Ciwon dajin ƙwaƙwalwa ko kansar ƙwaƙwalwa ciwo ne da ke samuwa sakamakon ci gaban yaɗuwa da bunƙasar ƙwayar cutar daji a cikin kwakwalwarka. Ƙwayoyin cutar daji suna haifar da nau’ikan cututtukan daji waɗanda suke saurin girma da yaɗuwa cikin sauri.
Asalin cutar dajin kwakwalwa, wanda aka sani kawai da kansar kwakwalwa, ta aukuwa ne sanadin girman da ƙwayoyin halittar (cells) suke yi a cikin kwakwalwa, da ya wuce gona da iri, wanda ke haifar da taruwar wani nama mai yawa a cikin kwakwalwa da ake kira brain tumor, a Turance. Wannan ya bambanta da ciwon daji wanda ke farawa a wani sashi na jiki kuma ya yadu zuwa ƙwaƙwalwa. Lokacin da hakan ta faru, ana kiran shi ciwon daji na biyu ko ciwon dajin ƙwaƙwalwa.
Wasu nau’ikan cutukan daji na ƙwaƙwalwa na iya girma da sauri. Waɗannan mugayen cutuka na iya tarwatsa yadda jiki ke aiki. Ciwon dajin kwakwalwa na iya zama barazana ga rayuwa kuma yana buƙatar a yi masa magani da zarar an gano shi.
Ciwon dajin kwakwalwa ba sabon abu bane. Dangane da kiyasi daga Hukumar kula da cutukan daji ta Amurka, mutane na da yiyuwar samun ƙasa da kashi 1 cikin 100 na kamuwa da wannan mugun ciwo da ya shafi ƙwaƙwalwa.
Alamomin kansar ƙwaƙwalwa
Alamomin ciwon dajin kwakwalwa sun dogara da girman da wurin da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa (brain tumor) yake. Kansar ƙwaƙwalwa tana da alamomi da yawa, musamman a farkon farawar cutar.
Yawancin waɗannan alamomin sun zama ruwan dare gama duniya, kuma da wuya su bayyana a matsayin kansar ƙwaƙwalwa. Amma idan ya kasance ana fuskantar waɗannan alamomi har sama da mako guda, kuma sun bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, sannan ba a samu sauƙi ta hanyar shan magani ba, ko kuma idan aka lura da ɗaya daga cikin tabbatattun alamomin, to yana da kyau a nemi likita ya bincika. Alamomin cutar kansar kwakwalwa na gama gari sun haɗa da:
- ciwon kai wanda yawanci ya fi muni da safe
- tashin zuciya
- amai
- rashin daidaituwa
- wahalar tafiya
- wahalar tunani
- matsalolin magana
- matsalolin gani
- canje-canjen halaye
- rikicewar motsin ido
Hasashen cutar kansar kwakwalwa yana inganta sosai ta hanyar gano alamomin da wuri. Idan ana fuskantar ɗayan alamomin da ke sama a akai-akai, to a hantarta ganin likita da wuri-wuri don ɗaukar matakan da suka dace.
Dalilan da ke janyo kansar ƙwaƙwalwa
Babu wani takamaiman abin da ke haifar da ciwon dajin ƙwaƙwalwa. Amma bincike ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin yawaita karɓar alluran ionizing radiation da ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da kansar ƙwaƙwalwa. Mafi yawan makamashin ionizing radiation suna fitowa ne daga gwaje-gwajen hoton likitanci akai-akai wato (CT scans, rays X-ray), maganin radiation da sauran su.
Sauran abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda za su iya kasancewa masu alaƙa da bunƙasar ciwon dajin ƙwaƙwalwa sun haɗa da:
- Yawan shekaru
- Gadon ciwon dajin kwakwalwa daga dangi
- Daɗewa ana shan taba
- Magungunan kashe ƙwari da ciyawa, da taki
- Yin ta’ammali da abubuwan da ka iya haifar da ciwon daji, kamar guba, roba, man fetur, da sauran su
- Kamuwa da cutar Epstein-Barr, ko mononucleosis
Nau’ikan kansar ƙwaƙwalwa
Ciwon dajin kwakwalwa ana kiran rarrabe su ne bisa wurin da suke a cikin kwakwalwa ko babban ƙashin baya. Matsayin ƙwayar cuta yana bayyana yadda ake tsammanin girmanta cikin sauri. Wasu daga cikin nau’ikan ciwon dajin kwakwalwa da aka fi sani sun haɗa da:
• GliomaGliomas
Cutukan ƙwaƙwalwa ne waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin ƙwayoyin glial, kuma suna adadi kusan kashi 3 cikin 10 na cutar kansar ƙwaƙwalwa.
• Astrocytoma
Astrocytomas wani nau’in glioma ne wanda ya haɗa da glioblastomas, wato wani nau’in ciwon daji ne mai saurin girma.
• Meningioma
Mafi akasari wannan ciwo ba ya zama kansa kuma ba shi da saurin girma, cutar meningioma na girma a cikin nama da ke kewaye da ƙwaƙwalwa da kashin baya, kuma shi ne mafi yawan ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin manya.
• Ganglioglioma
Gangliogliomas cutuka ne da ake samu a cikin jijiyoyi da ƙwayoyin glial, waɗanda galibi ana iya magance su da tiyata.
• Craniopharyngiomas
Craniopharyngiomas su ne cutukan daji masu tasowa waɗanda ke tasowa tsakanin tantanin ‘glandan pituitary’ da ƙwaƙwalwa kuma galibi suna danne jijiyoyin gani, suna haifar da wahalar gani.
