Jini wani nau’in sinadarin ƙwayar halitta ne da ke da siffar ruwa-ruwa wanda a kodayaushe yake gudana a cikin jikinka. Yana yin ayyuka da yawa don kiyayewa da inganta aikace-aikacen jiki, kamar jigilar iskar iskar oxygen a cikin jiki.
Jini shi ne muhimmin sinadari mai ƙarfi da rayuwa kan tabbata da shi, yana gudana akai-akai zuwa dukkan sassan jikin halitta mai ɗauke da shi. Jini yawanci a nau’in ruwa-ruwa yake, amma yana ƙunshe da kwayoyin halitta da sunadaran da ke sanya shi ya yi kauri fiye da ruwa.
Jini yana daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan rayuwa. Kusan duk dabbar da ke da tsarin jini tana da jini. Daga yanayin juyin halitta, an yi hasashe cewa jini ya tashi daga wani nau’in tantanin halitta wanda ke da alhakin phagocytosis da abinci mai gina jiki. biliyoyin shekaru bayan haka, jini da tsarin sarrafa shi sun taimaka matuƙa wajen haɓakar siffofin rayuwa masu rikitarwa.
Jini wani ruwa ne mai haɗe-haɗe wanda ya ƙunshi plasma, ƙwayoyin jini da platelets. Yana zagawa cikin jiki yana isar da iskar oxygen da abubuwan gina jiki zuwa ƙwayoyin daban-daban da tantanin halitta. Yana da kashi 8% na nauyin jiki. Matsakaicin mutum babba yana da kusan lita 5-6 na jini.
Ayyukan jini
Jinin da ke gudana ta cikin tasoshi da jijiyoyin jini yana gudanar da ayyuka da yawa kamar yadda Body, V. ya kawo:
Fluid Connective Tissue
Jini wani ruwa ne mai haɗe-haɗe wanda ya ƙunshi 55% na adadin ƙwayar plasma da kashi 45% na abubuwan suka haɗa da WBCs da RBCs da platelets. Tun da an dakatar da waɗannan cells masu rai a cikin plasma, an san jini a matsayin nama mai haɗawa da ruwa ba kawai ruwa ba.
Provides oxygen to the cells
Jini yana ɗaukar iskar oxygen daga hunhu kuma yana ɗaukar ta zuwa bangarorin jiki daban-daban. Gurɓatattun abubuwa da carbon dioxide suna tattaruwa daga jini zuwa hunhu sannan a fitar da su.
Transports hormones and nutrients
Abubuwan gina jiki da aka narkar da su kamar su glucose da bitamin da minerals da furotin suna shiga cikin jini ta hanyar capillaries da ke cikin rufin ƙaramin hanji. Haka nan kwayoyin halittar glandan endocrin ke ɓoye su kuma jini yana jigilar su zuwa gaɓoɓin jiki da tantanin halitta daban-daban.
Homeostasis
Jini yana taimakawa wajen kula da zafin jiki na ciki ta hanyar zuka ko sakin zafi.
Blood clotting at site of injury
Platelets suna taimakawa wajen zubar da jini a wurin da aka samu rauni. Platelets tare da fibrin suna haifar da gudan jini a wurin rauni don dakatar da zubar jinin.
Transport of waste to the kidney and liver
Jini yana shiga cikin ƙoda inda ake tace shi don cire datti da gurɓatattun abubuwa na nitrogen daga cikin jini. Haka nan hanta tana cire guba daga cikin jini.
Protection of the body against pathogens
Kwayoyin fararen jini suna yaƙi da cututtuka. Suna haɓaka da sauri yayin kamuwa da cuta.
Ɓangarorin jini
Jini yana da sassa ko bangarori hudu kamar yadda kafar Khan Academy, suka bayyana. Jajayen ƙwayoyin jini (red blood cells) da plasma su ne mafi yawan jini. Fararen ƙwayoyin jini da platelets, suna ƙasa da kashi 1% na adadin jini.
• Kwayoyin jajayen jini (red blood cells)
Kwayoyin jini jajayen (erythrocytes) suna da kashi 45% na adadin jini. Suna ɗaukar iskar oxygen a jiki. Suna kuma taimakawa wajen tattara gurɓatattun abubuwan cikin jini daga da fitar da su daga jiki. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin jini suna siffofi kamar:
- Su ke samar da launi na musamman daga furotin haeoglobin. Haemoglobin yana taimakawa ƙwayoyin jajayen jini isar da iskar oxygen da sauran cells suke bukata don samar da kuzari.
