Calcium wani muhimmin sinadari ne daga rukunin alkaline earth metals a jadawalin sinadarai, wanda yake da alamar Ca da lambar atomic 20. Shi ne sinadarin ƙarfe mai launin azurfa mai haske, mai sauƙin lalacewa, wanda ke shiga cikin sinadarai a sauƙaƙe saboda yawan yin oxidation.
Kalmar Calcium ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin calx wato lime (ƙarfen ƙasa mai kama da toka), saboda an fara gano shi daga cikin duwatsun limestone (CaCO₃). Calcium ƙarfe ne mai launin azurfa-toka, mai laushi fiye da sauran alkaline earth metals. Yana da saurin yin haɗuwa da iska, yana samar da oxide da nitride a samansa.
A ma’anar kimiyya, calcium na ɗaya daga cikin sinadarai da ake buƙata sosai a rayuwar halittu. Yana daga cikin manyan electrolytes da jikin ɗan’adam ke amfani da su wajen gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar:
- Gina ƙashi da haƙora (kimanin 99% na calcium a jiki yana cikin ƙashi da haƙora).
- Taimakawa wajen sarrafa jijiyoyi da motsin tsoka.
- Muhimmin sinadari ne wajen daskarewar jini (blood clotting).
- Taimakawa ayyukan enzymes da bazuwar sakonni a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta.
- A ɓangaren kimiyya da masana’antu, calcium ana amfani da shi wajen:
- Samar da sinadarin quicklime (CaO) da slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂) don aikin gine-gine da tsaftace ruwa.
- Ƙirƙirar abubuwan sarrafa ƙarfe da sinadarai.
- Yin takin zamani, kayan gini, da sinadarai masu kare muhalli.
Tarihin gano sinadarin calcium
An daɗe da fahimtar amfani da calcium tun zamanin da, musamman ta hanyar lime (CaO) da gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O). Tsoffin al’ummar Masar, Girkawa da Romawa sun yi amfani da waɗannan sinadari wajen gini, yin ciminti, fenti, da kuma aikin noma wajen rage ƙazantar ƙasa mai yawan acid. Amma a wancan lokaci ba su san calcium a matsayin sinadari tsantsa ba, sai dai a matsayin wani ɓangare na minerals.
A shekara ta 1808, wani mashahurin masanin kimiyyar Biritaniya, Sir Humphry Davy, ne ya fara ware calcium a matsayin sinadari ta amfani da hanyar electrolysis. Ya yi amfani da haɗaɗɗen calcium chloride (CaCl₂) a haɗe da mercury, inda ya samar da calcium amalgam, sannan daga baya ya raba sinadarin. Wannan bincike ya tabbatar da cewa calcium na daga cikin alkaline earth metals (rukuni na 2 a jadawalin sinadarai).
Wannan nasara ta Davy ta kasance babbar gudummawa ga cigaban electrochemistry, tare da tabbatar da gano wasu sinadarai kamar potassium, sodium, magnesium, da strontium a wancan lokaci.
Taƙaitaccen bayanin calcium
Siffofin sinadarin calcium
Calcium yana da siffofi na musamman a rukunin sinadarai na alkaline earth metals (rukuni na 2 a jadawalin sinadarai). Wannan yana nuna sinadarin na da ƙarfin haɗuwa da wasu sinadarai saboda yana da ƙwayoyin lantarki guda biyu (2 valence electrons) waɗanda yake rasa su don ya zama kation Ca²⁺.
Reaction da ruwa
Calcium yana haɗuwa da ruwa a hankali idan ruwan ya kasance a yanayin sanyi. A lokacin, yana samar da calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) da kuma fitar da iskar hydrogen:
Ca + 2H₂O rightarrow Ca(OH)₂ + H₂↑
Idan ruwan ya yi zafi ko kuma calcium ɗin a tanƙware, wannan haɗuwa tana zama da sauri kuma mai ƙarfi sosai. Wannan yana nuna cewa calcium yana da siffar ƙarfe mai tsaka-tsakin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da magnesium da sodium.
