Bromine wani sinadari ne mai guba, mai launin ruwan dorawa ko jaja-jaja, wanda ke kasancewa a matsayin ruwa a yanayin ɗumin ɗaki, abu ne na musamman saboda mafi yawan non-metals suna da gas a yanayi na ɗaki. Alamarsa ita ce Br, yana da lambar atomic 35, kuma yana cikin rukunin halogens, wato rukuni na 17 a jadawalin sinadarai. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da fluorine, chlorine, iodine, da astatine, dukkaninsu suna da sinadaran guba da kuma damar hulɗa ko cakuɗa da sinadarai da yawa.
Bromine na da siffofi na musamman saboda yana iya bayyana siffofin da ba ƙarfe ba (non-metal) da wasu siffofin na metalloids, musamman damarsa ta shiga ko hulɗa da ƙarafa da wasu sinadarai a yanayi daban-daban. Haka kuma, bromine yana da matsakaicin zafin narkewa da tafasa, wanda hakan ke ba shi damar kasancewa a matsayin ruwa mai ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi. Wannan ta sa sarrafa shi a masana’antu da ɗakin gwaje-gwaje ya bambanta da sinadarai masu gas ko solid kawai.
Bromine yana da matuƙar amfani a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da masana’antar sinadarai, masana’antar magunguna, rini, da na’urorin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, saboda sinadaran gubarsa da kuma saurin shiga cikin sinadarai. Duk da gubarsa, ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin sinadari mai amfani sosai a masana’antu da kimiyya, wanda hakan ke nuna ƙarfin wasu siffofisa a fannin kimiyya da aikace-aikace.
Tarihin gano bromine
Bromine an gano shi ne a shekarar 1826 ta hannun Antoine Jérôme Balard, wani masanin kimiyya ɗan ƙasar Faransa, yayin da yake nazarin ruwa mai ɗanɗanon gishiri daga Lake Thau a kudancin Faransa. Balard ya lura da wani ruwa mai launin ja da wari mai ƙarfi da ya rarrabu daga brine yayin da yake sarrafa shi domin samar da wasu sinadarai na chlorine. A farko, Balard ya yi tunanin wannan sabon abu wani nau’i ne na chlorine ko iodine, saboda kamanceceniya a siffofin halogens.
Bayan zurfafa bincike da gwaje-gwaje, Balard ya fahimci cewa wannan wani sabon sinadari ne gabaɗaya, wanda bai da alaƙa da chlorine ko iodine kai tsaye. Saboda wari mai ƙarfi da bromine ke fitarwa, Balard ya zaɓi sunan bromine, daga kalmar Girkanci bromos, wacce ke nufin “wari mai ƙarfi.” Wannan sunan ya dace da siffofi na musamman na bromine kuma ya nuna a fili bambancinsa da sauran sinadaran halogens.
A farko, an fi ɗaukar bromine a matsayin sinadari mai haɗari saboda gubarsa, musamman ga fata da huhu. Duk da haka, daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, masana sun fara gano amfani da bromine a masana’antu, ciki har da na’urorin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, rini, da wasu kayan aiki na kimiyyar sinadarai, wanda ya nuna cewa bromine ya canja daga guba kawai zuwa sinadari mai amfani sosai.
Siffofin sinadarin bromine
Bromine yana da siffofi na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta shi daga yawancin sauran sinadaran halogens. A zahiri, yana nuna siffofi da halaye na non-metal, amma yana da damar yin hulɗa da sinadaran karafa da wasu sinadarai kamar halogens da alkaline metals, wanda hakan ta sa ya zama sinadari mai amfani sosai a masana’antu da binciken kimiyya.
Lambar atomic da nauyin atom
Bromine yana da lambar atomic 35, wato yana da protons 35 a cikin ƙwayar atom ɗinsa. Nauyin atomic ɗinsa ya kai kusan 79.904 u, wannan na nuna cewa ba sinadari mai nauyi sosai ba ne, amma yana da isasshen nauyi domin samar da juriya idan aka haɗa shi da wasu sinadarai.