- Za a iya matse ta cikin mafi ƙanƙanta sassan tsarin jini. Tsarin gudanar jini ya haɗa da capillaries, veins da arteries waɗanda jini ke tafiya ta hanyoyinsu a cikin jiki.
- Suna aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna rayuwa kusan kwanaki 120 kafin a maye gurbinsu da sabbi.
• Fararen ƙwayoyin jini (white blood cells)
Kwayoyin jini farare (leukocytes) suna da kaso ƙasa da 1% na adadin jini kuma suna cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki. Lokacin da wasu abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin bakteriya ko ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suka fara kai hare-hare, fararen ƙwayoyin jini suna matsawa da sauri don nemo su da kuma kashe su. Fararen ƙwayoyin jini na iya motsawa daga capillaries zuwa tantanin jiki. Akwai nau’ikan fararen ƙwayoyin jini iri biyar:
Neutrophils
Suna kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi kuma suna cire gurɓatattun abubuwa daga waje.
Lymphocytes
Sun ƙunshi cell-T, na halitta masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da B-cellun masu kariya daga kamuwa da cuta da kuma samar da ƙwayoyin riga-kafi waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta.
Basophils
Suna aikin mayar da martani ga allergens.
Eosinophils
Suna lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin bakteriya masu cutar kansa kuma suna taimakawa basophils.
Monocytes
Suna nemowa da lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin bakteriya da fungi da protozoa. Suna kuma cire ƙwayoyin jinin da suka lalace.
• Platelets
Platelets (thrombocytes) suna fitowa a duk lokacin da jijiyoyin jini suka lalace da zubar jini. Platelets suna sarrafa zubar jini ta hanyar samar da gudan jini wanda ke rufe magudanar jini da suka lalace don kada a samu asarar jini mai yawa. Platelets na da siffofi kamar haka:
- Yana ƙasa da kashi 1% na addini jini. Akwai dubun-dubatar platelets a cikin digo ɗaya na jini.
- Platelets su ne mafi sauƙin rukuni na jini. Suna da siffar faranti, suna karkatar da kansu a jikin bangon jijiyar jini yayin da ƙwayoyin halittar jini da jini ke gudana.
- Samar da sinadarai waɗanda suke aiki kamar Velcro, suna taimakawa platelets wajen mannewa da karyewar tasoshin jini.
• Plasma
Kwayoyin jini da platelets suna shawagi a cikin plazma. Plasma wani ruwa ne mai launin rawaya wanda ke da kashi 55% a cikin adadin jini. Plasma shi ne mai amfani ga jini, yana rufe tushe da yawa yayin da yake aiki don cigaban aikin jiki. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan plasma sun haɗa da:
- Taimakawa wajen toshe jini da kariya daga abubuwa masu cutarwa.
- Isar da hormones, abubuwan gina jiki da furotin zuwa sassan jiki da taimakawa wajen musayar iskar oxygen da carbon dioxide.
- Cire gurɓatattun abubuwa daga cikin cell da jigilar su zuwa hanta, huhu da ƙoda don fitar da su.
- Kula da hawan jini da zagayawarsa.
- Daidaita zafin jiki ta hanyar ɗaukar zafi da saukewa.
Hanyoyin jini (blood vessels)
Akwai nau’ikan jijiyoyin jini daban-daban a jiki, a cewar Admin. (2024) na shafin BYJUS, kowanne yana aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman. An rarraba hanyoyin jini zuwa arteries, veins da capillaries
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
• Arteries
Jijiyoyi ne suna da ƙarfi da siffar bututu da tsoka a yanayinsu. Waɗannan jijiyoyin jini suna ɗaukar jini mai wadataccen iskar oxygen daga zuciya zuwa dukkan sassan jiki. Aorta yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan arteries da ke tasowa daga zuciya da kuma rassan gaɓɓai.
• Veins
Jijiyoyin jini ne wanda ke ɗaukar jini narkakke daga dukkan sassan jiki zuwa zuciya. Shi ne jijiyoyin cibiya da na huhu. Jijiyar hunhu tana ɗaukar jini mai iskar oxygen zuwa zuciya daga hunhu kuma jijiyar cibiya tana ɗaukar jinin oxygen daga mahaifa zuwa ɗan-tayi.
• Capillaries
Lokacin isar jini ga tantanin halitta (tissue), arteries suna ƙara girma zuwa cikin bututu sirara waɗanda ake kira capillaries. Capillaries suna haifar da musayar abubuwa tsakanin jini da tantanin halitta.
