Cutar ƙyandar biri wacce aka fi sani da Mpox (monkeypox) a turance, cuta ce mai yaɗuwa daga ƙwayar cutar da ke fita daga jikin birrai. Tana iya haifar da kurji mai raɗaɗi, faɗaɗa kumburin lymph da kuma zazzaɓi. Yawancin mutane suna warke sosai daga cutar, yayin da wasu suna yin rashin lafiya mai tsanani.
A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2022, WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da sunan mpox a matsayin sabon suna ga cutar ƙyandar biri.
Kowa na iya kamuwa da cutar ƙyandar biri, cutar ba ta takaitu ga wani jinsi ko rukunin shekaru ba. Sai duk da haka bincike ya nuna cewa, tara, masu juna biyu da mutanen da ke da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar.
Cutar ƙyandar biri tana faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙwayar cutar biri (wanda aka fi sani da MPXV) a takaice, kwayar cutar DNA mai riɓi biyu ta jinsin Orthopoxvirus a cikin dangin Poxviridae, wanda ya haɗa da variola, cowpox, vaccinia da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta. Hanyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu na ƙwayar cutar su ne nau’in I da II.
An gano ƙwayar cutar ƙyandar biri a Denmark a (1958) a jikin biran da aka ajiye don bincike kuma farkon rahoton ɗan’adam da cutar ta kama yaro ne ɗan wata tara a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC, 1970). Ƙyandar biri na iya yaɗuwa daga mutum zuwa mutum ko lokaci-lokaci daga dabbobi zuwa mutane. Bayan kawar da cutar ƙyanda da ke kama yara a cikin shekara ta 1980 da kuma kawo karshen riga-kafin cutar a duniya, ƙyandar biri ya ci gaba da bayyana a tsakiya, gabas da yammacin Afirka. Ɓarkewar cutar a faɗin duniya ta faru a cikin 2022-2023.
Hanyoyin yaɗuwar cutar
• Yaɗuwar cutar a tsakanin mutane na iya faruwa ta hanyar saduwa ta kai tsaye ko wasu raunuka kamar a baki ko kan al’aura; wannan ya haɗa da saduwa ta:
- yin gaba da gaba (yayin magana ko numfashi)
- haɗuwa ‘r fata da fatar (taɓawa ko jima’i ta farji)
- yaɗuwa ta bakibda baki (sumbata)
- yaɗuwa daga baki zuwa fata (jima’in baki ko sumbantar fata)
- feshin numfashi da ke ƙunshe da yawu ko majina
Sannan kwayar cutar tana shiga jiki ta dalilin cutukan fata, ko ta hanyar numfashi. Cutar na iya yaɗuwa zuwa ga sauran mutanen gida da ke tare da mai ɗauke ita, da kuma abokan jima’i. Mutanen da ke da abokan jima’i da yawa suna cikin haɗari mafi girma.
• Yaɗuwar cutar a tsakanin dabbobi da mutane na faruwa daga dabbobi masu ɗauke da cutar zuwa ga mutane ta hanyar cizo ko karta, ko yayin ayyuka kamar farauta, wasa da gawar dabba, ko cin dabbobin da suke da ita. Ba a san girman yaɗuwar kwayar cutar ba a cikin yawan dabbobi kuma ana ci gaba da yin nazari a kan hakan.
Alamomin cutar ƙyandar biri
Ƙyandar biri tana haifar da alamomin da suke bayyana yawanci daga farawa a cikin mako guda, amma za su iya fara bayyana kwanaki 1 zuwa 21. Alamomin yawanci suna wuce makonni 2 zuwa 4 amma suna iya dawwama a jikin wanda ke da raunin garkuwar jiki. Alamomi na yau da kullun na su ne:
• kuraje
• zazzaɓi
• ƙaiƙayin maƙogwaro
• ciwon kai
• ciwon jiki
• ciwon baya
• ƙarancin kuzari
• kumburin nodes.