Tsarin electron da oxidation states
A tsarin lantarki, bromine yana da electron configuration [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵, wato hakan na nufin yana buƙatar electron guda ɗaya kawai don cika shell ɗin waje. Wannan dalili ne ya sa bromine ke nuna oxidation state na −1 a mafi yawan compounds, musamman sassa na halogens, yayin da a wasu siffofi na musamman yana iya nuna oxidation states +1, +3, +5, da +7. Wannan damar canja oxidation tana ba bromine damar yin hulɗa da sinadarai daban-daban, kamar halogens, ƙarafa, da hydrogen.
Bromine shi ne halogen guda ɗaya da ke kasancewa a matsayin ruwa a yanayin zafin ɗaki, mai launin ruwan dorawa ko jaja-jaja. Yana narkewa kusan −7.2 °C, yayin da yake tafasa a kusan 58.8 °C. Wannan na nuna cewa yana canjawa zuwa gas a yanayi mai ɗumi. Nauyinsa kusan 3.12 g/cm³ ne, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa yana da nauyi idan aka kwatanta da ruwa da yawancin sinadaran non-metals. Bromine yana da wari mai ƙarfi wanda ke bayyana illar gubarsa, musamman ga fata da huhu.
Hulɗa da sinadarai na bromine
Bromine yana da matuƙar hulɗa da sinadarai daban-daban, amma ba kamar chlorine ko fluorine ba, ba shi da saurin karɓar wani sinadarin sosai. Duk da haka, siffofinsa na sauƙin haɗuwa ko canjawa suna ba shi damar yin hulɗa da oxygen, hydrogen, ƙarafa, halogens, da acids a yanayi daban-daban.
Bromine da oxygen
Bromine na iya yin hulɗa da oxygen a yanayi mai zafi ko lokacin da ake amfani da sinadarin catalysts. Hakan yana samar da bromine oxides, kamar dibromine monoxide (Br₂O) da dibromine pentoxide (Br₂O₅). Waɗannan oxides suna da amfani a fannin organic synthesis domin samar da halogenated compounds, kuma suna taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar oxidation states daban-daban na bromine. Haka nan, bromine oxides suna nuna irin matsakaicin karfin oxidizing agent, wanda ke sa bromine ya zama sinadari mai amfani wajen ayyukan kimiyya da masana’antu.
Bromine da hydrogen
Lokacin da bromine ya haɗu da hydrogen, musamman a yanayi mai zafi ko a haske, yana samar da hydrogen bromide (HBr). Wannan gas ne mai wari mai ƙarfi, kuma yana narkewa a ruwa don samar da hydrobromic acid, wanda yake mai ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da amfani a fannin sinadarai. Hydrobromic acid ana amfani da shi a matsayin sinadarin gwaje-gwajen sinadarai daban-daban, ciki har da organic synthesis da masana’antar magunguna.
Bromine da ƙarafa
Bromine na iya yin hulɗa da yawancin sinadaran ƙarafa, musamman rukunin alkaline metals da alkaline earth metals. A irin waɗannan haɗuwa, bromine yana samar da metal bromides, kamar sodium bromide (NaBr) da magnesium bromide (MgBr₂). Waɗannan sinadarai suna da amfani a masana’antu da fannin chemistry, musamman wajen samar da kayayyaki da haɗe-haɗen sinadarai. Ƙarafa masu karfin lantarki kamar iron ko copper suna iya rage bromine zuwa bromide ions, wanda hakan ke nuna siffofin redox na bromine.
Bromine da halogens
Bromine na iya hulɗa da sauran sinadaran rukunin halogens kamar chlorine da iodine, inda yake samar da sinadarai ta haɗuwar sinadarai biyu a rukunin na halogens. Misali, bromine monochloride (BrCl) da bromine pentafluoride (BrF₅) suna da amfani a masana’antar sinadarai, musamman a fannin synthesis da reactions masu bukatar halogens masu ƙarfi. Wannan haɗe-haɗe suna da kwanciyar hankali da damar yin hulɗa mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan ya ba bromine matsayi na musamman a cikin rukunin halogens.
