Drone

Drone, wanda ake bayyanawa a matsayin jirgin sama marar matuƙi, na daga cikin manyan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙiren fasaha da suka kawo sauyi a harkar sufuri, tsaro, bincike, da tattara bayanai a duniya. Wannan jirgi ba ya ɗauke da matuƙi ko fasinjoji a cikinsa, wato yana tashi da tafiya ne ba tare da mutumin da ke ciki yana sarrafa shi ba. Ana sarrafa shi daga nesa ta hanyar amfani da na’urori kamar remote controller, na’urar kwamfuta, ko kuma ta hanyar bayanan da aka saka masa tun kafin tashi (pre-programmed flight plan).

Jirgin drone yana da na’urori masu gano hanya wato (navigation systems), kamar na’urar GPS, da na’urorin hangen nesa (sensors) da ke taimaka masa wajen tashi cikin daidaitacciyar hanya ba tare da karo da wani abu ba. Akwai drones da ake sarrafawa da hannu gabaɗaya, akwai kuma waɗanda ake tsara musu hanya su tafi da kansu ba tare da kulawar kai tsaye daga mutum ba.

Ana ƙirƙirar drones da nau’ikan injina daban-daban kamar inji mai aiki da mai, inji mai aiki da lantarki, ko kuma injin jeta, ya danganta da nau’in aikin da aka ƙera su dominsa. Drones masu injin lantarki sukan fi amfani wajen ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo, da bincike saboda ba sa hayaniya kuma suna da sauƙin sarrafawa. Drones masu amfani da injin mai kuwa, sukan fi dacewa da tafiye-tafiye masu nisa ko aikin da ke buƙatar ƙarfi. Masu injin jeta kuma sukan kasance manyan drones da ake amfani da su a fannin tsaro ko binciken sararin samaniya.

Drone yana iya yin tashi, shawagi, sauka, da juyawa cikin sauƙi saboda tsarin injinsa da tsarin sarrafa saukarsa (stabilization system). Wannan na’ura ta zama muhimmiya a kayan aiki a fannoni da dama kamar bincike, aikin noma, kula da muhalli, aikin tsaro, da ma nishaɗi. A yau, ana amfani da drones wajen ɗaukar hotunan sama, binciken gine-gine, jigilar bayanai a wuraren da ke da nisa, da kuma binciken tasirin bala’o’i kamar ambaliya ko gobara.

Wani muhimmin abu game da drone shi ne aminci da inganci. Tun da ba sai mutum ya hau jirgin ba, ana iya yin ayyuka masu haɗari ba tare da jefa rayuka cikin haɗari ba. Wannan fasaha ta sauya tsarin gudanar da bincike da ayyukan masana, musamman a fannin injiniyanci, aikin gona, binciken ilimin ƙasa (geography), da tsaron ƙasa.

Tarihin ƙirƙirar jiragen drones

Asalin jiragen drones sun samo tushe tun daga farkon ƙarni na ashirin. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko (1914–1918), an fara gwada ƙirƙirar jirgin da ba shi da matuƙi wanda zai iya kai harin bama-bamai ko yin bincike daga sararin sama ba tare da haɗarin rasa rayuwar mutane ba.

A shekarar 1917, Burtaniya ta fara gwajin “Aerial Target”, wani jirgin da ake sarrafa shi daga nesa. Amurka ma ta bi sahu da ƙirƙirar Kettering Bug a shekarar 1918, wanda shi ma aka tsara shi don kai hari ba tare da matuƙi ba. Duk da cewa waɗannan jiragen ba su yi tasiri sosai a wancan lokaci ba, sun buɗe kofa ga cigaban fasahar da ta biyo baya.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu (1939–1945), ƙasashe kamar Jamus, Amurka, da Birtaniya suka ci gaba da amfani da irin waɗannan na’urori don leƙen asiri da kai hari. Jirgin V-1 Flying Bomb na Jamus, wani ne daga cikin sanannun jiragen da suka fi kama da drones na zamani.

