Hepatitis wani kumburi ne a jikin hanta da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri da kuma wasu abubuwa waɗanda ke janyo matsaloli daban-daban, wani lokacin ma sukan iya yin kisa. Akwai manyan nau’ikan ƙwayar cutar hanta guda biyar, a matsayin nau’in A, B, C, D da E. Duk da yake dukkansu suna haifar da cutar hanta, amma sun bambanta ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci ciki har da hanyoyin yaɗuwa, tsananin rashin lafiya, da kuma hanyoyin riga-kafi. Musamman nau’in B da C suna haifar da cututtuka na yau da kullun a tsakanin miliyoyin mutane kuma su ne mafi yawan sanadin cutar hanta, cutar kansar hanta da kuma mutuwa sakamakon cutar hanta. Kimanin mutane miliyan 354 a duk faɗin duniya suna ɗauke da ciwon hanta walau na B ko C.
Wasu nau’ikan ciwon hantar ana iya daƙile su ta hanyar riga-kafi. Wani bincike da hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta gudanar ya gano cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 4.5 na mutuwa da wuri a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin ƙarfi da matsakaitan ƙasashe nan da shekarar 2030, adadin zai iya raguwa ta hanyar yin alluran riga-kafi, gwaje-gwaje, magunguna da neman ilimi game da cutar. Dabarar kariya daga cutar hanta ta WHO, wacce dukkan ƙasashe mambobin WHO ɗin suka amince da ita, na ƙoƙarin rage sabbin cututtukan hanta da kashi 90% da mace-macen da kashi 65% tsakanin 2016 zuwa 2030.
Nau’ikan Hipatitis
• Hipatitis A
Hepatitis A wani kumburin hanta ne wanda zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani. Ana kamuwa da cutar hanta (HAV) ta hanyar cin abinci da ruwa gurɓatattu ko ta hanyar saduwa da mai cutar kai tsaye.
Kusan kowa yana murmurewa daga cutar hanta ta A tare da riga-kafi na tsawon rayuwa. Duk da haka, wani adadin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar hanta na iya mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar.
Ƙwayar cutar Hepatitis A (HAV) ta fi yawaita a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin ƙarfi da matsakaitan kuɗin shiga, da ƙarancin ruwa mai tsafta da kuma ƙaruwar gurbataccen abinci.
• Hipatitis B
An fi kamuwa da cutar daga uwa zuwa jariri a lokacin haihuwa, a farkon kuruciya, da kuma ta hanyar haduwar jini ko wasu ruwan jiki yayin jima’i da abokin tarayya mai cutar, allurar marasa lafiya ko kuma abubuwa masu kaifi.
WHO ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 254 ne ke fama da cutar hanta na tsawon lokaci a shekarar 2022, tare da sabbin cututtuka miliyan 1.2 a kowace shekara.
A cikin shekara ta 2022, hepatitis B ta haifar da kimanin mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.1, akasari daga cirrhosis da ciwon hanta (ciwon hanta na farko).
• Hipatitis C
Hepatitis C shi ma dai wani kumburin hanta ne wanda ƙwayar cutar hanta ta C ke haifarwa. Kwayar cutar na iya haifar da ciwon hanta wanda ya bambanta fuskar tsanani da rashin lafiya ciki har da cirrhosis da ciwon daji.
Ƙwayar cutar hepatitis C ƙwayar cuta ce da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar ta’ammali da jini da yin amfani da allurar marasa lafiya, ƙarin jini da ba a tantance ba, yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da ayyukan jima’i waɗanda ke haifar da haɗuwar jini.
A duniya, an kiyasta kimanin mutane miliyan 50 suna kamuwa da cutar hanta ta C, tare da kusan sabbin cututtuka miliyan 1.0 da ke faruwa a kowace shekara.
WHO ta kiyasta cewa a cikin shekara ta 2022, kusan mutane 242 000 ne suka mutu daga cutar hanta ta C, galibi daga cirrhosis.
• Hipatitis D
Ciwon HDV yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutane suka kamu da ciwon hanta na B da D a lokaci guda (cututtukan haɗin gwiwa) ko kuma suna samun hanta bayan kamuwa da cutar hanta na B. Kwayar cutar Hepatitis D (HDV) tana shafar kusan kashi 5% na mutanen da ke fama da cutar hanta ta B (HBV).
A duk duniya, adadin cututtukan HDV ya ragu tun daga shekarun 1980, saboda babbar nasarar shirin riga-kafin HBV na duniya.
