WiFi

Duniya da cigabanta a wannan zamani ya sha bamban da na shekarun da suka shuɗe, musamman ta fannin sadarwa. Kama daga amfani da waya mai zare ko zuwa wayoyin salula, daga rubutaccen sako zuwa kiran bidiyo, komai ya dogara ne da intanet da fasahar sadarwa. Daga cikin fasahohin da suka sauƙaƙa wannan rayuwa ta zamani akwai WiFi. Wannan fasaha ta WiFi na daga cikin mahimman fasahohi da suka sauya yadda mutane ke hulɗa da na’urori wajen sarrafa bayanai.

Ma’anar fasahar WiFi

WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) wata fasaha ce ta sadarwa marar amfani da zare ko igiyar waya wacce ke ba da damar watsa bayanai daga wata na’ura zuwa wata ta hanyar amfani da hucin rediyo, wato (radio waves). Fasahar WiFi na taimakawa wajen haɗa na’urori kamar kwamfuta, wayar hannu da talabijin da firinta da da sauran su da cibiyar sadarwa ko intanet ba tare da buƙatar zaren waya ba. Wannan fasaha ta dogara ne da ƙa’idar IEEE 802.11, wadda ke tsara hanyoyin sadarwar marasa amfani da zaren waya a duniya wato (wireless).

WiFi wata fasaha ce mai muhimmanci wadda take sauƙaƙa hanyoyin sadarwa a duniya. Tare da saurin da take bayarwa, tana sauƙin amfani kuma ta dace da rayuwar yau da kullum, WiFi na daga cikin manyan cigaban fasahar zamani. Duk da ƙalubale kamar tsaro da cunkoso, sabbin fasahohi kamar WiFi 6, 6E da 7 sun kawo mafita da dama.

Tarihin samuwa da cigaban WiFi

WiFi ya samo asali ne daga binciken da ƙungiyar Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ta Australia ta yi a shekarun 1990. Ƙungiyar IEEE ta samar da ƙa’idar sadarwar WiFi ta farko a shekarar 1997 (IEEE 802.11), wadda ke ba da damar watsa bayanai  a yanayin sauri ƙanƙani. Daga nan ne aka ci gaba da inganta wannan fasaha har zuwa kan WiFi 6 da WiFi 7 da ake amfani da su a yau.

Nau’ikan WiFi da shekarun ƙirƙiraro su

Yadda WiFi ke Aiki

WiFi yana amfani da hucin rediyo don yaɗa bayanai. Ga matakan yadda tsarin ke aiki:

• Da farko na’urar modem takan karɓar sabis ɗin intanet daga kamfanin sadarwa.
• Haka nan na’urar router na haɗuwa da modem sannan ta fitar da hucin (wireless signal).
• Na’urori kamar wayoyi da kwamfutoci sukan kama wannan hucin maganaɗison sadarwar su shiga intanet.
• Ana amfani da bandwidth 2.4GHz da 5GHz, sai kuma WiFi 6E da WiFi 7 da ke amfani da bandwidth na 6GHz, domin rage cunkoso da kuma ƙara sauri.

Fa’idoji da amfanin WiFi

• Sauƙin haɗawa: Babu buƙatar igiya ko zaren waya; ana iya haɗa na’urori da yawa lokaci guda.
• Sauƙin kamawa: Ana iya amfani da fasahar WiFi daga kowane wuri a cikin iyakar da maganaɗison hucin siginar ke kewaye.
• Sauƙin aiki: Tura sakonnin imel, kallon bidiyo, haɗa taruka ta yanar gizo da sauransu duk suna wanzuwa cikin sauki.
• Yana aiki a ko’ina : Ana amfani da fasahar WiFi a ko’ina kama daga gida, ofis, makaranta, asibiti, otal da wuraren taruwar jama’a.
• Arha: Fasahar WiFi na da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da haɗin intanet ta amfani da zaren waya, wanda kowace na’ura sai an saya mata zaren wayar.