Reaction da oxygen
Calcium yana ƙonewa cikin iskar oxygen (O₂) don samar da calcium oxide (CaO), wanda ake kira lime. Wannan sinadarin yana da matuƙar amfani a masana’antu, musamman wajen gini da sarrafa ƙarafa.
2Ca + O₂ rightarrow 2CaO
Reaction da chlorine
Lokacin da calcium ya haɗu da iskar chlorine (Cl₂), yana samar da calcium chloride (CaCl₂), wani sinadarin gishiri da ake amfani da shi wajen rage danshi da kuma a matsayin sinadarin ƙarfafawa a masana’antu.
Ca + Cl₂ rightarrow CaCl₂
Samar da nau’ikan gishiri
Sakamakon yanayin sauƙinsa na rasa electron, calcium yana samar da nau’ikan gishiri da acid cikin sauƙi, misali lokacin da ya haɗu da hydrochloric acid (HCl), yana fitar da calcium chloride (CaCl₂) da hydrogen.
Ca + 2HCl rightarrow CaCl₂ + H₂↑
Rabe-raben isotopes na calcium
Calcium yana da isotopes da dama waɗanda suka bambanta ta fuskar yawan neutrons da suke da shi, duk da cewa suna da adadin protons ɗaya, wato 20. Wannan bambanci yana shafar yawan wanzuwa (abundance), kwanciyar hankali (stability), da kuma amfaninsu a kimiyyance da masana’antu.
Calcium (⁴⁰Ca)
Wannan shi ne isotope mafi yawa a doron ƙasa, yana da kusan kashi 97% na dukkan calcium. Saboda yawansa, shi ne mafi muhimmanci wajen dukkan siffofin sinadarin calcium da ake samu a yanayi.
Calcium (⁴²Ca, ⁴³Ca, da ⁴⁴Ca)
Waɗannan isotopes su ne stable isotopes, kuma suna da muhimmanci wajen gudanar da binciken kimiyya. Ana amfani da su musamman wajen nazarin tsarin minerals da cigaban ƙasa a fannin geochemistry.
Calcium (⁴⁶Ca da ⁴⁸Ca)
Waɗannan isotopes suna da ƙarfi sosai amma suna da matuƙar ƙarancin samuwa. ⁴⁸Ca na da amfani musamman a fannin binciken nuclear physics, domin yana daga cikin isotopes masu ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin su rabu (double beta decay). Wannan ya sa yake da amfani wajen fahimtar tsarin taurari, cigaban duniya, da kuma tsarin astrophysics.
Baya ga isotopes masu kwanciyar hankali, calcium yana da wasu isotopes masu ɗan ƙaramin adadin rayuwa kamar ⁴⁵Ca (half-life kwanaki 163). Ana amfani da shi wajen binciken tsarin biological calcium metabolism, wato yadda jiki ke sarrafa calcium a cikin ƙashi da jini.
Samuwar calcium a tsarin ɗabi’a (natural)
Calcium yana daga cikin sinadarai mafi yawan wanzuwa a doron ƙasa, yana riƙe da kusan kashi 3.6% na ƙasan duniya. Duk da haka, ba ya samuwa a matsayin tsantsarsa saboda yawan saurin haɗuwarsa da oxygen da sauran sinadarai. Saboda haka, calcium yana samuwa ne a cikin nau’ikan minerals na duwatsu da sinadarai masu haɗuwa da shi.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da calcium ke bayyana a yanayi shi ne cikin ma’adanan duwatsu. Limestone (CaCO₃) shi ne mafi shahara, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da ciminti da kayan gini. Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) kuma ana amfani da shi wajen yin plaster da kayan ɗaki, yayin da fluorite (CaF₂) ke da amfani a masana’antar gilashi da sinadarai.
Baya ga ma’adanan duwatsu, calcium yana da matuƙar yawa a cikin ruwan teku, inda yake kasancewa a matsayin ions (Ca²⁺). Wannan sinadari yana da mahimmanci wajen ƙarfafa tsarin halittu na ruwa, musamman wajen samar da ƙasusuwa da ɓawon jiki (shells).
