Aluminum abu ne da ke kewaye da mu, kama daga abubuwan amfanin yau da kullun kamar gwangwanaye masu laushi na lemuka zuwa sassan jirgin sama da ke tashi sama. Aluminum yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi amfani kayayyaki da aka sani ga ɗan’adam. Ana iya haɗa shi (cakuɗawa) tare da kusan kowane ƙarfe don ƙirƙirar kayayyaki da kadarori masu amfani. Ƙarfen da aka haɗa da aluminum suna da ƙarfi sosai da nauyi, kuma suna da juriya ga tsatsa.
Bayan oxygen da silicon, aluminium shi ne kashi na uku mafi yawa a cikin dandaryar ƙasa, yana da kashi (8.2%) kuma mafi nisa sannan mafi yawan sinadarin ƙarfe. Ba kamar ƙarafa irin su tagulla, zinare, da zinc da mutane ke amfani da su tsawon shekaru dubbai ba, aluminum ya kasance ana amfani da shi a tsawon shekarun da ba su wuce 100 ba kawai. Wannan ya faru saboda shi aluminum ba a taɓa samun shi a cikin tataccen nau’insa na ɗabi’a ba. Don haka yayin da mutane suka gano sinadarin aluminium, sun gano yadda ake fitar da shi ne daga wasu sinadarin a ƙarshen shekarun 1800s.
Ana iya fitar da aluminium daga wasu nau’ikan yumɓu, amma mafi yawan sinadarin aluminium shi ne wanda ake kira ”bauxite”. Da farko ana haƙo ma’adinin aluminium, sannan a tace ‘bauxite’ zuwa alumina (aluminium oxide). Ana amfani da makamashin lantarki mai yawa don narka alumina zuwa ƙarfe na aluminium.
Siffofin aluminium
Aluminum ƙarfe ne mai launin azurfa wanda ba a taɓa samun shi a tsarinsa na ɗabi’a ba. Yana da sauƙi sosai (kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nauyin jan ƙarfe), amma yana da ƙarfi; wasu nau’ikan ma sun fi ƙarfe ƙarfi. Aluminium na iya kasancewa malleable (wato wanda za a iya ƙirƙirar abubuwa) da kuma ductile (wanda za a iya dukan shi kuma a mayar da shi nau’in wayar lantarki). Aluminum na da zafi ne mai kyau wanda ya dace da aikin lantarki. Haka nan yana da matukar jure tsatsa, kuma ba shi da guba ko cutarwa. Ana iya haɗa aluminium tare da kusan kowane nau’in ƙarfe. Aluminium ba ya ƙonewa, marar nauyi ne. Waɗannan siffofi sun mayar da shi muhimmin sinadari a duniyar zamani.
Amfanin sinadarin aluminium
Ana narkar da aluminium daga alumina wanda aka tace daga cikin sinadarin bauxite. Dukkan sinadaran uku suna da amfani sosai.
Fiye da kashi 90% na adadin sinadarin bauxite a duniya ana amfani da shi don samar da sinadarin alumina tare da mafi yawa daga ragowar kashi 10% ga masana’antun abrasive, refractory da sinadarai ke amfani da su. Ana kuma amfani da bauxite wajen samar da siminti, a matsayin abin kayan aiki ko makamashi mai ƙara kuzari ga masana’antar mai, a cikin ƙarfen walda da sauran su.
Babban amfani sinadarin alumina shi ne zama babban jigo kuma kayan aiki domin masu narka aluminium, duk da haka ana amfani da shi don wasu dalilai na masana’antu. Ana amfani da shi wajen ƙirƙirar gilashi, kayan ado da kuma a cikin fentin ƙarafa, kamar waɗanda aka fesa a kan motoci. Ana kuma amfani da shi wajen samar da insulators na tartsatsin wuta, a matsayin sinadarin mai na roka mai karfi.
Bayan ƙarfe, aluminium shi ne ƙarfen da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da jan copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese ko silicon ana kuma ƙara ƙaramin adadin zirconium, hafnium ko scandium, wannan haɗi yana inganta ƙarfin su sosai. Aluminium yana da amfani da yawa kama daga ƙera jiragen sama sauran ababen hawa zuwa abubuwan amfanin yau da kullun kamar wuƙaƙe da cokula masu yatsu. Wasu ƙarin amfanin sinadarin sun haɗa da;
Kayan gine-gine
Rufin ɗakuna, ƙofofi, firem ɗin tagogi, rumfuna da gadoji, kamar yadda aluminium ke da ƙarfi da rashin nauyi, cikin sauƙi ake fitar siffofin waɗannan kayayyakin kuma yana da juriya ga tsatsa.
