Fasahar IT

Fasahar IT (Information Technology), tana nufin duk wata hanya ko tsari da ake amfani da shi wajen tattarawa, adanawa, sarrafawa, watsawa, da kuma kare bayanai ta hanyar na’urori na zamani. Wannan fanni ya haɗa da kwamfuta, hanyoyin sadarwa, intanet, da sauran tsarin sadarwa na zamani da ke sauƙaƙa mu’amalar ɗan Adam da bayanai.

Fasahar IT ta mayar da duniya tamkar wani ƙaramin ƙauye da mutum zai iya zagaye shi cikin ƙanƙanen lokaci.

A yau, fasahar IT ta zama ginshiƙi ga ci gaban rayuwa da tattalin arziki, domin tana taimakawa wajen gudanar da aiki cikin sauri da kuma inganci a fannoni kamar kasuwanci, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, harkokin gwamnati, da ma’aikatu masu zaman kansu.

Tarihin cigaban fasahar IT

Tarihin fasahar IT ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin ɗan Adam na neman hanya mafi sauƙi wajen sadarwa da adana bayanai tun zamanin da. A da can, mutane suna amfani da alamomi, hotuna, da rubuce-rubuce a kan duwatsu domin sadarwa a tsakaninsu. Wannan ya kasance farkon matakin da ya haifar da tsarin da ake kira Information Technology a yau. Domin a wancan lokaci, sadarwa ta kasance da wahala, kuma adana bayanai na buƙatar abubuwa masu wahala.

Cigaban fasahar IT ya fara bayyana da ƙirƙirar kayan aikin lissafi kamar abacus da mechanical calculators a ƙarni na 17 zuwa 18. Waɗannan na’urori sun taimaka wajen tattarawa da ƙididdige bayanai cikin hanzari fiye da yadda ake yi da hannu. Daga nan ne masana kimiyya suka ci gaba da bincike har zuwa ƙarni na 19, lokacin da aka fara ƙirƙirar na’urorin kwamfuta na farko waɗanda suke iya aiwatar da ayyuka ta hanyar amfani da lantarki.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, masana kamar Charles Babbage da Ada Lovelace sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar ginshiƙan kwamfutoci na zamani. A shekarun 1940, aka samar da ENIAC wato (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), wadda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin kwamfutoci na farko da ke amfani da lantarki wajen sarrafa bayanai. Haka kuma, an ƙirƙiri UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) wadda ta taimaka wajen gudanar da lissafi da adana bayanai a manyan ma’aikatu. Waɗannan ne suka zama tubalan da fasahar IT ta ginu a kai.

A shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, an fara samun ƙananan kwamfutoci da aka fi sani da mini computers da kuma microprocessors. Wannan ya buɗe hanya zuwa ƙirƙirar personal computers (PCs) a shekarun 1970 zuwa 1990. A wannan lokaci, kamfanoni irin su IBM, Apple, da Microsoft sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen baza kwamfutoci zuwa gidaje, makarantu, da ofisoshi.

Zoom ƙarni na 21 ya kawo wani sabon babi a tarihin fasahar IT. Ci gaban intanet ya bai wa mutane damar musayar bayanai cikin sauri da sauƙi daga ko’ina cikin duniya. Haka kuma, wayoyin zamani da kwamfutoci masu ɗauke da tsarin sadarwa kamar Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, da kuma 5G network sun ba da damar haɗa mutane da bayanai a cikin sauƙi.

A halin yanzu, fasahar IT ta wuce amfani da kwamfuta kawai, domin ta haɗa da tsarin cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, data science, da cybersecurity. Wannan ya nuna yadda tarihi ya sauya daga amfani da alamomi da takarda zuwa tsarin sadarwa da adana bayanai ta hanyar intanet mai sauri da kuma tsaro.