Kalubale da matsalolin WiFi

• Tsaro: WiFi mai rauni ko wanda ba a tsare shi ba ta hanyar saka lambobin sirri na iya fuskantar kutse daga ‘yan damfara.
• Cunkoso: Haɗa na’urori da yawa a kan WiFi ɗaya na iya rage sauri ko haddasa jinkiri sarrafa bayanai.
• Gajeren zango: WiFi ba ya kaiwa nesa sosai; katanga ko ganuwar gida na hana isar siginar bazuwa.
• Wasu na’urori: Ayyukan wasu na’urorin kamar microwave na iya kawo cikas ga ingantuwar siginar WiFi.

Matakan tsaro ga WiFi

WPA3 na samar da sabbin dabarun zamani na tsaron WiFi wanda ke da amfani musamman a wannan zamani da ke cike da na’urori masu wayo da fasaha. Ga duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta WiFi, yana da muhimmanci su tabbatar da na’urorinsu na ɗauke da WiFi masu goyon bayan tsarin WPA3 don samun mafi kyawun tsaro da kariya.

1. SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals)

SAE wani tsarin tantancewa ne da WPA3 ke amfani da shi maimakon Pre-Shared Key (PSK) na WPA2. Ana amfani da SAE ne lokacin haɗa na’ura da cibiyar WiFi. SAE yana amfani da tsari mai kama da na Diffie-Hellman wajen musayar makullin tsaro, wanda ke ba da kariya daga harin dictionary attacks (wato gwada kalmomin sirri da dama har sai an dace).

Duk na’urorin biyu, wato cibiyar WiFi da na’urar da ke so ta haɗu – suna tabbatar da juna. Babu wanda zai iya shiga har sai an tabbatar da gaskiya daga kowanne ɓangare. Ko mai kutse ya kama bayanan da aka aika yayin haɗi, ba zai iya gwada kalmomin sirri ba a waje (offline).

2. 128-bit Encryption

WPA3 na amfani da 128-bit encryption wanda ya fi ƙarfin AES-CCMP 128-bit da WPA2 ke amfani da shi a wasu lokuta. Wannan yana samar da ƙarin ƙarfin sirri. 128-bit encryption yana nufin akwai yuwuwar 2^128 hanyoyin samun makulli, wanda hakan yana da wahalar fassara ko karyawa. Har ila yau yana a da kariya daga masu leƙen asiri. Wannan tsarin yana hana wani ya ji ko ya karanta bayanan da ake aikawa ta hanyar WiFi.

3. Forward Secrecy

Forward Secrecy wata hanya ce ta tabbatar da cewa, ko da ma an sami kalmar sirri ko makullin sirri na na’ura ko cibiya, ba za a iya amfani da hakan don fitar da bayanan da suka gabata ba. Ana ƙirƙirar sabbin makullai (session keys) ga kowanne zama (session). Wannan yana kare duk wata mu’amala da aka yi a baya daga shiga hannun ɓarayi. Misali: Idan wani ya sace kalmar sirri bayan watanni, ba zai iya buɗe saƙonnin da aka tura a baya ba.

4. Easy Connect (Wi-Fi Easy Connect)

Easy Connect wani sabon tsarin ne da WiFi Alliance ya ƙirƙira domin sauƙaƙa haɗa na’urori masu ƙarancin iko ko kamar: Smart TVs, Firinta, da kuma IoT Devices (Internet of Things)

Bambanci tsakanin WiFi 6, 6E da kuma 7

Fasahar Wi-Fi ta ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen sadarwa, musamman wajen haɗa na’urori da intanet ba tare da amfani da zaren waya ba. Sabbin fasahonin Wi-Fi kamar Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E da Wi-Fi 7 sun zo da manyan sauye-sauye ta fuskar sauri, inganci da amincin sadarwa.

Yanayi da tsarin Wi-Fi 6

Wi-Fi 6, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2019, shi ne cigaban fasahar Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac). Yana amfani da 2.4 GHz da 5 GHz a matsayin bandwidth ɗin sadarwa. A mafi ƙarfin saurinsa, yana iya kaiwa har zuwa 9.6 Gbps.

Wi-Fi 6 yana da kyau a wuraren da ake da cunkoson na’urori kamar gidaje masu na’urori da yawa, makarantu, da ofisoshi. Yana rage jinkiri da cunkoso yayin sadarwa.