Harkokin sufuri
Sassan motoci, manyan motoci, bas, jirgin sama, jiragen ruwa, jiragen ƙasa, ana amfani da aluminium wajen sarrafa wasu ɓangarori na waɗannan ababen sufurin.
Kayan amfanin gida
Kayayyakin amfanin gida na yau da kullum kamar firji da injin wanki da lawn mowers da sauran su ana sarrafa wasu sassansu da aluminium saboda ƙarfinsa da rashin nauyi kuma yana da matuƙar juriyar tsatsa.
Ƙera mazubai
Tukwanen dafa abinci, kwanukan zuba abinci, gwangwanayen lemo da sauran su (a duk faɗin duniya, huɗu daga cikin gwangwanaye biyar ɗin da ake zuba abubuwan ci da sha ana yin su da aluminium) sakamakon za a iya sarrafa aluminium a samar da shi a siraran yanayi kuma bai kasance mai lahani ba.
Kayayyakin lantarki da sadarwa
Rarraba wutar lantarki wanda ya haɗa da kafa turakun na’urorin lantarki da samar da injina da kayan aiki, igiyoyin waya da capacitors, ƙarfin aluminium na sarrafa wutar lantarki ya sa ya zama babban jigo a wannan fanni.
Sauran kayayyaki
Kayan aiki (kayan yanka, kwanon rufi), injinan masana’antu, masana’antar sinadarai, samar da ƙarfe, kayan ɗaki, na’urar hangen nesa, alamun hanya, da kayan ado duk ana amfani da aluminium wajen samar da su.
Tarihin wanzuwar aluminium
- A wajejen shekarar 5300 BC: Farisawa sun yi ƙirƙiri tukwane masu ƙarfi daga yumbu mai ɗauke da aluminium oxide.
- A shekara ta 2000 BC: Tsohuwar Daular Masar da Babila sun yi amfani da potassium aluminum sulfate KAl(SO4)2 a matsayin magani don rage zubar jini. An samo wannan magani ne daga ma’ajiyar da ke Girka da Turkiyya. Romawa na da sun kira wannan magani na likitanci da suna “alum”. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi don dakatar da zubar jini.
- A shekarar 1808: Sir Humphry Davy ɗan ƙasar Ingila ya yi ƙoƙarin fitar da aluminium ta hanyar lantarki. Sai dai ya kasa yin hakan, amma ya tabbatar da wanzuwar shi kuma ya ba shi suna.
- Yayin da a shekarar 1821: Masanin ilimin ƙasa ɗan ƙasar Faransa Pierre Berthier ya gano wani abu mai arziƙin aluminium kusa da ƙauyen Les Baux a Provence da ke Faransa. An sanyawa wannan abu suna bauxite, wato daga sunan ƙauyen ke nan.
- Haka nan a shekarar 1825: Hans Christian Oersted a Denmark, ya samar da gurɓataccen aluminium ta hanyar ɗumama chloride aluminium tare da amalgam na potassium.
- Har ila yau a cikin shekarar 1827: Masanin sinadarai ɗan ƙasar Jamus Friedrich Wöhler ya fitar da aluminium a sigar foda ta hanyar haɗa da sinadarin potassium tare da sinadarin aluminium chloride da ke ingantawa a kan tsarin Oersted.
- A shekarar 1855: Masanin sinadarai ɗan ƙasar Faransa Henri Saint-Claire Deville ya yi nasarar samun ingantaccen aluminium ta hanyar amfani da sodium maimakon potassium mai tsada. An yi la’akari da mabuƙata aluminium mai daraja wanda aka bayyana shi a wannan shekarar tare da kayan ado na kambun Faransa.
- A cikin shekarar 1886: Masana kimiyya biyu a nahiyoyi daban-daban (Charles Hall daga Amurka da Paul Heroult daga Faransa) sun gano hanyar samar da aluminum ta hanyar electrolysis a cikin narkakken cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride). An haife su a shekarar 1864 kuma dukansu sun mutu a shekarar 1914.
- A cikin shekarar 1887: Masanin sunadarai ɗan ƙasar Australiya Karl Josef Bayer da ke aiki a Rasha ya ƙirƙiro hanyar fitar da sinadarin alumina daga bauxite.
