Cutar shan-inna (wato Polio a turance) cuta ce da ke kama wani ɓangare na ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan’adam, tare da haifar da mutuwar wani sashe na jiki. Ƙwayoyin cuta ne (wato virus) ke kawo wannan ciwo na polio, waɗanda ba su da magani, sai dai a yi maganin abin da marar lafiya yake nunawa. Polio tana shafar jijiyoyi a cikin ƙashin baya da ƙwaƙwalwa. Tana iya haifar da in’ina da wahalar numfashi a lokutan da cutar ta yi tsanani. Allurar riga kafi ita ce kawai maganin wannan cuta, saboda ba a san maganinta ba.
Wannan cuta tana zama cikin jikin ɗan’adam har tsawon kwanaki bakwai zuwa goma sha huɗu (7-14), kafin wanda ya kamu da cutar ya fara nuna alamomin ita wannan cuta ta shan-inna.
Ire-iren cutar shan-inna
Akwai nau’in cutar shan-inna guda uku, wanda ake kira nau’in poliovirus na daji 1, 2 da 3 (WPV1, WPV2 da WPV3). Nau’in polio na daji 2 da 3 an kawar da su, babu su a duniya. Nau’in polio na daji na 1 kawai yana nan a wasu yankuna kaɗan na duniya. Nau’in Polio na 1 yana iya haifar da gurguntaka.
Cutar shan-inna na iya shafar sassan jiki daban-daban dangane da inda kwayar cutar ke yaɗuwa da kai hari. Nau’in cutar shan inna sun haɗa da:
• Abortive poliomyelitis
Wannan nau’i na polio yana haifar da alamomin mura da matsalolin hanji. Tana ɗaukar kwanaki kaɗan kawai kuma ba ta haifar da tasiri mai dorewa.
Alamominta
Alamomin wannan nau’i suna kama da wasu cututtuka masu yawa. Suna farawa kwanaki uku zuwa bakwai bayan kamuwa da cutar kuma suna ɗaukar kwanaki kaɗan. Alamomin sun hada da:
- Gajiya
- Zazzaɓi
- Ciwon ka
- Yin amai
- Zawo
- Ciwon makogwaro
• Non-paralytic poliomyelitis
Nau’in cutar shan-inna ne wadda ba ta gurguntawa, amma tana iya haifar da ciwon sankarau, kumburin wurin da ke kusa da ƙwaƙwalwa. Tana haifar da ƙarin bayyanar cututtuka fiye da abortive poliomyelitis, kuma tana iya janyo kwanciyar asibiti.
Alamominta
Cutar tana farawa da alamomi iri ɗaya da cuta abortive poliomyelitis. Ƙarin alamun suna farawa a cikin ‘yan kwanaki, ciki har da:
- Taurin wuya
- Jin zafi a hannunka da ƙafafu
- Ciwon kai mai tsanani
- Rashin son haske
• Paralytic poliomyelitis
Paralytic poliomyelitis tana faruwa lokacin da cutar shan-inna ta afkawa ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙashin baya. Za ta iya gurɓatar da tsoka wanda ke ba da damar yin numfashi, yin magana, haɗiya da motsa gabobi. Ya danganta da irin sassan jikin da abin ya shafa, ana kiran ta cutar shan-inna ta ƙashin baya ko cutar shan-inna ta bulbar. Cutar na iya bayyana tare (bulbospinal polio).
Alamominta
Paralytic poliomyelitis tana farawa da alamomi masu kama da ciwon poliomyelitis. Ƙarin alamomin na iya bayyana kwanaki ko makonni bayan haka, da suka haɗa da:
- Rashin son taɓawa
- Ciwon tsoka
Takaitaccen tarihin cutar shan-inna
A farkon karni na 20, cutar shan inna ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da ke firgita kasashe masu arzikin masana’antu, wacce ke gurgunta dubban yara duk shekara. Jim kaɗan bayan ɓullo da ingantattun alluran riga-kafi a shekarun 1950 da 1960, duk da haka, an shawo kan cutar shan-inna kuma a zahiri an kawar da ita a matsayin matsalar lafiyar jama’a a waɗannan kasashe.
An ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin a gane cutar shan-inna a matsayin babbar matsala a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Binciken gurguntaka a cikin shekarun 1970 ya nuna cewa cutar ta yi ƙamari a kasashe masu tasowa. Sakamakon haka, a cikin shekarun 1970, an fara yin riga-kafi na yau da kullun a duk duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen riga-kafi na ƙasa, yana taimakawa wajen shawo kan cutar a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa.
Rotary International ta ƙaddamar da wani yunƙuri a duniya don riga-kafin cutar shan-inna ga yara a cikin shekarar 1985 sannan aka kafa shirin kawar da cutar shan inna ta duniya (GPEI) a 1988. Lokacin da aka fara GPEI, cutar shan-inna tana gurgunta yara fiye da 1000 a duniya kowace rana. Tun daga wannan lokacin, sama da yara biliyan 2.5 aka yi wa riga-kafin cutar sakamakon hadin gwiwar ƙasashe fiye da 200 da masu aikin sa kai miliyan 20.
A yau, cutar shan-inna ta daji na ci gaba da yaɗuwa a cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal, kuma yawan kamuwa da cutar shan-inna a duniya ya ragu da kashi 99%. Haka kuma an samu nasarar kawar da wasu nau’ikan kwayoyin cuta; daga cikin nau’ikan cutar shan-inna guda uku (WPVs), an ba da rahoton bullar cutar ta 2 ta ƙarshe a cikin 1999 kuma an sanar da kawar da ita a cikin Satumba 2015; Batun na baya-bayan nan na nau’in 3 a Nuwamba 2012 an ayyana wannan nau’in a matsayin an kawar da shi a duniya a cikin Oktoba 2019.