A cikin jikin halittu, calcium na da muhimmanci musamman wajen gina ƙashi da hakora. A jikin ɗan’adam, kusan kashi 99% na calcium yana cikin ƙashi da hakora, yayin da ragowar kashi 1% ke yawo a cikin jini da ƙwayoyin halitta domin gudanar da ayyuka kamar motsin tsoka, aikin zuciya, da watsuwar saƙonni a jijiyoyi.
Saboda haka, calcium yana ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan rayuwa, domin yana da muhimmanci ga tsirrai, dabbobi, da ɗan’adam. Tsirrai suna amfani da shi wajen ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin halittarsu, musamman a matsayin calcium pectate, wanda ke ba da ƙarfi da tsayayyen tsarin halitta (system).
Hanyoyin samar da calcium
Duk da kasancewar calcium a yanayi da yawa, ba a samun shi a tsantsarsa sai ta hanyar fasahar masana’antu. Ana amfani da hanyoyi biyu manya wajen samar da calcium tsantsa, waɗannan hanyoyi su ne:
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Electrolysis
Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita a masana’antu a yau. Ana narkar da calcium chloride (CaCl₂) a cikin yanayi mai zafi sannan a yi masa electrolysis. A lokacin wannan aiki, ana samun calcium tsantsa a kan katode yayin da iskar chlorine ke fitowa a anode. Wannan hanya tana samar da babban adadin calcium wanda ake amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban na masana’antu.
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Reduction
Wata hanyar kuma ita ce rage calcium oxide (CaO) ta amfani da wasu sinadarai masu ragewa irinsu aluminium ko sodium a cikin yanayi mai zafi. A wannan tsari, calcium oxide yana rabuwa ya ba da tsantsar calcium. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar ba ta zama babbar hanyar masana’antu ba saboda tsadarta da kuma rashin samar da adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da hanyar electrolysis. Sai dai tana da amfani a wasu ƙananan fannoni inda ake bukatar calcium cikin tsari na musamman.
Amfanin sinadarin calcium
Fannin lafiya da rayuwa
Calcium yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sinadarai da jikin ɗan’adam ke buƙata a kowace rana domin gudanar da rayuwa cikin ƙoshin lafiya. Kashi 99% na calcium a jikin mutum yana cikin ƙashi da hakora, inda yake ba su ƙarfi da tsayayyen tsari. Ragowar kashi 1% kuwa yana cikin jini da ƙwayoyin halitta, amma shi ne ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan jiki.
A matsayin abinci mai gina jiki, calcium yana taimakawa wajen:
- Gina ƙashi da hakora masu ƙarfi, musamman a lokacin girma da ƙuruciya.
- Gudanar da tsarin jini, musamman wajen daskarewar jini idan aka sami rauni.
- Gudanar da aikin jijiyoyi da tsokoki, domin calcium ions (Ca²⁺) suna shiga tsakani wajen isar da sakonni daga jijiyoyi zuwa tsoka.
- Kula da bugun zuciya da daidaita matsa lambar jini.
Rashin isasshen calcium a jiki na iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani kamar:
- Osteoporosis – raunin ƙashi da sauƙin karyewa.
- Rickets (gwame) a yara – ƙashi yana lalacewa saboda rashin isasshen calcium da vitamin D.
- Matsalolin jijiyoyi da tsoka, ciki har da tsokar zuciya.
Sakamakon haka, an mayar da hankali a fannin lafiya wajen shawartar mutane da su riƙa cin abinci mai ɗauke da sinadarin calcium kamar madara, cukwi, kifi, wake, da kayan marmari. A fannin likitanci kuma, ana amfani da calcium supplements don magance matsalolin rashin calcium a jiki.
A fannin masana’antu
Calcium da sauran ma’adanansa suna da mahimmanci sosai a masana’antu da gine-gine.
