Chikungunya wata cuta ce mai yaɗuwa da ƙwayar cutar Chikungunya virus ke haddasawa, wadda ke cikin rukuni na arboviruses (ƙwayoyin cutar da sauro ke ɗauka da yaɗa su). Cutar na yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar cizon sauro na jinsin Aedes aegypti da Aedes albopictus, waɗanda sukan ɗauki ƙwayar cutar daga wanda ya kamu da cutar sannan su yaɗa ta ga wasu. Wannan ta sanya chikungunya a matsayin cuta mai yaɗuwa cikin sauri a wuraren da sauro ke yawaita, musamman a yankunan tropics da subtropics.
Sunan wannan cuta “Chikungunya” ya samo asali ne daga harshen Swahili, ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsunan Afrika, inda take nufin “lanƙwasa”. Sunan yana da alaƙa ne da babbar alama ko illar cutar, wato ciwon jiki da ƙasusuwan jiki wanda ke sa mutum takurewa ko nakasa ta ɗan lokaci. Wannan yanayin cutar na iya shafar hannu, ƙafa, da gwiwa, kuma yana da tsanani sosai a wasu lokuta.
Duk da cewa chikungunya ba kasafai take kaiwa ga mutuwa ba, amma tana iya zama mai tsanani ga wasu rukunin mutane, musamman tsofaffi, masu raunin garkuwar jiki, ko waɗanda ke da wasu cututtuka na jiki. Haka kuma, ciwon na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo ga wasu mutane bayan sun warke daga cutar.
Chikungunya tana da tasiri ga lafiyar jama’a saboda yawan yaduwarta ta hanyar sauro mai ɗauke da cutar. Tasirin da take yi ga rayuwar yau da kullum saboda ciwon tsoka mai tsanani. Ƙarfin barkewarta a wuraren da ke da yawan sauro, musamman a birane da ƙauyuka masu ƙarancin tsafta da samun ruwa tsaftatacce.
Tarihin cutar chikungunya
Chikungunya ta fara bayyana ne a shekara ta 1952 a yankin Makonde, Tanzania, lokacin da aka samu ɓarkewar cutar zazzabi mai tsanani da ciwon tsoka. Masu bincike sun lura cewa mutane da dama sun yi fama da ciwon tsoka da gajiya mai tsanani, wanda ya sa suka kasa motsi na yau da kullum.
Bayan gano ta a Tanzaniya, cutar ta yaɗu zuwa sauran kasashen Afirka, sannan ta haura zuwa Asiya, Turai, da Amurka ta kudu da tsakiyar duniya. Yaɗuwar cutar ya danganta ne da yawan sauro na jinsin Aedes, wanda ke ɗaukar ƙwayar cutar daga mutane masu kamuwa zuwa wasu.
A Najeriya, Chikungunya ta kasance cuta mai yaɗuwa musamman a lokutan damina, lokacin da sauron Aedes ke yawaita. Rahotanni daga asibitoci da bincike na kimiyya sun tabbatar da ɓarkewar cutar a jihohi da dama, ciki har da Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, da yankuna masu ƙarancin tsafta inda gurɓataccen ruwa ke taruwa.
Yawanci, ɓarkewar cutar a Najeriya na faruwa ne a cikin birane da ƙauyuka masu matsalolin tsafta, inda mutane ke zaune a kusa da wuraren da sauro ke iya hayayyafa, kamar:
- Ruwan da ke taruwa a tukwane, kwalabe, da kwatami.
- Kananan rijiyoyi da koguna marasa tsafta.
- Wuraren adana ruwa da ba a rufe su.
Bincike ya nuna cewa mutane masu rauni, tsofaffi, da yara ƙanana sukan fi kamuwa da cutar mai tsanani, yayin da mafi yawan mutane suna warkewa ba tare da matsala mai tsanani ba. Wannan bayani na nuna cewa Chikungunya cuta ce mai tasiri ga lafiyar jama’a, musamman a Najeriya da sauran yankunan da sauro ke yawaita.
Hanyoyin yaɗuwar chikunguya
Cutar Chikungunya na yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar cizon sauro, musamman jinsin Aedes aegypti da Aedes albopictus. Saurayen waɗannan sukan ɗauki ƙwayar cutar daga mutum mai ɗauke da cutar sannan su yaɗa ta zuwa wasu mutane ta hanyar cizo. Wannan hanyar yaɗuwa na sanya Chikungunya cuta mai yaɗuwa da sauri, musamman a wuraren da sauro ke yawaita.
Cutar ba ta yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga mutum zuwa mutum ta hanyar hulɗa ta yau da kullum, kamar gaisuwa, runguma, ko haɗa hannu. Yaɗuwar ta fi tsanani ne idan mutum mai cutar yana da ƙwayar cutar a jini, yayin da sauro ke cizon shi. Wannan ya sa kare kai daga cizon sauro shi ne mafi ingancin hanyar rigakafi da daƙile yaɗuwar cutar.
Alamomin chikunguya
Alamomin chikungunya sukan bayyana cikin kwanaki 4–8 bayan cizon sauro mai ɗauke da cutar. Wasu mutane, musamman yara ƙanana, ba sa nuna alamomi sosai. Ga waɗanda suka nuna, alamomin sun haɗa da:
- Zazzabi mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri.