Daga nan, a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, sojojin Amurka suka ci gaba da ƙirƙirar drones masu yin leƙen asiri a wurare masu nisa, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam. Wannan ne ya zama tushe ga haɓakar drones na zamani kamar Predator da Reaper, waɗanda ake amfani da su har yanzu a ayyukan soja da leƙen asiri.

A ƙarni na 21, amfani da drones ya wuce harkar soja kaɗai. Kamfanoni da mutane masu zaman kansu suka fara amfani da su don harkokin noma, watsa labarai, bincike, da wasanni. Ci gaban fasahar GPS, kyamarori masu inganci, da kwamfutoci masu sauri sun sauƙaƙa yadda ake sarrafa su da amfani da su a yau.

Muhimmin aikin drone

Babban aikin drone shi ne ɗaukar kaya ko kayan aiki domin aiwatar da wani aiki na musamman. Wannan “kaya” da ake kira payload shi ne abin da jirgin ke ɗauka domin gudanar da aikin da aka tsara shi a kai. A wasu lokuta, wannan kaya na iya zama kyamara mai ɗaukar hoto ko bidiyo, na’urar tantance yanayin ƙasa (LIDAR), na’urar auna iskar gas, ko kuma na’urorin binciken muhalli. A fannin aikin soja kuma, ana iya ɗora masa makamai ko kayan leƙen asiri.

Amfanin drone ba kawai iya ɗaukar wannan kaya ba ne, yana cikin alfanunsa na isa wurin da ake buƙata da sauri, daidai, da aminci, musamman a wuraren da mutum ba zai iya isa ba cikin sauƙi. Misali, ana iya aika drone zuwa wurin da aka samu gobara, ambaliya, ko fashewar dutse, don ya tattara bayanai cikin lokaci kaɗan, ba tare da jefa rayukan masu bincike cikin haɗari ba.

Drones suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannonin ilimi, masana’antu, tsaro, noma, da lafiya. A fannin ilimi, ana amfani da su wajen ɗaukar hotunan sama domin binciken yanayin ƙasa ko tsarin gine-gine. A masana’antu kuma, ana amfani da su wajen duba manyan injina, hasumiyoyi, da bututun mai, musamman a wuraren da suke da haɗari ga mutum.

A fannin noma, drones suna ɗauke da na’urorin tantance lafiyar amfanin gona, gano yankunan da ruwa bai isa ba, da kuma fesa magunguna ko taki. Wannan ya taimaka wajen rage ɓata lokaci da kuɗi, tare da ƙara yawan amfanin gona.

A fannin tsaro, ana amfani da drones wajen binciken iyakoki, leƙen asirin haramtattun ayyuka, da lura da wuraren da ke da haɗarin ta’addanci. A bangaren kiwon lafiya, ana amfani da drones wajen isar da magunguna da jini zuwa asibitoci ko ƙauyuka masu nisa.

Wani muhimmin bangare na aikin drone shi ne tattara bayanai cikin sauri kuma daidai. Saboda yana sarrafa kansa cikin tsari ta hanyar na’urar GPS da sauran na’urorin hangen nesa, yana iya aunawa, ɗaukar hoto, ko tattara bayanai da ba za a iya yi da hannu cikin sauri ba. Wannan na’ura tana iya bin diddigin canje-canjen muhalli, kamar girgizar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ko yawaitar tsirrai.

Haka kuma, drones suna taimaka wa kamfanoni wajen tsara ayyukan gini da binciken taswirar ƙasa. Masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi na amfani da bayanan da drone ke tattarawa domin ƙirƙirar taswira mai inganci da tsare-tsaren gine-gine na zamani.

A takaice, babban aikin drone shi ne maye gurbin mutane a wuraren da suke da haɗari, wahala, ko buƙatar daidaito sosai wajen tattara bayanai. Wannan ya sa drone ya zama kayan aiki na fasahar zamani wanda ke haɗa ilimi, tsaro, da ƙirƙira wuri guda.