• Schwannomas
Schwannomas cutuka ne da ke tasowa a hankali waɗanda ke tasowa a kusa da jijiyoyin cranial kusan koyaushe ba su da haɗari.
• Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas cutuka ne masu girma da sauri waɗanda ke tasowa a kan ƙwayoyin halittar jijiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma sun fi zama gama gari a cikin yara.
Gwajin kansar kwakwalwa
Idan akwai alamomin ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa, likitoci na iya bin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi masu zuwa don gwajin asali:
- Surgery: Gwajin jijiya don sanin ko ciwon dajin yana shafar ƙwaƙwalwa
- Gwaje-gwajen hoto: Kamar CT, MRI, da positron emission tomography (PET) na binciken, don gano ciwon daji.
- Lumbar puncture: Hanya da ke tattara ɗan adadin samfurin ruwan da ke kewaye da kwakwalwa da kashin baya, don bincika ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.
- Brain biopsy: Hanya ce ta fiɗa da ake gutsirar ɗan ƙaramin adadi na tarin tsokar da ke haifar da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa (brain tumor) don bincikar cutar da sanin ko ciwon yana da muni.
Hanyoyin magance kansar kwakwalwa
Maganin ciwon daji na kwakwalwa yana mai da hankali kan cire ƙarin sannan kuma ya lalata duk wasu ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Sabbin cigaban da ke faruwa na magungunan ciwon dajin kwakwalwa suna inganta damar rayuwa da kansar kwakwalwa.
Akwai magunguna da yawa don magance kansar ƙwaƙwalwa. Maganin ciwon dajin kwakwalwa a farkon farawa ko gano cutar zai bambanta da na ciwon da ya daɗe sosai. Ana iya samun kulawar likita sau ɗaya ko fiye kafin a warke, ya danganta da nau’in ciwon, girman ciwon ko daɗewarsa, da kuma wurin da ciwon yake a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa. Shekaru da yanayin lafiya su ma za su iya zama dalilai. Maganin kansar ƙwaƙwalwa sun haɗa da:
Surgery
Tiyatar kwakwalwa ita ce mafi yawan hanyar magance ciwan dajin kwakwalwa. Dangane da wurin da ƙarin ciwon yake, wataƙila a iya cire shi gabaɗaya, a ɗan lokaci, ko kuma a rage shi.
Chemotherapy
Waɗannan hanyoyi na iya lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a cikin kwakwalwa ko kuma su rage ƙwayoyin. Ana iya amfani da shi ta baki ko ta cikin jijiya.
Radiation therapy
Wannan dabara tana amfani da tartsatsin makamashin haske mai ƙarfi, kamar hasken X-ray, wajen lalata ƙwayoyin ƙarin tumor da ƙwayoyin kansa waɗanda ba za a iya cire su ta hanyar tiyata ba.
Combination therapy
Haɗa chemotherapy da radiation therapy, a lokaci guda ana kiran shi maganin haɗin gwiwa.
Biological drugs
Waɗannan magungunan suna ingantawa kai tsaye, ko maido da kariyar jiki wajen yaƙar ƙarin tumor a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa. Misali, immunotherapy magani ne da aka saba amfani da shi daga cikin biological drugs, wanda ke aiki ta hanyar bunƙasa ƙarfin garkuwar jiki don yaƙar cutar kansa.
Other medications
Likita na iya rubuta wasu magunguna don magance alamomin bayyanar cututtuka da illolin da ciwon ƙarin kwakwalwa ko ciwon daji ke haifarwa.
Clinical trials
A cikin lokuta masu tsanani na ciwon dajin kwakwalwa waɗanda ba sa jin magani ko ba su warke daga maganin da aka yi ba, ana iya amfani da wasu magungunan makamanta a matsayin gwaji. Waɗannan magunguna su ne waɗanda har ake tsaka da bincike da gwaji a game da su. Hanyoyin magance ciwon dajin kwakwalwa a likitance na iya haɗawa da gwajin immunotherapy da gwajin CAR T.
Riga-kafin kansar ƙwaƙwalwa
A halin yanzu babu wata hanya ta yin riga-kafin kansar kwakwalwa, amma ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa ta hanyar guje wa:
- Ta’ammali da magungunan kashe ƙwari
- Bayyanar cututtukan carcinogenic
- Shan taba sigari
- Bayyanar da ba dole ba ga tiririn radiation
Tsawon rayuwa da kansar ƙwaƙwalwa
Ciwon daji na kwakwalwa cuta ce mai ban tsoro, amma sabbin magunguna da bincike suna inganta yanayi da inganta damar ci gaba da rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da kansar ƙwaƙwalwa.
Matsakaicin tsawon lokacin rayuwar na shekaru 5 ya bambanta tsakanin nau’ikan ciwon kwakwalwa da wasu dalilai kamar shekaru a fahimtar asali da matakin ciwon dajin. Misali, meningiomas su ne nau’in ƙarin tumor a ƙwaƙwalwa da aka fi sani a cikin manya. Suna ɗaukar aƙalla tsawon rayuwar shekara 5, wato kimanin kashi 84 na manya ‘yan tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 44, da kashi 74 na manya tsakanin shekaru 55 zuwa 64.
Manazarta
Cancer Council. Brain cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments. (n.d.). Cancer Council.
Srakocic, S. (2022, March 6). Brain cancer. Healthline.
Website, N. (2023, June 13). Brain tumours. nhs.uk.