Hanyoyin yaɗuwar cutar
Cutar shan inna cuta ce mai saurin yaɗuwa da ƙwayar cuta (virus) ke haifarwa. Tana mamayewa tare da yin ƙamari a cikin sa’o’i kaɗan. Kwayar cutar tana yaɗuwa ta mutum-da-mutum. Ana iya ɗaukar cutar ta hanyoyi kamar haka:
- Ta hanyar iska
- Ta shan gurbataccen ruwa
- Yin amfani da abubuwan da mai ɗauke da wannan cuta ya yi amfani da su, ko kuma aka yi masa amfani da su
- Rauni (ciwon da ya fasa fatar jiki)
- Ta hanyar allura a duwawu ko hannu
- Matsanancin motsa jiki
Cutar shan-inna ta fi shafar yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 5. Duk da haka, duk wanda ke kowane zango na rayuwa kuma ba a yi masa allurar riga-kafi ba zai iya kamuwa da cutar.
Alamomin cutar shan-inna gama-gari
Alamomin cutar shan-inna na gama-gari su ne kamar haka:
- zazzabi
- gajiya
- ciwon kai
- amai
- taurin wuya
- jin zafi a gabobi
- Rashin yin fitsari
- Kasala
- Mura tare da zubar majina daga hanci
- Jijiyoyi za su kama ciwo, musamman baya da na kafa.
Waɗannan alamomi ana iya ganinsu daga rana ta farko ta kamuwa da cutar zuwa sati ɗaya (1-7). Da zarar an ga ɗaya ko fiye da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamomi, sai a hanzarta zuwa asibiti domin neman magani.
Baya ga waɗannan alamomin akwai wata alamar ita ce ta mutuwar wasu sassan jiki. Hakan na faruwa ne sakamakon illar wannan cuta mai haddasa shan-inna da ta yi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa. Waɗannan alamomi ana iya gane su ta hanyoyi kamar haka:
- Ta hanyar gwajin bahaya domin a gano cutar
- Ta hanyar gwajin ruwan laka
- Ta hanyar gwajin majina
Mutum ɗaya daga cikin 200 da cutar ta kama tana haifar musu da gurguntaka, wato ƙwayar cuta yawanci tana ƙafafu. Daga cikin waɗanda suka shanye, kashi 5-10% suna mutuwa lokacin da tsokar numfashinsu ta daina motsi.
Yaƙi da cutar shan-inna
A cikin 1988, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da wani ƙudiri na kawar da cutar shan-inna a duniya, wanda ya tabbatar da shirin kawar da cutar shan-inna ta duniya wato (GPEI), wanda gwamnatocin ƙasashe da ita WHO da Rotary International da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) suka jagoranta har ma da UNICEF. Sannan daga baya gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates da Gavi, hukumar samar da allurar riga-kafi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, cutar shan-inna a duniya ta ragu da kashi 99 cikin 100, kuma duniya ta tsaya kan matakin kawar da cutar a faɗin duniya a tarihi, bayan cutar sankarau a shekarar 1980.
Kwayoyin cutar shan-inna na daji sun ragu da sama da kashi 99 cikin 100 tun daga shekarar 1988, daga kimanin mutane 350 000 a cikin fiye da ƙasashe 125 masu fama da cutar, zuwa kasashe biyu kawai.
Matuƙar dai akwai yaro ɗaya da ya rage yana da cutar, to yara a duk ƙasashen duniya na cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar shan-innar. Rashin kawar da cutar daga waɗannan wurare na iya haifar da sake bullar cutar a duniya.
Magunguna da riga-kafi
Babu maganin polio, ana iya daƙile ta ne kawai ta hanyar allurar riga-kafi cutar, wanda aka yi masa sau da yawa, yana iya warkewa har abada. Akwai allurar riga-kafi guda biyu: (oral polio vaccine and inactivated polio vaccine). Wato allurar riga-kafin cutar shan-inna ta baka da kuma riga-kafin cutar shan-inna ba ta baka ba. Dukansu suna da inganci da aminci, kuma ana amfani da su duka a cikin haɗuwa daban-daban a duk duniya, dangane da cututtukan gida da yanayin shirye-shirye, don tabbatar da mafi kyawun yuwuwar kariya ga yawan jama’a. Hanyoyin riga-kafin cutar shan inna sun haɗa da:
- Ta hanyar yin allurar riga-kafi tare da diga wa jarirai da ƙananan yara ruwan foliyo.
- Da zarar an haifi jariri, sai a yi masa allurar riga-kafi tare da digon ruwan foliyo, sannan a ci gaba da kai shi asibiti a kan ka’ida kamar yadda masana kiwon lafiya sukebummurta domin amsar sauran alluran, tare da ruwan foliyo. Yin hakan yana da matuƙar mahimmanci saboda yana hana aukuwar wannan cuta.
- Ta hanyar tafasa kayan aikin asibiti. Ita ma wannan hanya tana taimakawa ƙwarai da gaske.
- A guji matsanancin motsa jiki. Idan za a motsa jiki, ya kasance kadan-kadan.
- Idan an ji ciwo, a yi ƙoƙarin neman magani domin hana aukuwar irin wannan cuta ta shan inna.
Manazarta
GPEI-History of Polio. (n.d.). GPEI
Medicover Hospital: (n.d). Polio: Alurar riga kafi, Alamu, Dalilai, Magani. Medicover Hospital
Boston Children’s Hospital. (n.d.) Polio in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital.
World Health Organization: WHO. (2024b, October 22). Poliomyelitis. WHO