Cholera

Cholera na daga cikin manyan matsalolin lafiya da ke barazana ga al’umma a duniya, musamman a wuraren da babu isasshen ruwan sha mai tsafta, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Duk da cewa cutar tana da sauƙin magani ta hanyar ORS da ƙarin ruwa ta jijiya, amma tana iya jawo mutuwa cikin sa’o’i idan ba a sami magani da wuri ba. Riga-kafi da sarrafa cholera na buƙatar haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi, tare da haɗa matakai na tsaftar muhalli, riga-kafin allurai, haɗin kan jama’a, da kuma ƙarfafa tsarin lura da cututtuka. Manufar duniya a halin yanzu, kamar yadda GTFCC da WHO suka tsara, ita ce kawar da cholera a ƙasashe da dama kafin shekarar 2030 tare da rage mace-mace da kashi 90%. Wannan yana nuna cewa da haɗin kai da saka jari a fannin lafiya, magani da riga-kafi, kawar da cholera daga doron ƙasa abu ne mai yiwuwa.

Ma’anar cholera

Cholera cuta ce ta gudawa mai tsanani wacce take faruwa sakamakon cin abinci ko shan ruwan da ya gurɓace da ƙwayar cuta mai suna Vibrio cholerae. Wannan cuta ta zama barazana ga lafiyar jama’a a duniya, tana kuma haifar da rashin daidaito da koma baya a ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

Daƙile cutar cholera da sauran cututtuka masu yaɗuwa a cikin ruwa na buƙatar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki. Yawancin masu cutar suna kamuwa da gudawa mai kaɗan ko matsakaiciya, kuma ana iya warkar da su ta hanyar shan ORS. Amma cutar na iya tsananta da gaggawa, don haka samun magani da wuri yana da muhimmanci. Waɗanda suka shiga mummunar matsala suna buƙatar ƙarin ruwa ta jijiya, ORS da kuma antibiotics.

Kasashe suna buƙatar ƙarfafa tsarin sa ido da bincike na ɗakin gwaje-gwaje domin gano ɓullar cutar da sauri, a rika lura da ita tare da tsara hanyoyin kulawa.

Alamomin cutar cholera

Cholera na iya haifar da mummunar gudawa mai ruwa sosai, wacce ka iya jawo mutuwa cikin sa’o’i idan ba a yi magani da wuri ba. Yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da ƙwayar V. cholerae ba sa nuna wata alama, amma suna iya yaɗa ƙwayar cutar ta bayan gida na tsawon kwana 1 zuwa 10. Alamomi kan bayyana tsakanin awanni 12 zuwa kwana 5 bayan kamuwa.

Yawancin masu cutar na yin gudawa kaɗan, amma wasu kaɗan sukan shiga cikin mummunar gudawa da bushewar jiki mai barazana ga mutuwa.

Tarihin cutar cholera a duniya

Cholera cuta ce tun shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce. A ƙarni na 19 aka fara rubuta rahoton bullar cutar a matsayin annoba ta duniya. Tun daga lokacin, an samu ɓullar annobar har sau shida waɗanda hallaka miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Annobar a yanzu, wacce take a zango na bakwai ta fara yaɗuwa a Kudancin Asiya a shekara ta 1961, har yanzu tana ci gaba da shafar al’ummomi a duniya.

Nau’o’in ƙwayar Vibrio cholerae

Manyan rukuni guda biyu ne kawai na ƙwayar cutar da ke haddasa barkewar cholera: O1 da O139. Nau’in O1 shi ne ya haddasa duk barkewar cutar a baya-bayan nan. O139 ya taɓa haddasa barkewar cuta a Asiya a shekarun baya, amma kwanan nan ana samun shi ne kawai a lokutan da ba a yi tsammani ba. Dukansu biyun suna haddasa irin wannan nau’in cutar.