Muhallin jini a jiki
Jini yana gudana a cikin jiki. Yana farawa ne a cikin kasusuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayar stem cell. Stem cells suna haifar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu ɗimbin yawan gaske waɗanda adadin ya haura trillions, wannan ya haɗa da ƙwayoyin jini. Kwayoyin jini suna tasowa kuma suna girma a cikin kasusuwa kafin su shiga tasoshin jini. Jini yana wakiltar kusan kashi 8% na nauyin jiki.
Yanayi da cututtukan jini
Ciwon daji na jini, cututtukan jini da cututtukan zuciya na yau da kullun suna shafar yanayin jini. Ciwon daji na jini yana shafar yadda jiki ke samar da ƙwayoyin jini. Raunin jini yana hana jinin yin aikinsa. Atherosclerosis cuta ce ta zuciya da ke shafar kwararar jini. Gabaɗaya ciwon daji na jini da cututtukan jini suna da tasirin game da lafiyar jini fiye da atherosclerosis.
• Ciwon daji na jini
Ciwon daji na jini yana faruwa lokacin da wani abu ya rikitar da yadda jiki ke samar da ƙwayoyin jini. Idan akwai ciwon daji na jini, ƙwayoyin jini marasa al’ada suna mamaye ƙwayoyin jini na al’ada. Akwai nau’ikan kansar jini guda uku:
Leukemia
Cutar sankarar jini ce da ta fi kowace cutar jini yawa.
Lymphoma
Wannan shi ne ciwon dajin jini da ke shafar tsarin lymphatic. Born marrow, wanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin jini, wani bangare ne na tsarin lymphatic.
Myeloma
wannan cutar jini ce da ke farawa a cikin born marrow kuma tana shafar ƙwayoyin plasma.
Wasu cututtukan jini
Professional, C. C. M. (2024) Cututtukan sun hada da anemias, matsalar daskarewar jini da matsalar zubar jini. Wasu cututtuka na jini ba sa haifar da alamu ko buƙatar magani. Wasu kuma cututtuka ne na yau da kullun waɗanda ke buƙatar magani amma yawanci ba sa shafar tsawon lokacin rayuwa. Har ila yau, akwai cututtukan jini waɗanda suke masu tsanani kuma suna iya yin barazana ga rayuwa.
• Anemia
Anemia cutar jini ce, wanda mafi akasari cutar kansa ba ce ke haifar da ita ba. Tana faruwa lokacin da babu isassun ƙwayoyin jajayen jini a jiki. Wani lokaci mutane kan gaji anemia, amma kuma suna iya kamuwa da ita. Akwai nau’ikan anemia da yawa. Wasu cututtukan anemia na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:
- Iron deficiency anemia.
- Pernicious anemia.
- Sickle cell anemia.
• Blood clotting disorders
Cutar sankarar jini tana shafar platelet ko abubuwan da ke haifar da daskarewa (matsalolin coagulation). Abubuwan da ke zubar jini su ne sinadaran da ke cikin jini waɗanda ke taimaka wa platelets sarrafa jini. Ana samun cutar daskarewar jini ko kuma a gaji kwayoyin halitta daga iyaye, wanda ke haifar da daskarewar jini mara kyau.
Maye gurbin kwayoyin halittar prothrombin da Factor V Leiden syndrome daga jikin iyaye zuwa’ya’ya misalai ne na cututtukan daskarewar jini da ake gada. Ciwon Antiphospholipid (APS) da watsar da coagulation na intravascular (DIC) misalai ne na cututtukan daskarewar jini.
• Bleeding disorders
Cutar zubar jini yana faruwa ne lokacin da jini ba ya toshewa akai-akai, yana sa a zubar da jini fiye da yadda aka saba. Cutar Von Willebrand ita ce matsalar zubar jini, yanayin gado da ba kasafai ba, wani misali ne na matsalar zubar jini.
Yadda ya kamata a kula da jini
Kasancewar jini a matsayin wani sinadari mai matuƙar mahimmanci ga rayuwar dukkan halittun da ke da jini a jikinsu, yana da muhimmanci sosai a riƙa kula da jini. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin kula da jini sun haɗa da:
- Cin abinci mai kyau mai ƙunshe da sinadarin furotin wadatacce da dukkan hatsi da kayan lambu masu ganye.
- Kare tsarin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar kula da tsafta da kuma yin riga-kafin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Tuntubar ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya game da ƙarin jini wanda zai iya taimakavwa tsarin riga-kafi ga jini.
- Yin amfani da magungunan daidaito idan an sha barasa.
Manazarta
Admin. (2024, July 2). Composition of Blood and its Functions. BYJUS.
Body, V. (n.d.). Functions of the blood | Circulatory anatomy.
Khan Academy. (n.d.). Components of blood
Professional, C. C. M. (2024c, May 1). Blood. Cleveland Clinic.