Things Fall Apart, littafin marubucin nan ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma mawaƙi mai suna Chinua Achebe. An fara buga littafin a shekarar 1958, wani shahararren labari ne a duniyar adabin Afirka. Littafin an tsara shi kafin Nijeriya ta fuskanci mulkin mallaka. Littafin kunshe yake da labarin rayuwar Okonkwo, jarumin labarin wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙabilar Inyamurai, Labarin ya tabo al’adun al’ummar Inyamurai sosai da sosa, ya zurfafa matuƙa cikin al’adun wannan al’umma da imaninsu ga addini da tsarin zamantakewa.
Yayin da zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka ya haifar da cikas ga al’adun gargajiya da tsarin rayuwa, duniyar Okonkwo ta fara wargajewa, wanda ke nuni da irin tasirin da mulkin mallaka ke da shi ga al’ummomin Afirka. Littafin labari ne mai ban sha’awa a kan rikici tsakanin al’ada da sauye-sauye, yana kuma bayyana tasiri mai zurfi sakamakon cuɗanya da baƙin al’adu.
Things Fall Apart, yana cike da yanayin ƙarshe-ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, wanda ke kewaye da sarƙaƙƙiya da tashe-tashen hankulan al’ummomin Afirka da ƙasashen Turan mulkin mallaka. Achebe ya yi suka ne ga rubuce-rubucn Turawa da Amurkawa game da mulkin mallaka, waɗanda galibi ke nuna wariya ko kuma ba da ra’ayoyin son rai game da Afirka. Baya ga mahimmancin littafin ta fannin tarihi, littafin yana da alfanu har a yau, ya ƙunshi jigogin iko da sakamakon mulkin mallaka. Things Fall Apart ya zama sanannen littafi, ba kawai a duniyar adabin Afirka ba, har ma a duniya gabaɗaya, yana ba da gudummawa wajen ƙarin fahimtar tarihin Afrika da duniya.
An juya labarin zuwa wani wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo mai suna Okonkwo, an yi shi ne a watan Afrilun 1961 a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya.
A shekarar 1970, an juya littafin zuwa fim wanda ya ƙunshi taurari kamar Queen Elizabeth Toro, Johnny Sekka da Orlando Martins da Francis Oladele da Wolf Schmidt. Manyan furodusoshin Hollywood, Lawyer Edward Mosk da matarsa Fern ne waɗanda suka rubuta wasan kwaikwayon, Jason Pohland ne ya ba da umarni.
Muhimman jigogin labarin
Ta hanyar manyan jigogi na abubuwan da suka faru a baya, Chinua Achebe ya yi nasarar bayyano rayuwar ‘yan asalin ƙabilar Inyamurai da kuma tasirin da yaɗuwar mulkin mallaka ya haifar ga al’adu da addinai daban-daban. Wadancan jigogi sun haɗa da mayar da hankali kan tasirin mulkin mallaka, rawar da namiji ke takawa ga al’ummar da yake rayuwa a ciki. Wasu jerin muhimman jigogin da littafin ya ƙunsa:
1. Jigon al’ada
Okonkwo yana darajanta tsofaffin al’adu, domin sun tabbatar da al’umma wuri guda. Ya firgita ganin yadda ake sanya baƙin al’adu a cikin kabilar Inyamurai. Kuma matasan ƙabilar Inyamurai sun yi farincikin rabuwa da tsofaffin al’adun bayan sun koma addinin Kiristanci. Jagorori suna cikin tsaka mai wuya game da ko za su tsaya kan tsoffin al’adunsu ko kuma za su rungumi sauyin. Sannu a hankali dai salon rayuwa da al’adun kabilar Inyamurai ya riƙa gushewa.
2. Rikici da tashin hankali
A cikin littafin labari, jigon rikice-rikice shi ne abin da ya haifar da makirci. Babban rikici shi ne tsakanin al’adun ‘yan asalin Afirka da Turawan mulkin mallaka. Rikicin ya taso ne lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallakar suka bukaci kabilar Inyamurai da su yi watsi da al’adunsu da addini.
3. Ƙarfin iko
Iko ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan jigogi. Chinua Achebe ya ba da labarin tafiyar Okonkwo yayin da yake samun tasowa da gangarowa cikin iko. Mutum ne mai matukar karfi da tasiri a cikin al’ummar Igbo. Okonkwo sananne ne a cikin ƙauyuka tara har ma da wajen. Ya damu da mulki kuma yana shirye ya yi yaƙi da kowace al’ada da za ta iya rage karfinsu. Abin takaici shi ne, ya rasa ikonsa, da dukiyarsa, da mutuntawa lokacin da kabilar Ibo suka rungumi salon rayuwar Birtaniya.
4. Tsoro da firgici
Jigo firgici da tsoro sun bayyana lokacin da mishan suka kawo tallar addinin Kiristanci ga al’ummar Inyamurai. Akwai abin tsoro sosai domin mutane na tsoron fishin alloninsu. Haka nan akwai firgici a cikin rayuwar babban jarumin, Okonkwo yana tsoron ya zama mai gazawa, kuma ba ya son wasu su yi tunanin cewa shi mai rauni ne.