Mahimmancin fasahar IT

Fasahar IT ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙai da ke ɗaukar nauyin cigaban tattalin arziki, ilimi, kimiyya, da zamantakewa a duniya. Muhimmancinta ya samo asali ne daga yadda take sauya hanyoyin da mutane ke gudanar da ayyuka, sadarwa, da sarrafa bayanai. A da can baya, ɗan Adam na dogaro ne da takarda da sauran ababen rubuce-rubuce wajen adana bayanai da sadarwa, amma yau fasahar IT ta sauya wannan tsarin ta hanyar samar da hanyoyin zamani masu sauri, inganci, da sauƙin amfani. Daga cikin alfanun fasahar IT akwai:

• Inganta sadarwa da hulɗar jama’a

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan amfanin fasahar IT shi ne inganta sadarwa tsakanin mutane. Tana bai wa mutane damar musayar saƙonni cikin lokaci kaɗan ta amfani da imel, sakonnin waya, da dandamalin sada zumunta kamar WhatsApp, Facebook, da X (Twitter). A hukumance kuma, ana amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen gudanar da taro daga nesa ta amfani da video conferencing platforms kamar Zoom, Google Meet, da Microsoft Teams. Wannan ya rage buƙatar tafiye-tafiye da ɓarnar lokaci, tare da ƙara haɗin kai a ayyuka.

• Sauƙaƙa adanawa da sarrafa bayanai

Fasahar ta kawo sauyi mai girma wajen adanawa da sarrafa bayanai. A yanzu, ana iya adana bayanai a cikin kwamfuta ko cloud storage kamar Google Drive da OneDrive, wanda ke kare su daga ɓacewa ko lalacewa. Haka kuma, tsarin database management yana taimakawa wajen tsara bayanai yadda ake iya bincike da amfani da su cikin sauƙi da sauri. Wannan ya fi dacewa musamman ga manyan kamfanoni, asibitoci, da cibiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda ke hulɗa da bayanai masu yawa.

• Fasahar IT a fannin ilimi

A fannin ilimi, fasahar ta buɗe ƙofa mai faɗi ga koyo da koyarwa ta hanyoyin zamani. Ɗalibai da malamai suna iya shiga zauruka da shafukan yanar gizo na ilimi kamar Coursera, Khan Academy, da YouTube domin samun darusa ba tare da cikas na lokaci ko wuri ba. Haka kuma, tsarin e-learning ya bai wa makarantu da jami’o’i damar gudanar da darusa daga nesa, musamman a lokacin da ba a iya halartar aji kai tsaye ba. Wannan ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ilimi da samar da damar koyo ga kowa da kowa.

• Fasahar IT a fannin kasuwanci da tattalin arziki

A fannin kasuwanci, fasahar bayani ta haifar da sabuwar hanya ta gudanar da harkoki ta intanet, wadda ake kira e-commerce. Kamfanoni da ‘yan kasuwa suna iya tallata hajojinsu ta yanar gizo, su karɓi kuɗi ta tsarin online payment, kuma su kai kaya ga kwastomomi ba tare da hulɗar kai tsaye ba. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar tattalin arziki da ƙirƙirar sabbin sana’o’i kamar digital marketing, web design, da data analysis.

Haka kuma, fasahar tana taimakawa wajen inganta tsarin hada-hadar kuɗi ta hanyar e-banking da mobile money services, kamar yadda ake gani a bankuna da kamfanonin sadarwa. Wannan ya rage dogaro da kuɗin takarda, tare da ƙara tsaro da sauƙin mu’amala.

• IT a fannin mulki da ayyukan gwamnati

A fannin mulki, fasahar IT ta taimaka wajen samar da tsarin e-governance, wanda ke bai wa gwamnati damar gudanar da ayyuka cikin aminci da tsari. Ana amfani da IT wajen biyan haraji, rijistar ‘yan ƙasa, bayar da lasisi, da kuma sarrafa bayanan gwamnati cikin tsari. Wannan ya rage cin hanci, ya ƙara hanzarin aiki, kuma ya inganta mu’amalar gwamnati da jama’a.

• Tasirin IT ga al’umma

Fasahar IT tana ƙara haɗin kai tsakanin al’ummomi ta hanyar musayar al’adu da ilimi. Mutane daga ƙasashe daban-daban na iya koyon harsunan juna, yin mu’amala, da musayar ra’ayoyi cikin sauƙi. Haka kuma, tana taimakawa wajen wayar da kai game da batutuwan lafiya, siyasa, muhalli, da al’amuran yau da kullum.