- Ciwon jiki da tsoka, musamman a hannu, ƙafa, da gwiwa.
- Ciwon ƙasusuwan jiki (arthralgia), wanda ke sanya motsi da wahala.
- Jin gajiya da rashin ƙarfi, wanda kan haifar da hutu mai yawa.
- Kumburin fata ko ƙananan kuraje a wasu lokuta.
- Ciwon kai da rashin jin daɗin jiki.
Alamomin sukan ɗauki mako 1–2 gabaɗaya, amma ciwon jiki na iya ɗaukar watanni da dama a wasu mutane, musamman tsofaffi ko masu raunin garkuwar jiki, inda ake kira wannan yanayin chronic arthritis.
Illoli chikunguya
Cutar chikungunya a mafi yawan lokuta tana warkewa ba tare da matsala mai tsanani ba, kuma mutane suna murmurewa gabaɗaya cikin makonni 1–2. Amma duk da haka, akwai wasu lokuta da cutar kan haifar da matsaloli masu ɗorewa, musamman ga rukunin mutane masu rauni:
- Tsofaffi: Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 60 sukan fi fuskantar ciwon jiki mai ɗorewa wanda zai iya ɗaukar watanni, wanda ake kira chronic arthritis. Wannan yana iya shafar ƙafafu, hannu, da gwiwa, har ya rage musu damar motsi na yau da kullum.
- Masu raunin garkuwar jiki: Mutane masu fama da cututtuka irin su diabetes, cututtukan zuciya, ko lalacewar hanta da koda na iya samun matsanancin ciwon tsoka da gajiya.
- Haɗari ga rayuwa: Duk da cewa mutuwa a dalilin cutar ba kasafai take faruwa ba, a wasu lokuta tana iya zama mai haɗari ga masu fama da cututtuka da sauran matsaloli na lafiya, musamman idan akwai ciwon zuciya, hanta, ko ƙoda.
- Gazawa ga ayyukan yau da kullum: Ciwon jiki da tsoka haɗi da gajiya na iya haifar da rashin iya gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum, rashin zuwa aiki, da ƙarin buƙatar hutu na dogon lokaci.
Maganin chikungunya
Babu maganin kashe ƙwayar cutar chikungunya kai tsaye, saboda haka maganin yana mai da hankali ne gabaɗaya wajen rage bayyanar alamomin cutar da tallafa wa jiki wajen murmurewa. Masu cutar sukan samu sauƙi ta hanyar shan paracetamol domin rage zazzaɓi da ciwon jiki. Haka kuma, shan ruwa sosai yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin maye gurbin ruwa da gajiya da zazzaɓi suka haddasa, yayin da hutu da rage aiki mai yawa ke taimaka wa jiki wajen murmurewa.
Magungunan NSAIDs kamar ibuprofen ko aspirin ana guje musu musamman ga waɗanda ke da matsalolin hanta, koda, ko jini saboda suna iya ƙara haɗari ga lafiyarsu. Haka nan, cin abinci mai sauƙin narkewa da kiyaye lafiyar gabaɗaya yana taimakawa jiki wajen murmurewa cikin sauri.
Rigakafin chikungunya
Rigakafi daga chikungunya ta fi dacewa fiye da magani saboda yaɗuwar cutar ta dogara ne gabaɗaya akan cizon sauro mai ɗauke da ƙwayar cutar. Don haka, kare kai daga cizon sauro yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Hanyar farko ta kare kai ita ce amfani da magungunan sauro na shafawa a fata da sanya shinge a tagogi da ƙofa don hana sauro shiga gida, da kuma amfani da tufafi masu rufe jiki musamman a lokutan rana da maraice lokacin da sauro ke yawan cizo.
Haka kuma, tsaftace muhalli yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen rage yaɗuwar sauro. Wannan na nufin gyara dukkan wuraren da ruwa ke taruwa a gida ko a waje, kamar tukwane, kwalabe, rijiyoyi marasa murfi, da wuraren ajiye ruwa. Lokutan barkewar cuta, amfani da maganin feshi ko kayan rigakafin sauro yana taimakawa wajen rage yaɗuwar chikungunya cikin jama’a.
A Najeriya, waɗannan hanyoyin kariya suna da matuƙar muhimmanci saboda sauron Aedes na yaɗuwa sosai a lokutan damina da wuraren da tsafta ke da rauni. Kare kai daga cizon sauro da tsaftace muhalli su ne mafi inganci wajen hana kamuwa da cutar da rage yaɗuwar ta a tsakanin mutane, musamman a birane da ƙauyuka masu yawan gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin tsafta.
Manazarta
Animal Diseases (2023). Antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses in Nigeria. Animal Diseases, 3, Article 7.
Asaga Mac, P., Airiohuodion, P. E., Yako, A. B., Makpo, J. K., & Kroeger, A. (2022). The Seroprevalence and Hidden Burden of Chikungunya Endemicity and Malaria Mono‑ and Coinfection in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 8896.
Muhammad, B., Babatunde, M. I., Musa, U. A., Bindawa, A. T., Johnny, J., … Makeri, M. S. (2023). Serological Evidence of Chikungunya Infection in Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 23(10), 11‑20.
World Health Organization. (2025, April 14). Chikungunya – fact sheet. World Health Organization
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