Yawaitar yaɗuwar cutar

Ɓarkewar cholera na faruwa akai-akai a wasu ƙasashe, yayin da a wasu ƙasashen sai bayan wasu shekaru ake samun ɓarkewar. Cutar na da alaƙa da rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsafta, rashin tsaftar muhalli da kuma tsaftar jiki. Dalilan da ke jawo haka sun haɗa da yaƙi, gudun hijira, bala’o’in yanayi irin su guguwar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa ko fari, da kuma rashin saka jari wajen kula da tsarin ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli.

Rahotannin adadin masu cutar cholera da ake kai wa WHO ya ƙaru a shekarun baya-bayan nan. A shekara ta 2023, an kai rahoton mutane 535,321 da suka kamu da cutar da mace-mace 4007 daga ƙasashe 45. Bambanci tsakanin wannan adadi da na masu bincike na iya zama saboda rashin ingantaccen tsarin lura da cututtuka da kuma ɓoye rahoton saboda tsoron illolin tattalin arziki da yawon buɗe ido.

Hanyoyin riga-kafin cutar

Riga-kafi da sarrafa cholera na buƙatar haɗa hanyoyi da dama kamar ƙarfafa tsarin lura, inganta ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, isar da saƙo ga jama’a, ƙarfafa haɗin kai da al’umma, samun damar magani mai inganci, da kuma aiwatar da allurar riga-kafin cholera.

Yadda za a kula da cutar

Ya kamata cholera ta kasance cikin tsarin lura da cututtuka gabaɗaya. Wannan ya haɗa da bayar da rahoto da wuri, nazarin bayanai, fassara da rabawa daga matakin ƙananan wurare zuwa na duniya. Gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na taimakawa wajen gano cutar da sauri, amma tabbatarwa yakan buƙaci binciken ɗakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar seroagglutination ko PCR.

Maganin dindindin na cholera shi ne ci gaban tattalin arziki da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta da tsafta ga kowa. WASH na rage yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa, ciki har da cholera. A lokacin ɓarkewar cuta, WASH na taimakawa wajen rage yaɗuwa ta hanyar tsaftace asibitoci, duba ingancin ruwa, raba kayan tsaftar muhalli ga al’umma da koyar da tsaftar jiki.

Maganin cutar cholera

Cholera cuta ce da ake iya warkarwa cikin sauƙi. Yawancin mutane na samun lafiya da gaggawar shan ORS. Waɗanda jikinsu ya bushe sosai suna buƙatar ƙarin ruwa ta jijiya da kuma antibiotics. Ana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga masu wasu cututtuka na daban.

Ba a ba da shawarar bayar da maganin riga-kafin cholera ta hanyar rarraba antibiotics ga jama’a gabaɗaya domin ba shi da amfani wajen hana yaɗuwa, kuma yana iya haddasa bijirewa ga magungunan wasu cutukan.

Tsarin haɗa kan al’umma

Haɗin kan al’umma na nufin yin aiki tare da jama’a domin tsara shirye-shiryen da suka dace da bukatunsu. A nan al’adu, dabi’u da imani na da muhimmanci wajen karɓar tsafta irin su wanke hannu da sabulu, kula da abinci da ruwa yadda ya dace da kuma tsaftace bayan gida. Haka nan, bikin jana’izar waɗanda suka mutu dalilin cutar cholera na iya buƙatar sauya tsari domin hana yaɗuwar cutar.

Allurar riga-kafi

A halin yanzu akwai allurai uku da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da su:

• Dukoral®
• Euvichol-Plus®
• Euvichol-S®.

Kowa na buƙatar allurai biyu don samun cikakken kariya. Amma saboda ƙarancin alluran a duniya tun daga Oktoba 2022, ana amfani da kashi ɗaya kawai a yawancin shirin riga-kafi.

Kayayyakin kula da cholera

WHO ta ƙirƙiri nau’o’in kayan aiki domin tallafawa wajen bincike da tabbatar da bullar cutar cholera da kuma jinyar marasa lafiya. Kowane ƙunshi na kayan jinya na ɗauke da isasshen kayan aiki don kula da marasa lafiya 100.