Manyan ɓangarorin fasahar IT

Fasahar IT fanni ne mai faɗi da ya ƙunshi sassa da dama waɗanda ke haɗuwa wajen samar da cikakken tsarin sadarwa, sarrafa bayanai, da gudanar da ayyuka na zamani. Waɗannan sassa suna aiki tare domin tabbatar da cewa bayanai suna tafiya cikin tsari, tsaro, da inganci. Ga wasu bayanai game da manyan sassan fasahar IT:

• Hardware

Hardware shi ne sashen fasahar IT da ake iya gani da taɓawa. Hardware na nufin dukkan na’urorin da ke ba kwamfuta damar gudanar da aiki. Sun haɗa da na’urori kamar Central Processing Unit (CPU), wanda ke sarrafa bayanai; keyboard da mouse, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen shigar da bayanai; da kuma monitor da printer, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen ganin ko fito da sakamakon aikin.

Ana samun cigaba sosai a ɓangaren hardware, inda ake ƙirƙirar ƙananan kwamfutoci masu ƙarfin aiki da ƙarancin zuƙar wutar lantarki. Haka kuma, hardware ba ta tsaya kan kwamfuta kaɗai ba, har da wayoyi, kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka, da sauran na’urori kamar flash drive, scanner, da projector, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen watsawa da adana bayanai cikin inganci.

• Software

Software shi ne sashen da ba a iya taɓawa, amma shi ke ba da umarni ga hardware yadda zai gudanar da aiki. Ana iya cewa software ita ce “hankalin” kwamfuta. Akwai manyan rukuni biyu na software:

• System software, wanda ke kula da tsarin gudanarwa gabaɗaya kamar Operating Systems (Windows, macOS, Linux).
• Application software, wanda ke taimakawa wajen yin ayyuka na musamman kamar Microsoft Office, CorelDRAW, da Adobe Photoshop.

Software tana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin idan ba tare da ita ba, hardware ba zai iya yin komai ba. Cigaban software ya haifar da fasahohin zamani kamar Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning, da Cloud Computing, waɗanda suka sauya tsarin aiki a fannin kasuwanci da ilimi.

• Networking

Networking na nufin tsari da fasahar haɗa na’urori da kwamfutoci domin su iya musayar bayanai. Wannan yana faruwa ta amfani da zaren wayoyi ko hanyar wireless kamar Wi-Fi. Akwai manyan nau’o’in hanyoyin sadarwa kamar:

• Local Area Network (LAN): fasahar sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci a wuri ɗaya, kamar ofis ko makaranta.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): fasahar sadarwa ta kwamfutoci daga wurare masu nisa, wanda ya haɗa da intanet gabaɗaya.

Networking shi ne ginshiƙin da ya haɗa duniya ta hanyar intanet, yana ba da damar sadarwa cikin sauri, musayar bayanai, da gudanar da ayyuka daga nesa.

• Database management

Wannan shi ne tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen adanawa, tsarawa, da sarrafa bayanai yadda za a iya nemo su cikin sauri da tsari. Ana amfani da Database Management Systems (DBMS) kamar Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft Access, da SQL Server domin sarrafa bayanai masu yawa.

Bayanai su ne ginshiƙin yawancin ayyuka, daga harkokin kasuwanci har zuwa ayyukan gwamnati. Tsarin database yana tabbatar da cewa bayanai suna cikin tsari, an adana su cikin aminci, kuma ana iya samun su ba tare da wahala ba. Wannan ya zama dole a zamanin bayanai (information age), inda bayanan dijital suka zama muhimmiyar dukiya.

• Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity yana nufin duk matakan da ake ɗauka domin kare bayanai, kwamfutoci, da cibiyoyi sadarwa daga barazanar masu kutse a yanar gizo (hackers), computer viruses, da sauran haɗurran intanet.

Tsaro a yanar gizo ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na fasahar IT saboda yawaitar satar bayanai, kutse da fashin asusun banki, da yaɗa bayanan ƙarya. Ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar firewalls, encryption, antivirus software, da multi-factor authentication wajen kare bayanai daga barazana.

Ƙalubale a fannin IT

Duk da irin gagarumin cigaban da fasahar IT (Information Technology) ta samu, tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama waɗanda ke iya rage ingancin amfaninta ga al’umma. Waɗannan ƙalubale suna da tasiri a fannoni da dama, kama daga tsaro, zuwa tattalin arziki, zuwa mu’amalar yau da kullum.

