfani da tsarin (Boarder Gateway Protocol) don aikawa da karɓar bayanai daga wasu LANs da WANs.

Virtual router

Virtual router wata manhaja ce (wato software) da ke aiki iri ɗaya da aikin na’urar router ke yi na samar da damar shiga yanar gizo da sarrafa bayanai.

Mene ne SSID?

SSID tana nufin “service set identifier,” kuma ita ce kalmar fasaha da ake amfani da wajen bayyana sunan cibiyar sadarwar da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta WLAN suke watsawa. SSIDs na ba masu amfani damar nemowa da jonawa zuwa ga hanyar sadarwa marar waya ta amfani da router. Ingantacciyar na’urar router ya kamata ta buƙaci kalmar tsaro (password) yayin jonawa. Masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa don cibiyoyin sadarwar WiFi yawanci suna da SSID na asali daga masana’antun da aka sarrafa su.

Ƙalubalen tsaro game da router

Ƙarancin kariya

Duk na’urorin router suna zuwa tare da wata manhaja (software) wacce take aiki kai tsaye, wanda aka fi sani da firmware da ke taimaka wa na’urorin aiwatar da ayyukansa. Kamar kowace manhaja, firmware ɗin da ke cikin na’urar router tana ƙunshe da wasu tsaruka masu lahani waɗanda maharan yanar gizo za su iya amfani da su. Dililan da ya sa ake sabunta manhajar cikin router ɗin lokaci-lokaci don daƙile waɗannan matsaloli. Don wannan dalili, manhajar firmware da ke cikin router tana buƙatar sabuntawa akai-akai. Masu kai hari na iya lalata hanyoyin da ba a buɗe ba, suna ba su damar sa ido kan zirga-zirga ko amfani da na’urar router.

Hare-haren DDoS

DDoS na nufin (Distributed Denial of Service). Ƙanana da manyan kamfanoni galibi su ne maƙasudin hare-haren (DDoS) da ake kaiwa ga ababen more rayuwa na hanyar sadarwa. Hare-haren DDoS na cibiyar sadarwar da ba a ɗauki mataki ba na iya mamaye masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ko sa su asara, yana haifar da raguwar lokacin sadarwar.

Bayanan gudanarwa

Duk na’urorin router suna zuwa da saitin bayanai da shaidar mai amfani da na’urar do samun ikon gudanarwa. An saita waɗannan bayanan shaida ne, kamar “admin” a matsayin sunan mai amfani da “admin” a matsayin kalmar sirri. Ya kamata a sake tsarin sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri zuwa wani abu mafi aminci cikin gaggawa. Maharan suna sane da ƙa’idojin gama-gari na waɗannan bayanan shaida kuma suna iya amfani da su don samun ikon sarrafa na’urar router da ba tasu ba cikin sauri.

Fa’idojin na’urar router

Router na ba da fa’idoji da yawa da suka haɗa da haɓaka damar shiga intanet, ƙarin tsaro, da ingantacciyar sarrafa zirga-zirgar bayanai. Tana ba da damar ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwa marar waya, haɗa na’urori da yawa zuwa turken intanet guda ɗaya. A nan ga ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da fa’idojin router:

• Inganta damar shiga intanet: An ƙera na’urorin router don samar da tsayayyen haɗin intanet ɗin, sawa’un mai waya ne ko marar waya.
• Tsaron yanar gizo: Sau da yawa na’urorin router sun ƙunshi ginannen tsari da ka’idojin ɓoyewa don kare hanyar sadarwa daga shiga marar izini da barazanar yanar gizo.
• Haɗa na’urori da yawa: Na’urorin router suna ba da dama ga na’urori da yawa su samu damar shiga yanar gizo guda ɗaya, sun kawar da buƙatar modem da yawa ko haɗin mutum ɗaya.
• Zirga-zirgar bayanai: Na’urorin router na iya ba da fifikon wasu nau’ikan zirga-zirga, kamar yawo ko wasa, kuma suna samar da wasu damarmaki na ingancin sabis (QoS) don haɓaka aikin cibiyar sadarwa.
• Sassauci: Mallakar na’urar router na ba da sassauci wajen zaɓar kanfani mai ba da sabis ɗin intanit da keɓance saitunan cibiyar sadarwarku.
• Sauƙaƙa sadarwa: Na’urorin router suna sauƙaƙe tsarin ƙirƙira da sarrafa hanyar sadarwa, ko na gida ko na kasuwanci.
• Ba sa buƙatar waya: Yawancin na’urorin router na zamani marasa waya ne, suna ba da damar ga na’urorin hannu kamar kwamfutocin laptop da wayoyin hannu su hau intanet ba tare da an haɗa su da zaren kebul ba.
• Raba fayil-fayil: Na’urorin router suna ba da damar raba fayil-fayil da kayan aiki kamar firinta tare da wasu na’urorin akan hanyar sadarwa ɗaya.

Matsalolin na’urar router

• Farashi mai tsada: Na’urorin router musamman waɗanda ke da abubuwan ci gaba, na iya yin tsada, musamman idan aka kwatanta da mafi sauƙi na’urorin sadarwar.
• Matsalolin tsaro: Na’urorin router, kamar kowace na’ura mai ƙunshe da (software), suna da rauni ga hare-haren tsaro, musamman idan firmware ɗinsu ba a sabunta shi akai-akai.
• Rashin dacewa: Maiyuwa na’urorin router ba su dace da duk ka’idojin cibiyar sadarwa ko na’urorin da ake son yin amfani da su ba, don haka suna buƙatar zaɓi na tsanaki da daidaitawa.

Manazarta

GeeksforGeeks. (2024, March 1). Introduction of a router. GeeksforGeeks.

Juniper Networks. (n.d.). What is a router?  Jupiter.net

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