Kayan bincike

• Kayayyakin gwajin cutar, an samar da abubuwan gwaje-gwaje domin tabbatar da cuta a dakin gwaje-gwaje guda ɗaya
• Kayayyakin jinya guda uku a matakai daban-daban: matakin al’umma, matakin ƙananan cibiyoyi, da kuma matakin manyan asibitoci
• Kayan tallafi da ke ɗauke da kayayyakin aiki na fasaha kamar fitilu masu aiki da hasken rana, shingaye, tankunan ruwa da famfo.

Gudummawar ƙungiyoyi

Ƙungiyar Kasa da Kasa Kan Yaƙi da Cholera (Global Task Force on Cholera Control – GTFCC). GTFCC haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙasashe, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa, hukumomin MDD da kuma cibiyoyin bincike masu manufa ɗaya: wato rage ƙarfin cholera a duniya. WHO ce ke ɗaukar nauyin gudanar da asusun GTFCC. Abubuwan da GTFCC ke yi sun haɗa da:

• samar da dabaru na duniya don rigakafi da maganin cholera;
• taimaka wa ƙasashe wajen tsara tsare-tsaren ƙasa na dogon lokaci don kawar da cholera;
• samar da jagororin fasaha da littattafan aiki;
• tallafa wa shirin bincike domin gwada sabbin hanyoyin riga-kafi da maganin cholera a ƙasashen da abin ya shafa;
• ƙara wa cholera ɗaukaka a matsayin babbar matsalar lafiyar jama’a ta duniya.

Kawo ƙarshen cholera

Taswirar 2030 (Ending Cholera Roadmap to 2030)

A shekarar 2017, GTFCC ta fitar da dabara mai taken Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030. Manufar ita ce:

• rage mace-macen cholera da kashi 90%;
• kawar da cutar gabaɗaya a ƙasashe guda 20 kafin shekarar 2030.

Hanyoyin da aka tsara sun haɗa da:

• gano da kuma takaita ɓarkewar cutar da wuri ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar sassa da dama;
• mai da hankali kan wuraren da cutar tafi ta’azzara domin yin shiri na musamman;
• samar da tsari mai inganci na haɗin gwiwa da ya haɗa da fasaha, wayar da kan jama’a, tara kuɗi da haɗin kai tsakanin matakai na ƙasa da na duniya.

Wannan dabarar ta samu amincewa a taron Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya karo na 71 a shekara ta 2018.

Ƙoƙarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya

Shirin WHO kan cholera yana aiki domin ƙara wayar da kan jama’a da kuma yin kira ga duniya don ɗaukar matakan daƙile cutar. A matakin ƙasashe mambobi, WHO na tallafa wa kasashe wajen:

• ƙarfafa tsarin lura da cututtuka;
• ƙarfafa ƙarfin dakunan gwaje-gwaje;
• inganta damar samun magani mai kyau;
• aiwatar da tsare-tsaren tsafta da kariya daga cututtuka (IPC);
• ƙarfafa haɗin kai da al’umma wajen riga-kafi da maganin cholera;
• samar da damar samun allurar riga-kafin cholera da gudanar da kamfen ɗin riga-kafi.

WHO da abokan aikinta na kuma tallafa wa shirye-shiryen bincike domin ƙirƙirar sabbin dabaru na riga-kafi da maganin cholera.

Bugu da ƙari, WHO ce ke ɗaukar nauyin gudanar da asusun GTFCC kuma tana daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar International Coordinating Group (ICG) wacce ke kula da adana allurar riga-kafi na gaggawa.

Manazarta

Ali, M., Nelson, A. R., Lopez, A. L., & Sack, D. A. (2015). Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(6), e0003832.

Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC). (2017). Ending cholera: A global roadmap to 2030. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Federal Ministry of Education; Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC). (2008). Health Education for SS 1–3. Abuja: NERDC.

Ramalingam, S. T. (2018). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. Onitsha: Africana First Publishers Plc.

World Health Organization. (2022). Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2022. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 97(34), 405–428. 

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