Bromine da acids da bases
Bromine ba ya hulɗa kai tsaye da acids masu rauni kamar hydrochloric acid, amma yana iya hulɗa da acids masu ƙarfi kamar concentrated sulfuric acid a yanayi mai zafi, inda ake iya samun oxides ko wasu sinadarai haɗe-haɗen bromine. Haka nan, bromine na iya yin hulɗa da alkaline metals oxides da hydroxides, inda ake samar da bromates (BrO₃⁻) da bromites (BrO₂⁻), waɗanda ake amfani da su a fannin nazarin sinadarai.
Rabe-raben isotopes na bromine
Bromine yana da isotopes guda biyu masu dawwama a doron ƙasa: ⁷⁹Br da ⁸¹Br. Dukansu suna da lamba atomic 35, wato suna da proton 35, amma sun bambanta a adadin neutrons. Wannan bambanci ya ba su wasu siffofi masu muhimmanci ta fuskar kimiyya, masana’antu, da binciken lafiyar ɗan Adam. Duk da kasancewar isotopes biyu masu dawwama, ana samun wasu isotopes masu gajeriyar rayuwa a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje, waɗanda ke da amfani musamman wajen nazarin nazarin haɗe-haɗen sinadarai da nuclear physics.
⁷⁹Br (Bromine-79)
⁷⁹Br isotope ne mai dawwama wanda ke ɗaukar kusan 50.69% na bromine da ake samu a yanayi. Wannan isotope yana da amfani sosai a fannin kimiyyar muhalli, musamman wajen nazarin zagayawar halogens a doron ƙasa da ruwa. A aikace, masana suna amfani da ⁷⁹Br wajen nazarin ma’adanan bromine, ruwa, da bin diddigin yawansa. Kasancewarsa stable na nufin ba ya fitar da tiriri, wanda hakan ta sa ya dace da amfani a gwaje-gwajen chemistry da nazarin muhalli ba tare da haɗari ba.
Bugu da ƙari, ⁷⁹Br yana taka rawa a fannin organic chemistry, musamman wajen samar da halogenated compounds kamar alkyl bromides da aromatic bromides. Waɗannan haɗe-haɗen sinadarai suna amfani wajen synthesis na magunguna, rini, da polymers. Haka nan, isotopic ratio na ⁷⁹Br zuwa ⁸¹Br na taimaka wajen auna chemical reactions da fractionation a masana’antu da bincike.
⁸¹Br (Bromine-81)
⁸¹Br shi ma isotope ne mai dawwama wanda ke ɗaukar kusan 49.31% na bromine a doron ƙasa. Yana da amfani sosai a fannin makamashin nukiliya medicine da nazarin chemistry. Misali, a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje, ⁸¹Br ana amfani da shi a matsayin isotopic tracer don bin diddigin sinadarai da nazarin mechanisms na halogenation. Wannan yana taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar yadda bromine ke haɗuwa ko hulɗa da sinadarai daban-daban.
Bugu da ƙari, ⁸¹Br yana amfani wajen nazarin gurɓatar muhalli. Misali, a wuraren da ake sarrafa bromine ko haɗe-haɗen sinadaran bromine, ana iya auna adadin ⁸¹Br domin gano tushen gurɓatar ruwa, ƙasa, da iska. Haka nan, isotopic analysis na ⁸¹Br yana taimaka wajen gano asalin halogenated organics a muhalli, wanda hakan ke da matuƙar amfani wajen nazarin lafiyar halittu da lafiyar ɗan Adam.