5. Tasirin mulkin mallaka
Tasirin mulkin mallaka ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan jigogi a cikin labari. Turawan Ingila sun dira a yankin su Okonkwo, kuma sun kawo sauyi ga al’adun Inyamurai a hankali, sun kafa sabbin al’adu, dokoki, koyarwar addini, da tsarin ilimi, waɗanda suka sauya rayuwar al’ummar Inyamurai gabaɗaya.
6. Tasirin addini
Addini yana ɗaya daga cikin jigogi a cikin labari. Kabilar Ibo na da nasu akidar addinin da suka gada tun iyaye da kakanni. Lokacin da mishan na Biritaniya suka isa yankin, sun ɗauki waɗannan addini na gargajiya a matsayin dabbanci, don haka suka kawo sabon addini. Sai dai al’ummar Inyamurai ba su yarda da wannan sabon addini ba a farko. Amma yayin da abubuwa suka ci gaba sai suka fara bin masu wa’azi har suka karɓi Kiristanci.
Taƙaitaccen bayan game da littafin
Marubuci: Chinua Achebe
Sunan littafi: Things Fall Apart
Harshe: Turanci
Adadin shafuka: 215
Bugun farko: January 1, 1958
Sabuntawa: October 1, 1994 (Anchor Books)
Kundi: The African Trilogy
Muhallin labarin: Africa, Nigeria
Kyautuka:
- Man Booker International PrizeWINNER 2007
Taurarin cikin labarin
- Okonkwo
- Ikemefuna
- Ezinma
- Nwoye
Ra’ayoyin wasu makaranta labarin
Lisa
“Ni da ɗana mun yi doguwar magana a kan wannan littafi a kwanakin baya, bayan ya gama karanta shi a fannin koyon Turanci a makaranta. A tsawon lokacin karatun, mun yi magana ne game da yadda Chinua Achebe ya ajiye al’umma daban-daban, a cikin kabilar Okonkwo, da kuma cikin Turawan mulkin mallaka. Mun daɗe muna yin tunani a kan ɓangarori na ƙabilar da muka yi wuyar fahimta, kasancewar baƙon waje kuma suna adawa da wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan’adam da muke ɗauka a banza, musamman sassa na tsauraran matakai da rawar da mata ke takawa. Kuma mun yi fushi tare saboda girman kai da cin zarafi na Turawa, waɗanda kawai suke tafiyar da su bisa ga matakin ci gaban fasaharsu, ba bisa fifikon al’adu ba. Mun yi tunani game da matsayin maza da mata, da na daidaikun mutane dangane da danginsu da yanayin zamantakewa.”
Rowena
“Wannan littafi ne mai yawan saɓani; mulkin mallaka da al’adun gargajiya, tashin hankali da Kiristanci, namiji da mace, da jahilai da masana. Okonkwo yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun taurari a cikin labarin. Ya siffanta da mayaki, ya kasance mai cin zarafi, mai son zuciya, yana da haƙuri ƙalilan. Hakika wannan littafi yana jan mai karatu zuwa ga al’adun Inyamurai. Achebe yana nuna al’adun gargajiya na da kyau, al’adar da ke cike da camfi. Achebe ya kuma nuna yadda al’adun Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka suka kasance da kuma yadda duk da rashin samun abubuwan da ake kira cibiyoyi masu wayewa, al’amura sun tafi cikin kwanciyar hankali saboda imanin al’umma da kuma dokokinsu.”
Adina (way behind)
“Littafin labarin Okonkwo da kabilarsa kafin da kuma bayan bayyanar farar fata. Okonkwo mutum ne mai karfin ji a kauyen, yana da mukamai da filaye da kuma madafun iko. Ya kasance mai mulki, wani lokaci yana dukan matansa, yana azabtar da ‘ya’yansa maza, yana tura su su zama jarumai kamarsa. Okonkwo na daya daga cikin ’yan kauye da ke son yaƙar sabon addini da kawar da baragurbi. Na fahimci dalilin da ya sa littafin ya zama sananne, Chinua Achebe yana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan farko da suka nuna dabi’ar yammacin duniya da kamanta addini.”
Barry Pierce
“Shin ko kun san cewa duk lokacin da kuka karanta littafi wanda yake da tsatsauran ra’ayi da bacin rai za ku daɗe ba ku manta ba? Hakan yana faruwa ba shakka. Wannan labari ya ruɗa ni, yana da girma sosai kuma yana da ban tsoro.”
Taƙaitaccen tarihin marubucin
An haifi Chinua Achebe a Najeriya a shekarar 1930. Ya girma a Ogidi, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin farko da mishan na Anglican suka kafa a gabashin Najeriya, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Jami’ar Ibadan.
Chinua Achebe ya rubuta litattafai sama da guda 20, da gajerun labarai, kasidu da tarin wakoki, ciki har da Things Fall Apart (1958), wanda ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 10 a duniya, kuma an fassara shi zuwa fiye da harsuna 50. Sai
Chinua Achebe ya samu karramawa da dama daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta ‘the Honorary Fellowship of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, da kuma digirin girmamawa daga kwalejoji da jami’o’i sama da 30. Haka kuma ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo mafi girma a Najeriya, (Nigerian National Merit Award). A shekarar 2007, ya ci kyautar Man Booker International Prize. Ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2013.
Manazarta
Achebe, C. (2010). Chinua Achebe – Literature.
Things Fall Apart (The African Trilogy) (n.d.). Goodreads.