Ga wasu mutanen, alamar farko ta ƙyandar biri ita ce kuraje, yayin da wasu na iya samun alamun daban-daban da farko. Kurjin yana farawa ne a matsayin ciwo mai laushi wanda ke tasowa a jikin fata cike da ruwa kuma yana iya yin ƙaiƙayi ko kuma zafi. Yayin da ƙurjin ya warke, raunukan suna bushewa, suna yi ɓawo sannan kuma su faɗi.
Wasu mutanen na iya samun ‘yan raunukan fata ƙalilan, yayin da wasu kuma suna samun raunuka da yawa. Waɗannan raunuka na iya bayyana a ko’ina a jiki kamar:
- tafin hannu da tafin kafa
- fuska, baki da makogwaro
- makwancin gwaiwa da wuraren al’aura
- dubura.
Wasu mutanen kuma suna samun kumburin a duburarsu mai raɗaɗi ko zafi da shan wahala lokacin yin fitsari.
Yawanci, zazzabi, ciwon jiki da ƙaƙayin maƙogwaro suna fara bayyana. Ƙurajen ƙyandar biri suna fara bayyana a kan fuska kuma suna yaɗuwa a jiki, zuwa tafin hannu da tafin ƙafafu kuma suna tasowa sama da makonni 2 zuwa 4 a cikin matakai – macules, papules, vesicles, pustules. Lymphadenopathy (wato kumburin lymph nodes) babban siffa ce ta cutar ƙyandar. Wasu mutane na iya kamuwa da cutar ba tare da bayyanar wata alama ba.
Barkewar cutar
Bayan 1970, ƙyandar biri ta faru kai tsaye a Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka (nau’in cutar na I) da Afirka ta Yamma (nau’in cutar na II). A cikin 2003 an samu ɓarkewar a cikin Amurka da namomin daji da aka shigo da su masu ɗauke da (nau’i na II). Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ana ba da rahoton dubban mutane da ake zargi da kamuwa da cutar a cikin DRC kowace shekara. A cikin 2017, cutar ta sake bayyana a Najeriya kuma ta ci gaba da yaɗuwa tsakanin mutane a fadin kasar da kuma matafiya zuwa wasu wurare.
A watan Mayun 2022, barkewar cutar ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani kuma cikin sauri ta bazu a cikin Turai, Amurka da kuma dukkan yankuna shida na hukumar lafiya ta duniya WHO, tare da kasashe 110 da suka ba da rahoton kusan mutane dubu 87 da mutuwar 112. Ɓarkewar ta a faɗin duniya ta farko, ta shafi mazan da ke yin jima’i da maza.
A yanayin barkewar cutar a faɗin duniya wanda ya fara a cikin shekara ta 2022 (wanda ya haifar da cutar nau’in ƙwayar cutar na IIb), cutar ta fara da mabambantan alamomi a jikin wasu mutane. A cikin fiye da rabin wanda suka kamu, ƙuraje na iya bayyana a gaba ko a lokaci guda da sauran alamomin kuma ba koyaushe suke ci gaba a jiki ba. Ƙurjin farko na iya kasancewa a matsematsi, dubura, ko a ciki ko wajen baki.
Hukumar daƙile yaɗuwar cutuka ta Afirka, Africa Centre for Disease Control (CDC), ta ayyana ƙyandar birin a matsayin larurar da ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa a nahiyar ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 2024 bayan ta karaɗe ƙasashe 16, ciki har da waɗanda ba su taɓa ganin cutar ba kamar Burundi, da Rwanda, da Uganda, da kuma Kenya.
Kwana ɗaya bayan haka, ita ma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana ta larurar gaggawa a ƙasashen duniya. Tuni aka gano nau’in cutar a ƙasar Sweden.