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Siminti da gine-gine
Ana amfani da calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) daga limestone da gypsum wajen samar da siminti da plaster (filasta), wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gine-gine da kayan ado. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan fannoni da ake amfani da calcium a duniya.
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Masana’antar ƙarafa
A yayin aikin tace ƙarfe, calcium yana aiki a matsayin reducing agent wajen tace wasu ƙarafa masu muhimmanci irin su uranium da zirconium. Bugu da ƙari, calcium yana taimakawa wajen rage gurɓatattun sinadarai a ƙarfe a lokacin narkewa.
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Masana’antar roba da takin zamani
Calcium carbonate da calcium oxide suna da amfani wajen gyaran roba da inganta ƙarfinta. Calcium phosphate kuma ana amfani da shi wajen samar da takin zamani domin ƙara inganci ga tsirrai.
Fannin kimiyya da fasaha
A fannin bincike da cigaban fasaha, calcium da abubuwan da ya ƙunsa suna da amfani da dama.
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Calcium carbide (CaC₂)
Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da sinadarin acetylene gas (C₂H₂), wanda ake amfani da shi a aikin walda da kuma a matsayin tushen samar da wasu sinadarai.
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Calcium phosphide (Ca₃P₂)
Wannan yana da amfani a fannin pyrotechnics wajen samar da kayayyakin fashewa, flare, da sauransu.
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Calcium alloys
A ɓangaren fasahar nukiliya da sarrafa injina masu zafi, calcium ana haɗa shi da wasu ƙarafa don samar da alloys masu ƙarfi da jurebwa matsanancin zafi.
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Binciken kimiyya
Isotopes na sinadarin calcium suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin nazarin nukiliya da ilimin ƙasa, musamman wajen tantance shekarun dutse da ma’adanan da kuma nazarin yanayi a tarihi.
Illolin sinadarin calcium
Illolin sinadaran calcium a wajen amfani da shi
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Calcium oxide (CaO)
Wani sinadari ne mai ƙarfi da ake kira quicklime. Idan ya taɓa fata, yana iya haifar da ƙonewa ko fatar ta kumbura saboda yana da tsananin ƙarfi.
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Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)
Ana samun shi sakamakon haɗuwar quicklime da ruwa. Shi ma yana da sinadarin alkali mai ƙarfi, wanda zai iya illa ga fata, ido, da numfashi idan aka shaƙa ƙurarta.
Illolin yawan calcium a jikin mutum
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Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia na nufin yawaitar calcium a cikin jini. Idan calcium ya wuce kima a jiki, zai iya kawo matsaloli kamar:
- Rashin daidaiton aikin zuciya (arrhythmia).
- Matsalar ƙoda (ƙirƙirar duwatsun ƙoda).
- Kasala, jin gajiya, da kumburin ciki.
- Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa, kamar rikicewar tunani ko rashin natsuwa.
Illolin rashin daidaito a amfani da ƙari (supplements)
Amfani da ƙarin calcium fiye da kima ta hanyar magunguna ko abinci mai ƙunshe da shi zai iya haifar da tarin calcium a cikin jiki. Wannan zai iya rage shigar wasu sinadarai cikin jiki kamar iron da zinc, saboda calcium na hana shigar su cikin jini yadda ya kamata.
Illoli ga muhalli
Calcium oxide idan aka zubar da shi ba tare da kula ba, zai iya gurɓata ruwa ko ƙasa, kuma yana iya shafar tsirrai da dabbobin daji.
Manazarta
Burns-Whitmore, B., & others. (2024). Vitamin D and calcium—An overview, review of absorption, metabolism, and health effects. Foods, 3(4), 40. MDPI.
Hunt, C. D., & others. (2007). Calcium requirements: New estimations for men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Shi, R.-J., Lang, J.-Q., Wang, T., Zhou, N., Ma, M.-G., & others. (2022). Fabrication, properties, and biomedical applications of calcium-containing cellulose-based composites. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 937266.
U.S. Geological Survey. (2023). Calcium statistics and information. Mineral Commodity Summaries.
Yu, E., & Sharma, S. (2023). Physiology, calcium. StatPearls Publishing.
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