Nau’o’in jiragen drones

Akwai nau’o’in drones daban-daban da aka ƙera su domin aikace-aikace masu bambanci, gwargwadon bukatar aiki, yanayin amfani, da irin fasahar da ake son amfani da ita. A Cibiyar Fasahar Drones (Institute for Drone Technology), kalmar “drone” ba ta tsaya ga jiragen da ke tashi a sararin sama kaɗai ba. Akwai drones masu aiki a ƙasa, a ruwa, da kuma a ƙarƙashin ruwa, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen bincike da gudanar da ayyuka a fannoni daban-daban.

Akwai manyan nau’o’i uku da aka fi sani a fannin jiragen sama marasa matuki, wato Multirotor, Fixed Wing, da Powered-Lift. Kowanne daga cikinsu yana da siffofi, amfani, da fa’idoji na musamman.

• Multirotor drones

Multirotor drone shi ne nau’in drone da ya fi shahara a duniya, kuma ana yawan amfani da shi a fannoni da dama, musamman a aikin ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo, da binciken gine-gine. Ana kiran su da sunaye kamar quadcopters (idan suna da fuka-fukai huɗu), hexacopters (idan suna da shida), ko octocopters (idan suna da takwas).

Wannan nau’in drone yana da ƙananan fuka-fukai masu juyawa waɗanda ke aiki tare domin su ba shi damar tashi, shawagi, da sauka cikin lumana. Yana iya yin shawagi a wuri guda tsawon lokaci, saboda haka yana da matuƙar amfani wajen ɗaukar hotuna ko bidiyo daga sama.

Multirotor drones suna da ƙarancin nauyi, sauƙin tashi da sauka, kuma suna iya aiki a ƙananan filaye. Sai dai kuma, adadin lokacinsu na tashi ba shi da tsawo sosai saboda suna amfani da batir mai iyaka. Don haka, ana fi amfani da su a ayyuka masu ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar ɗaukar hoton biki, duba hasumiyoyi, ko binciken gine-gine.

• Fixed wing drones

Fixed Wing drone yana da tsarin da ya yi kama da ƙaramin jirgin sama, wato yana da fuka-fukai masu faɗi da suke taimaka masa wajen ɗagawa yayin da yake tashi. Saboda wannan tsarin, irin wannan drone yana iya yin tashi na dogon lokaci da kuma ratsa nisan wurare fiye da sauran nau’o’in drones.

Ana amfani da Fixed Wing drones a fannoni kamar aikin noma, binciken muhalli, da taswirar ƙasa (mapping), saboda yana iya ratsa manyan wurare cikin lokaci kaɗan. Wannan nau’in drone ba ya iya shawagi a wuri guda kamar multirotor, don haka yana buƙatar fili mai faɗi wajen tashi da sauka.

Misali, Aerosonde drone yana daga cikin shahararrun drones masu irin wannan tsarin, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen aikin bincike a fannin noma da safiyo. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa’idojinsa shi ne tsawon lokacin da yake iya ɗauka a sama ba tare da tsayawa ba, wanda ke taimaka wajen tattara bayanai masu yawa cikin lokaci guda.

• Powered-lift drones

Powered-Lift drone shi ne nau’in da ke haɗa fasahar multirotor da fixed wing wuri guda. Wato yana amfani da fuka-fukai masu juyawa (propellers) wajen tashi da sauka, amma idan ya tashi sama, yana yin aiki kamar jirgin sama mai fuka-fukai.

Wannan tsari yana ba shi damar tashi daga ƙaramin fili kamar yadda multirotor ke yi, amma kuma yana samun fa’idar tsawon lokaci da nisan tafiya kamar fixed wing. Wannan ya sa Powered-Lift drones suka dace da ayyuka kamar binciken nisa, aikin noma, ko aikin binciken muhalli.

Misali, Volanti drone daga kamfanin Carbonix na daga cikin fitattun nau’o’in Powered-Lift, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen surveying, mapping, da tattara bayanai a wurare masu nisa.