Siffofin WiFi 6

• OFDMA wato (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access): Yana ba da damar aika bayanai zuwa na’urori da yawa lokaci guda.
• MU-MIMO (Multi-User, Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output): Yana baiwa na’urar router damar sadarwa da na’urori masu yawa a lokaci guda.
• TWT (Target Wake Time): Yana rage yawan amfani da makamashin batir a na’urorin da ke haɗe da Wi-Fi.
• WPA3: Yana da sabon tsarin tsaro da ke kare bayanai da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin na’urori.

Yanayi da tsarin Wi-Fi 6E

Wi-Fi 6E shi ne babban nau’i na Wi-Fi 6. Duk da haka, yana amfani da wasu fasahohin Wi-Fi 6, sannan yana da ƙarin bandwidth ɗin 6 GHz, wanda ke da ƙarancin hayaniya da cunkoso.

Sai dai na’urori da ke da lasisin Wi-Fi 6E ne kawai za su iya amfani da bandwidth ɗin 6 GHz. Tsofaffin na’urori ba za su iya amfani da wannan sabon bandwidth ba.

Siffofin WiFi 6E

• Yana amfani da 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz da 6 GHz.
• Yana da matsakaicin sauri na 9.6 Gbps, amma yana da damar amfani da ƙarin channels mai fadi sosai fiye da WiFi 6.
• Wannan WiFi ya fi dacewa da aikace-aikace masu buƙatar babban bandwidth kamar 4K/8K video, VR, da sauran su.

Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be)

Wi-Fi 7 shi ne sabon mataki na gaba wanda zai kawo sauyi sosai. Ana sa ran samun cikakken lasisin Wi-Fi 7 daga hukumar IEEE a ƙarshen shekarar 2025, amma wasu na’urori sun riga sun fara sabuntuwa zuwa ga wannan fasaha tun farkon shekarar 2024.

Wi-Fi 7 na da matukar amfani a sabbin aikace-aikace kamar intanet mai saurin gaske, kirkirarriyar fasahar (AI), da ci gaban fasahonin sadarwa na 5G da 6G.

Siffofin WiFi 7

• Yana da bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, da 6 GHz (kamar dai Wi-Fi 6E).
• Modulation: 4096-QAM, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin bayanai cikin ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.
• Channel Width: Yana da channel width har zuwa 320 MHz (ninki biyu fiye da na Wi-Fi 6E).
• Sauri: Yana da matuƙar sauri har zuwa 40–46 Gbps, wanda ya ninka na Wi-Fi 6 sau 4.
• Multi-Link Operation (MLO): Yana haɗa bands da yawa lokaci guda don ƙarin kwanciyar hankali da ƙarancin jinkiri.
• Guje wa cunkoso: Yana ba da damar guje wa cunkoso cikin channel ta hanyar ware wuraren da ke da hayaniya.
• Ƙarancin jinkiri: Yana da karancin jinkiri sosai, yana da kyau ga VR, AR, da cloud gaming da sauran su.

Hasashe kan makomar fasahar WiFi

Fasahar WiFi na ci gaba da samun karɓuwa da cigaba a duk faɗin duniya. Ƙirƙirar WiFi 7, ana ganin makomar WiFi za ta haɗa kai da fasahar 5G don gina birane na zamani da taimakawa a fannin lafiya da ilimi, da kuma haɓaka fasahar da ake kira IoT (Internet of Things).

Ana sa ran fasahar WiFi za ta wuce amfani da router kawai, za doshi amfani da tauraron dan’adam (satellite WiFi), musamman a yankuna masu nisa.

Manazarta

Cisco. (2024). What is Wi-Fi 6 vs Wi-Fi 6E? Cisco. 

Lifewire. (2024). What Is Wi-Fi 7? Lifewire. 

Reolink. (2024). Wi-Fi 6E vs Wi-Fi 7: What’s the Difference? Reolink

TP-Link. (2024). Wi-Fi 7 Explained.  TP-Link 

Wikipedia. (2024). Wi-Fi 7. Wikipedia 

*** Tarihin Wallafa Maƙalar ***

An wallafa maƙalar 19 July, 2025

An kuma sabunta ta 21 July, 2025

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