A daya ɓangaren, babbar matsalar da ke damun masana da cibiyoyi sadarwa ita ce barazanar tsaron intanet (cybersecurity threats). Fashin bayanai, satar bayanan banki, da yaɗuwar computer viruses na cikin manyan matsalolin da ke barazana ga tsaron bayanai. Masu laifi a fannin fasaha (hackers) suna amfani da dabaru iri-iri wajen samun damar kutse ga bayanan sirri na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko mutane.

Sauran ƙalubalen sun haɗa da yaɗuwar labaran ƙarya (fake news) da ƙarya ta yanar gizo (misinformation), waɗanda ke shafar sahihancin kafafen sadarwa da kuma tunanin jama’a. Wannan matsala ta fi ƙamari a kafafen sada zumunta inda mutane ke yaɗa bayanai ba tare da tabbatar da sahihancinsu ba.

Haka kuma, akwai matsalar rashin kayan aiki da ƙwarewa, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda ake fama da ƙarancin kayayyakin kwamfuta, tsadar intanet, da ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Wannan yana sa mutane da yawa ba sa iya cin gajiyar fasahar bayani yadda ya kamata ba.

Bugu da ƙari, yawaitar amfani da fasaha ba tare da iyaka ba na iya shafar ɗabi’a, sirri da lafiya. Wasu mutane suna shan wahala daga dogaro da intanet ko shafukan sada zumunta, wanda ke iya kawo damuwa ta tunani, gajiya, da raguwar mu’amalar kai tsaye da mutane.

Fasahar IT a Najeriya

Fasahar IT a Najeriya ta samu ci gaba a hankali tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. A farko, an fi amfani da kwamfuta ne a manyan cibiyoyi kamar bankuna, jami’o’i, da hukumomin gwamnati. Amma daga farkon ƙarni na 21, bayan zuwan intanet, wayoyin salula, da kamfanonin sadarwa, IT ta fara zama ginshiƙin tattalin arziki da sadarwa a ƙasar.

Cigaban farko a fannin IT

A shekarun 1990, Najeriya ta fara samun cibiyoyin kwamfuta a manyan birane kamar Legas, Abuja, da Kano, inda ake koyar da kwasa-kwasai kamar computer appreciation da basic programming. Zuwa shekarar 2001, bayan kafa National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), an fara tsara manufofi na gwamnati don bunƙasa IT a fadin ƙasar. Wannan mataki ne da ya buɗe ƙofofin cigaba ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin ilimi.

Shigowar intanet da wayoyin zamani

Shigowar kamfanonin sadarwa kamar MTN, Glo, Airtel, da 9mobile ya kawo sauyi mai girma a harkar sadarwa. Mutane sun fara amfani da intanet a wayoyinsu don aika saƙonni, kallo bidiyo, kasuwanci, da neman ilimi. Hakan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka harkokin kasuwanci ta yanar gizo (e-commerce), musamman ta shafukan Bakandamiya Shopping, Jumia, Konga, da Paystack.

Alfanun IT a Najeriya

A yau, fasahar IT ta zama ginshiƙin kasuwanci a Najeriya. Kamfanoni da gwamnati na amfani da tsarin e-payment, e-governance, da data management domin inganta ayyuka. Haka kuma, jami’o’i da makarantun gaba da sakandare suna amfani da online learning platforms, musamman bayan annobar COVID-19, wanda ya ƙara fito da muhimmancin IT a fannin ilimi.

Matsaloli da ƙalubalen IT a Najeriya

Fannin IT a Najeriya yana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama. Babbar matsala ita ce raunin cibiyoyin sadarwa da rashin isasshiyar wutar lantarki, wanda ke rage amfani da fasahar musamman a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, satar bayanai da fashi ta yanar gizo (cybercrime) na ƙara zama barazana ga amincin bayanai da tsaro.

Manazarta

Alao-Owunna, I., & Adediwura, O. M. (2023). Information Communication Technology and its impact on the economic growth of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 23(8), 52–63.

Hamidu, M. (2025). Evaluating the role of ICT in enhancing service delivery in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. International Journal of African Innovation and Multidisciplinary Research, 7(2).

Olofin, B. B. (2021). Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria’s educational system: A must. BW Academic Journal.

Mohammed, A., Bukar, M. A., Gwoma, M. M., & Dogo, N. (2024). The role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in mitigating environmental degradation in Nigeria: A review. Journal of Built Environment and Geological Research, 5(4).

Omeni-Pius, R. O. (2025). Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and digital economic development in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(5), 4691–4696.

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