Bambancin nau’o’in drones a taƙaice

Idan aka kwatanta nau’o’in drones uku, za a ga cewa kowanne yana da fa’idoji da iyakokinsa. Multirotor yana da sauƙin amfani da daidaituwa a wuri ɗaya, amma ba zai iya tashi na dogon lokaci ba. Fixed Wing yana da nisan tafiya da tsawon lokaci, amma yana buƙatar fili mai faɗi don tashi da sauka. Powered-Lift kuwa ya haɗa fa’idojin biyun, yana yin aiki a cikin ƙaramin fili amma yana iya ratsa wurare masu nisa.

Saboda wannan bambanci, masana suna zaɓar nau’in drone bisa ga irin aikin da ake son gudanarwa. A aikace, yawancin ƙwararrun kamfanoni suna haɗa amfani da nau’o’i daban-daban domin su sami cikakken sakamako da inganci.

Amfanin jiragen drones

Jiragen drones suna da muhimmanci a fannoni da dama a yau.

• Fannin tsaro

Ana amfani da drones wajen gudanar da ayyukan leƙen asiri, sa ido kan abokan gaba, kai hare-hare wurare masu nisan cikin aminci, da kuma taimaka wa dakarun ƙasa.

• Fannin noma

Manoma suna amfani da drones wajen duba lafiyar shuke-shuke, rarraba maganin ƙwari, da kuma gano wuraren da ke buƙatar ruwa ko takin zamani.

• Fannin lafiya

A wasu ƙasashen, drones suna jigilar magunguna da jini da sauran kayan jinya zuwa wuraren da motoci ba sa iya kaiwa cikin gaggawa. Misali, a ƙasashen Afirka da dama ana amfani da su wajen kai magungunan rigakafi da jini asibiti.

• Fannin watsa labarai

Kamfanonin jarida da masu shirya fina-finai suna amfani da drones wajen ɗaukar hotuna da bidiyo daga sama don samun kyawawan hotuna ko bayanai masu faɗi.

• Fannin binciken muhalli da bala’i

Drones suna taimaka wajen gano wuraren da aka yi ambaliya, gobara, ko girgizar ƙasa domin tantance adadin lahani ba tare da haɗarin kai mutum wurin ba.

Dalilan amfani da drones

Yawancin ƙungiyoyi da hukumomi suna amfani da drones saboda dalilai uku masu muhimmanci, wato tsaro, inganci da kirkira.

• Tsaro

Drones suna iya shiga wurare masu haɗari inda mutum ba zai iya shiga cikin nutsuwa ba. Ana amfani da su wajen duba gine-gine, hasumiyoyi da sauran wurare masu tsayi ba tare da haɗarin faɗowa ba. Haka kuma akwai drones da ake amfani da su wajen binciken wuraren da ke da ƙuntacciyar hanya, ko ma a cikin ruwa ko ƙarƙashin ruwa, don guje wa haɗarin rayukan ma’aikata.

• Inganci

Ana iya shiryawa da tura drone cikin gaggawa, kuma yana iya tattara bayanai da sauri kuma daidai. Hakan yana rage ɓata lokaci, kuɗi da kuma ƙoƙarin mutum idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffin hanyoyin aiki.

• Ƙirƙira

Drones suna iya tattara bayanai masu yawa cikin gajeren lokaci. Waɗannan bayanai suna taimakawa ƙungiyoyi su yanke shawara cikin sauri da inganci. Haka kuma suna buɗe sabbin hanyoyin amfani da fasaha wajen gudanar da ayyuka.

Ƙalubalen amfani da drones

Duk da amfaninsu mai yawa, jiragen drones suna fuskantar matsaloli da dama.

• Tsaro da sirri

Drones suna iya shiga cikin sirrin mutane ko ƙasashe idan aka yi amfani da su ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Akwai damuwa cewa za a iya amfani da su wajen leƙen bayanan gwamnati ko mutane ba tare da izini ba.