Isotopes masu lalacewa
Bromine yana da wasu isotopes masu lalacewa kamar ⁷²Br, ⁷³Br, ⁷⁴Br, da sauransu, waɗanda ake samarwa a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar nuclear reactions. Waɗannan isotopes suna da gajartaccen lokacin rayuwa, wanda hakan ta sa suka dace da bincike na kimiyyar nukiliya da nuclear medicine. Misali, ⁷²Br da ⁷³Br ana amfani da su wajen nazarin pharmacokinetics, gano yadda bromine ke shiga da fita daga jikin halittu, da kuma fahimtar tsarin metabolism na brominated drugs.
Isotopes masu gajeren lokaci na bromine suna taimaka wajen nazarin siffofin tiriri, sauƙin haɗuwa da wasu sinadarai, da kuma nazarin molecules a fannin chemistry da biochemistry. Duk da kasancewarsu masu lalacewa, suna da amfani sosai a bincike idan an kula da matakan tsaro sosai.
Samuwar bromine a yanayi
Bromine ba ya samuwa a doron ƙasa a matsayin sinadari tsantsa saboda yana da siffofi masu saurin haɗuwa da sauran sinadarai. Yana samuwa ne mafi yawa a cikin ruwan teku da ma’adanan ƙasa, inda ake samun shi a matsayin ions ko haɗe da wasu sinadarai.
A cikin ruwan teku
A cikin ruwan teku, bromine yana samuwa a matsayin bromide ions (Br⁻). Matsakaicin adadinsa ya kai kusan 65 mg/L, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa akwai wadatar bromine sosai a tafkuna da teku. Wannan hanyar samuwa ta zama muhimmiyar hanya ga masana wajen nazarin siffofin sinadaran halogens a ruwa, musamman a environmental chemistry da zagayawar sinadarai a cikin muhalli. Haka nan, bromide ions suna shiga cikin tsarin halittu na ruwa, inda wasu ƙananan halittu ke amfani da su wajen metabolisms nasu.
Ma’adanan dutse da sinadaran halogens
Bromine yana samuwa a cikin ma’adanan dutse, musamman bromide salts kamar sodium bromide (NaBr) da potassium bromide (KBr). Waɗannan salts suna fitowa ne daga tafkuna masu gishiri da evaporite deposits. Duk da ƙarancin kasancewar sinadarin a doron ƙasa, adadinsa yana isa don samar da bromine a masana’antu.
Bromine na iya samun ɗan ƙalilan ɗin adadi a wasu ƙarafa, inda yake hade da sauran halogens ko transition metals. Wannan ya nuna cewa, duk da cewa ba babban sinadari ba ne, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci saboda sauƙin fitar da shi daga ruwan teku da ma’adanan gishiri.
Hanyoyin tace bromine
Bromine ana fitar da shi ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban domin samun tsantsar sinadarin daga ruwan teku ko sinadaran gishiri.
Hanyar electrochemical
Hanya mafi amfani wajen fitar da bromine daga ruwan teku ita ce electrolysis. A nan, ruwan teku mai ɗauke da bromide ions (Br⁻) ana tura shi ta electrodes, inda bromine tsantsa (Br₂) ke fitowa a matsayin ruwa mai launin ruwan dorawa da jaja-jaja. Wannan hanya tana amfani sosai saboda tana samar da bromine tatacce, wanda za a iya amfani da shi kai tsaye a masana’antu.
Fitar da bromine daga sinadaran salts
Daga ma’adanan gishiri, bromine ana fitar da shi ta hanyar chemical oxidation. Misali, bromide ions ana tafasa su da chlorine (Cl₂) ko wasu sinadaran oxidizing, inda bromine ke fitowa a matsayin ruwa mai guba. Wannan mataki yana amfani sosai a wuraren da ake da bromide salts masu yawa, musamman a Amurka da Israel, inda ake samar da bromine a masana’antu.
Hanyoyin masana’antu
Bromine da aka fitar daga ruwan teku ko ma’adanan gishiri ana tace shi ta hanyar distillation, crystallization, ko sauran hanyoyi na tace sinadarai. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa an samu bromine tatacce, wanda za a iya amfani da shi a haɗin ƙarafa, rini, magunguna, da sauran sinadarai masu amfani.
Amfanin bromine
Bromine yana da amfani sosai a masana’antu da fannin kimiyya saboda siffofinsa na sinadari mai karfi da kuma guba. Ana amfani da shi a fannoni da dama, daga masana’antar kimiyya, lantarki, har zuwa magunguna da sarrafa ruwa.
Masana’antar magunguna
Bromine yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin magunguna, inda ake amfani da sinadaransa wajen samar da sedatives, anticonvulsants, da magungunan cututtukan huhu. Misali, potassium bromide da sodium bromide ana amfani da su a fannin likitancin zamani wajen rage tashin hankali da fitsari. Duk da haka, amfani da bromine a cikin magunguna yana buƙatar kulawa sosai saboda gubarsa a babban adadi.
Masana’antar sinadarai da rini
Bromine yana da amfani wajen samar da haɗe-haɗen sinadarai, waɗanda ake amfani da su a rini, maganin ƙwari, da sauransu. A masana’antar rini, haɗe-haɗen bromine suna ba da launuka masu ƙarfi da ɗorewa. Haka kuma, brominated flame retardants suna rage haɗarin wuta a kayayyaki irin su kayan lantarki, gilashi, da polymer plastics.
Masana’antar lantarki da fasaha
Bromine da haɗe-haɗensa suna amfani sosai a batura, semiconductors, da sinadaran hoto. Misali, lithium bromide ana amfani da shi a wasu nau’o’in batura don ƙara inganci da tsawon rayuwar batiri. Haka nan, bromine yana taimakawa wajen samar da sinadarin catalysts a wasu hanyoyi na lantarki da sarrafa sinadarai
Tace ruwa da tsaftace muhalli
Bromine yana amfani wajen tsaftace ruwa, musamman a wuraren da chlorine ba ya aiki sosai. Ana amfani da sinadaran bromine wajen kashe ƙananan halittu a cikin ruwan ninƙaya da sanyayawa. Wannan yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.
Illolin bromine
Duk da amfanin bromine a fannoni daban-daban, yana da guba kuma yana iya haddasa matsaloli ga lafiyar ɗan Adam, dabbobi, da muhalli.
Tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan Adam
Shaƙar iska ko mu’amala da ruwa mai ɗauke da bromine ko haɗe-haɗensa na iya haifar da rikicewar fata, huhu, da ido. A matsanancin yanayi, bromine yana iya haddasa lalacewar huhu, tari, tashin zuciya, da hauka. Haka nan, shan bromine compounds da yawa na iya haifar da illa, wadda ke buƙatar kulawar likita.
Tasiri ga muhalli
Bromine na iya zama guba ga ruwa da ƙasa idan aka sake shi da yawa daga masana’antu. Yana iya taruwa a cikin ruwa da abinci, wanda ke shafar rayuwar kifaye da wasu halittu na ruwa. Haka nan, tiririn bromine da maganin kashe ƙwari suna da haɗari ga muhalli, wato suna wanzuwa da yawa, wanda hakan ke iya haddasa matsaloli ga muhalli da tsirrai.
Haɗari a masana’antu
A wuraren masana’antu inda ake sarrafa bromine, musamman a nau’i mai guba ko gari, ana iya samun rikicewar numfashi, ƙonewar fara, da illa ga ido. Wannan yana buƙatar matakan tsaro na musamman, ciki har da amfani da takunkumi, tabarau, da safar hannu, da kuma wadatar kaɗawar iska.
Manazarta
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2019, April 1). Toxicological profile for bromine. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Emsley, J. (2025, Nov. 28). Bromine: Chemical element and industrial uses. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Proskurina, A. S., & Khamidulina, K. K. (2024, July 31). Toxic effects of bromine and its inorganic compounds on human health. Russian Journal of Public Health, 638183.
Rae, D. (2014). The trouble with bromine: Health and environmental impacts of organobromine compounds. ResearchGate.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017, June). Bromine in drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
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