- A shekarar 1890: Binciken Hall-Heroult da Bayer sun sa farashin aluminium ya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 80%. A cikin 1888, aluminium farashin US $ 4.86 kowace laban. A cikin 1893, ya kasance dalar Amurka 0.78 a kowace laban kuma a ƙarshen 1930s farashin ya kasance dalar Amurka 0.20 a kowace laban kuma yana da amfani fiye da guda 2000.
- Haka nan a cikin shekarar 1900: An samar da tan 8000 na aluminium, amma bayan shekaru 100 an samar da tan miliyan 24.5 kuma a cikin 2016 an yi kiyasin an samar da tan miliyan 57.6.
- A shekarar 1911: Masanin sinadarai ɗan ƙasar Jamus Alfred Wilm ya ƙirƙira mahimman allunan aluminium waɗanda ke da ƙarfi don ƙera abubuwa kamar jirgin sama. An sami gagarumar buƙatar aluminum a lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu da yaƙin Koriya.
- Sannan kuma a cikin shekarar shekarar 1922: Aka ƙera takardar foil ta hanyar amfani da aluminum.
- A cikin shekarar 1958: Aka samar da gwangwanaye masu laushi na sinadarin aluminum a karon farko.
- A shekara ta 1963: Alcoa na Ostiraliya ya buɗe matatar sinadarin alumina ta farko a Ostiraliya a Kwinana da ke Yammacin Ostiraliya sannan a Pinjarra a cikin shekarar 1972 da kuma Wagerup a shekara ta 1984.
A yau kuwa, a cikin shekarar 2016 an ƙiyasta samun tan miliyan 57.6 na aluminium. Wannan ya fi duk sauran ƙarafa marasa ƙarfe a hade. Ostiraliya na haƙo ma’adinan bauxite a cikin yankin Queensland, Yammacin Ostraliya, da Tasmania, kuma ita ce babbar masana’antar bauxite a duniya. Ostiraliya ita ce kan gaba a duniya wajen samar da sinadarin alumina da aluminium. Matatun mai na yammacin Ostraliya guda uku suna samar da kashi 45% na alumina a Ostraliya kimanin kashi 11% na jimillar adadin a duk faɗin duniya, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama cibiyar alumina guda ɗaya tilo a duniya.
Samuwar aluminium
Manyan ma’adanai na aluminium a cikin sinadarin bauxite su ne gibbsite [Al (OH) 3, kuma ana rubuta su a ta sigar Al2O3.H2O a cikin bayanin oxide], boehmite [AlO (OH), wanda ake rubutawa ta sigar Al2O3.H2O a cikin bayanin oxide] da diaspore, wanda shi ne polymorph (madadin nau’i) na boehmite mai ƙarfi. Tataccen alumina (Al2O3) ya ƙunshi kashi 52.9% na aluminum da kashi 47.1% na oxygen. Bauxite na iya zama mai taurin gaske ko kuma mai laushi kamar laka kuma yana iya samuwa a matsayin dunƙulalliyar ƙasa ko ƙananan ƙwallaye (pisolites). Launukansa na iya zama, ruwan hoda, rawaya, ja, ko fari, ko kowane haɗin waɗannan. Haka nan kuma aluminium na samuwa a cikin manyan duwatsu masu daraja irin su turquoise, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, topaz, jade da aquamarines.
Albarkatun cikin aluminium
Manyan albarkatun bauxite na tattalin arziki mafi girma a duniya suna samuwa a Guinea, Australia, Brazil, Vietnam da Jamaica. A Ostiraliya, ana haƙo bauxite ta wata hanyar fasaha da aka kafa a Weipa a cikin yankin Queensland, Gove a cikin yankin Arewa da Darling Range a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Bugu da kari, a baya-bayan nan an fara aiki da sabbin ma’adanai a yankin Cape York na Queensland da kuma tsakiyar Tasmania. Sauran ma’adanai na bauxite suna samuwa a Arewacin Yammacin Ostiraliya, New South Wales da gabashin Queensland.
Manazarta
Australia, G. (2025, May 14). Aluminium. Geoscience Australia.
Product Market – New & Innovative Markets | The Aluminum Association. (n.d.).
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025a, May 19). Aluminum | Uses, Properties, & Compounds. Encyclopedia Britannica.
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