Najeriya ta ƙara ƙaimi a kan iyakokinta wajen tantance masu shiga bayan mutum 39 sun kamu a jihohin ƙasar 33 cikin 36, kamar yadda jaridar Punch ta ruwaito ranar Juma’a. Zuwa yanzu ba a samu rahoton mutuwa ba a ƙasar tun bayan ɓarkewar cutar a wannan karon.
Hukumomin lafiya sun ce za su ƙaddamar da matakai irin waɗanda aka ɗauka a loakcin annobar korona domin daƙile yaɗuwarta a Najeriya. Gwamnati ta ce za a buƙaci duka matafiyan da ke fita daga ƙasar su cike wani fom ta intanet.
Hanyoyin gwaji
Gwajin gano cutar ƙyandar biri na iya zama mai wahala kamar yadda sauran cututtuka da yanayi na iya yin kamanni da ita. Yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe ƙyandar biri daga farankama, ƙyanda, cututtukan fata, cututtukan da ake iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima’i, da rashin lafiyar da ke da alaƙa da shan wasu magunguna. Wani mai ɗauke da ƙwayar cutar ƙyandar biri, yana iya kamuwa da wata cutar ta hanyar jima’i misali herpes. Haka nan, yaron da ake zargin ya kamu da ƙyandar biri, yana iya samun farankama. Bisa waɗannan dalilai, gwaji shi ne mafita ga mutane don samun magani da wuri da kuma daƙile yaɗuwar ta.
Gwajin kwayar cutar DNA ta hanyar maganin polymerase (PCR) shi ne gwajin ɗakin gwaje-gwaje da aka fi so don gano cutar ƙyandar biri.
Ana ɗaukar mafi kyawun samfuran bincike kai tsaye daga kurji – fata, ruwa ko ɓawon ƙurji – wanda aka tattara.
Idan babu raunin fata, ana iya yin gwaji a kan oropharyngeal. Ba a yin gwajin ta hanyar ɗaukar jini.
Magani da allurar riga kafi
Manufar maganin ƙyandar biri shi ne kula da ƙuraje, rage zafi da hana rikitarwa. Kulawa ta farko da tallafi yana da mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen rage alamomin bayyanar cututtuka da guje wa ƙarin matsaloli.
Samun maganin ƙyandar biri na iya taimakawa hana kamuwa da cuta. Ya kamata a ba da maganin a cikin kwanaki 4 da saduwa da wanda ke ɗauke da cutar (ko a cikin kwanaki 14 idan babu alamun cutar).
Yana da muhimmanci ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari mai yawa su yi allurar riga-kafi don kauce wa kamuwa da cutar, musamman a lokacin ɓarkewar cutar. Waɗanda ke cikin wannan haɗari sun haɗa da:
• ma’aikatan lafiya
• maza masu jima’i da maza
• mutane masu yawan abokan jima’i
Yadda za a kula da kai
Yawancin mutanen da ke da ƙyandar biri za su warke cikin makonni 2 zuwa 4. Abubuwan da za a yi don taimakawa da kuma hana kamuwa sun haɗa da:
• zama a a gida a ɗaki ɗaya idan da halin hakan
• a riƙa wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa ko na’urar wanke hannu, musamman kafin ko bayan taba miyagu
• sanya abin rufe fuska da rufe raunuka yayin da ake tare da sauran mutane har sai kurajen sun warke
• kula da fata a bushe kuma a buɗe (sai dai a ɗaki tare da wani)
• guje wa taɓa abubuwa a wuraren da jama’a suka taru tare da gyara wuraren akai-akai
• a yi amfani da ruwan dumi mai gishiri don kurkurar baki
Manazarta
Gallagher, J. (2024, August 14). WHO declares Mpox global health emergency BBC News.
BBC News Hausa. (2024, August 16). Matakan da ƙasashen Afirka ke ɗauka wajen yaƙi da cutar ƙyandar biri.
World Health Organization: WHO & World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, April 18). Mpox (monkeypox).
World Health Organization. (2024, August 15). Mpox: Introductory course for African outbreak contexts. OpenWHO.