• Haɗari a sararin samaniya

A wasu lokuta, drones suna iya shiga cikin hanyar jiragen sama masu fasinjoji, wanda hakan zai iya janyo haɗari mai tsanani. Wannan ya sa ake buƙatar ƙa’idoji masu tsauri wajen tashi da saukar su.

• Ayyukan ta’addanci

Wasu ƙungiyoyi na ta’addanci suna iya amfani da drones don kai hare-hare, ɗaukar bama-bamai, ko tattara bayanan sojoji. Wannan ya zama babban ƙalubale ga hukumomin tsaro a duniya.

• Tsadar kayan aiki da kulawa

Kodayake akwai drones masu sauƙin farashi, manyan drones na ayyukan sojoji da bincike suna da tsada sosai wajen mallaka, kula, da gyarawa.

• Ƙalubalen doka da izini

A ƙasashe da dama, har yanzu babu cikakkiyar doka da ke tsara amfani da drones. Wasu suna amfani da su ba tare da bin ƙa’idar tashi, tsayi, ko nisan da aka yarda da shi ba.

Makomar amfani da drones

Makomar drones tana cike da dama da kuma cigaban fasaha mai ban mamaki. Kamar yadda ake ganin wayoyin salula sun sauya tsarin sadarwa a duniya, haka ma drones ke sauya hanyoyin aiki a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwa. Masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi suna cigaba da ƙirƙirar sabbin drones masu ƙarfin aiki, tsawon tashi, da iya ɗaukar nauyi fiye da waɗanda ake da su a yanzu.

• A fannin noma

A nan gaba, drones za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin noma. Za su ci gaba da taimakawa wajen lura da lafiyar amfanin gona, gano wuraren da ke buƙatar ruwa ko taki, da kuma yin feshi da magungunan kashe ƙwari ta hanyar atomatik. Wannan zai rage yawan aiki da ɓarnar kayan noma, tare da ƙara inganci da yawan amfanin gona.

• A fannin lafiya

A wasu ƙasashe, drones sun fara amfani wajen kai magunguna, alluran rigakafi, da jinin gaggawa zuwa wuraren da ke da nisa daga cibiyoyin lafiya. A nan gaba, ana sa ran drones za su zama muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin kai taimakon gaggawa musamman a yankunan karkara.

• A fannin tsaro da leƙen asiri

Sojoji da jami’an tsaro za su ci gaba da amfani da drones wajen gudanar da ayyuka masu haɗari, kamar leƙen sirrin abokan gaba, gano masu laifi, da sa ido a kan iyakoki. An fara ƙirƙirar drones masu fasaha da ke iya yin aiki da kansu ba tare da kulawar mutum kai tsaye ba (autonomous drones).

• A fannin sufuri

Kamfanonin duniya kamar Amazon da Google suna gwajin amfani da drones wajen kai kayayyaki zuwa wurin abokan ciniki. Wannan zai iya rage cunkoso a hanya da kuma kai kaya ya zama cikin sauri da sauƙi. A nan gaba, za a iya samun drones masu ɗaukar mutum ɗaya ko biyu kamar ƙananan motoci.

• A fannin watsa labarai da fina-finai

Masu ɗaukar hoto da masu shirya fina-finai suna samun damar ɗaukar hotuna daga sama cikin salo da ingancin da ba za a iya samu da hannu ba. Sabbin drones masu kyamarorin (high resolution) za su ci gaba da ba wa masana’antar watsa labarai damar yin abubuwa da ba a taɓa yi ba a baya.

Manazarta

Australian Institute for Drone Technology. (2023). Drone safety for managers (Australia) [Online course]. The Institute for Drone Technology.

Colomina, I., & Molina, P. (2014). Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 92, 79–97.

Gonzalez-Jorge, H., et al. (2017). Unmanned aerial systems for civil applications: A review. Drones, 1(1), 2.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022). UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) overview. NASA.

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