• Hipatitis E
Hepatitis E wani kumburin hanta ne da ke haifar da kamuwa da cutar hanta ta E (HEV). A kowace shekara akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 20 masu kamuwa da cutar HEV a duk duniya, wanda ke haifar da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.3 na alamun bayyanar cututtuka na hepatitis E.
Ana samun cutar Hepatitis E a duk duniya, amma cutar ta fi ƙamari a Gabashi da Kudancin Asiya. An samar da maganin riga-kafin kamuwa da cutar hanta ta E kuma an ba da lasisin amfani da shi a China, inda aka samu ɓullar nau’in cutar, amma har yanzu ba a samu wani wuri ba.
WHO ta kiyasta cewa hepatitis E ta haifar da mutuwar kusan 44 000 a cikin 2015 (lissafin 3.3% na mace-mace saboda ciwon hanta na E).
Alamomin ciwon hanta
• Alamomin ciwon hanta Hipatitis A, B da C
Mutane da yawa masu ciwon hanta rukunin A, B, C, D ko E suna nuna alamomin kaɗan ne ko ma babu alamomin kwata-kwata. Alamomin cutar hanta A, B da C na iya haɗawa da zazzaɓi, rashin ƙarfi, rashin cin abinci, zawo/gudawa, tashin zuciya, rashin jin daɗin ciki, fitsari mai launin duhu da sauyawar launin fata da fararen idanu.
A wasu lokuta, kwayar cutar na iya haifar da ciwon hanta na yau da kullum wanda zai iya tasowa daga baya ya zama cirrhosis (tabon hanta) ko ciwon hanta. Waɗannan marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da ciwon hanta rukunin A, B da C suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa.
• Alamomin ciwon hanta Hepatitis D (HDV)
Hepatitis D (HDV) ana samun ta ne kawai a jikin mutanen da suka riga sun kamu da cutar hanta B (HBV); duk da haka, kamuwa da cuta guda biyu ta HBV da HDV na iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta mafi muni da yiwuwar ta’azzarar cutar zuwa matakin cirrhosis.
• Alamomin ciwon hanta Hepatitis E (HEV)
Hepatitis E (HEV) tana farawa da zazzaɓi mai sauƙi, rage cin abinci, tashin zuciya da amai yana ɗaukar kwanaki. Wasu mutane na iya samun ciwon ciki, ƙaiƙayi (ba tare da raunin fata ba), ƙurajen fata ko ciwon gaɓɓai. Haka nan suna iya nuna launin rawaya a jikin fata, tare da yin fitsari mai duhu da gudawa, da ƙaruwar girman hanta ko gazawarta lokaci-lokaci.
Riga-kafin ciwon hanta
• Riga-kafin Hipatitis A
Akwai riga-kafi mai inganci don kariya daga ciwon hanta na A. Yawancin cututtukan HAV suna da sauƙi, mutane suna murmurewa sosai kuma suna karɓar riga-kafi don kauce wa sake kamuwa da cutar. Duk da haka, waɗannan cututtukan kuma ba kasafai suke yin tsanani ba, amma suna yin barazana ga rayuwa saboda haɗarin gazawar hanta.
Riga-kafin Hipatitis B
Akwai allurai masu inganci don riga-kafin cutar hanta na B (HBV). Wannan riga-kafin yana hana hauhawar ƙwayar cutar hanta (HBV) kuma ana ba da ita lokacin haihuwa, tana rage haɗarin yaɗuwa daga uwa zuwa yaro. Ana iya maganin kamuwa da ciwon hanta na yau da kullum tare da magungunan riga-kafi. Kula da marar lafiya na iya rage haɗarin cirrhosis. Rukunin mutanen da ke ɗauke da ciwon hanta na kullum, za su buƙaci magani ne. Har ila yau, akwai maganin riga-kafi don hana kamuwa da cutar hanta E (HEV), ko da yake ba ya samuwa a yanzu.
• Riga-kafin Hipatitis C
Babu wani maganin alurar riga kafi don cutar hanta ta C.
Magungunan riga-kafi na iya warkar da fiye da kashi 95% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hanta, wanda hakan zai rage haɗarin mutuwa dalilin cirrhosis, amma samun damar gano cutar da magani shi abu mai wahala.
Magunguna
Magungunan antiviral masu aiki kai tsaye (DAAs) na iya warkar da fiye da kashi 95% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hanta, amma samun damar gano cutar da magani sun yi ƙaranci.
Manazarta
Mayo Clinic. (2022, September 24). Hepatitis B – Symptoms and causes Mayo Clinic.
National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Hepatitis. MedlinePlus.
WHO. (2020b, March 11). Hepatitis. World Health Organization: