Fata wata gaɓa ce babba a cikin jiki, tana rufe dukkan sassan saman jiki daga waje. Fata dai riɓi-riɓi ce ko hawa-hawa har zuwa hawa uku, wato akwai epidermis, dermis, da hypodermis, waɗanda ke da siffofi da ayyuka daban-daban. Tsarin yadda fata take ya ƙunshi wasu keɓantattun hanyoyin sadarwa wanda ke aiki a matsayin kariya ko garkuwa ta farko ga jiki daga ƙwayoyin cuta, hasken ultraviolet (UV), sinadarai da raununka. Har ila yau kuma fata tana daidaita yanayin zafi da adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa a cikin jikin.
Kaurin fata ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum, kuma kaurin epidermal da dermal yana da tasiri sosai. Fata marar gashi, wato ta cikin tafin hannaye da tafin ƙafafu ita ce mafi kauri saboda kasancewar stratum lucidum, wato ƙarin riɓi a cikin epidermis. A wuraren da ba su da wannan ƙarin riɓin na epidermis, fatar takan kasance siririya. Daga cikin waɗannan wurare, baya yana da fata mafi kaurin saboda yana da epidermis mai kauri.
Aikin da fata kan yi na ba wa jiki kariya yana sa ta zama mai saurin kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban kamar kumburi da sauran cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, warkar da raunuka da sauye-sauye da ake samu a fata da shafe-shafen mayuka su ne muhimman maƙasudan da ke janyo yin tiyatar fata.
Fata ita ce babbar gaɓar jiki, wadda aka gina ta da da ruwa da sinadarin furotin da maiƙo ko kitse da wasu sinadaran minerals. Fatar jiki tana kare jiki daga ƙwayoyin cuta kuma tana daidaita zafin jiki. Jijiya a cikin fata na taimakawa wajen jin zafi da sanyi.
Riɓi uku na fatar jiki
Fatar jikin ɗan’adam na riɓi (layers) har guda uku kamar yadda kafar SEER Training ta wallafa:
- Epidermis, shi ne ribin sama.
- Dermis, wannan shi ne riɓin tsakiya
- Hypodermis, wannan kuma riɓin ciki.
1. Epidermis
Epidermis shi ne saman fata wanda za a iya gani da taɓawa. Keratin, wato wani nau’in sinadarin furotin ne a cikin fata. Shi ke aikin samar da ƙwayoyin halittar fata tare da wasu sinadaran furotin ɗin, suna haɗuwa ne tare don samar da wannan riɓi na fata. Epidermis tana ayyuka da yawa ga jikin ɗan’adam, sun haɗa da:
• Ba da kariya/Garkuwa
Epidermis tana kiyaye bakteriya masu cutarwa da ƙwayoyin cuta daga shiga jikin ɗan’adam da magudanar jini wanda sukan haifar da cututtuka. Haka nan tana kare jiki daga ruwan sama da hasken rana da sauran abubuwa.
• Gina sabuwar fata
Epidermis koyaushe cikin aikin gina sabbin ƙwayoyin halittar fata take, wato (skin cells). Waɗannan sabbin ƙwayoyin halittar fata suna maye gurbin kusan tsofaffi har guda dubu 40,000 waɗanda jiki ke zubarwa kowace rana. Jikin ɗan’adam na samun sabuwar fata duk bayan wata guda.
• Kariya ga jiki
Akwai wasu ƙwayoyin halitta da ake kira da (Langerhans cells) a cikin epidermis suke, wani ɓangare ne na tsarin garkuwar jiki. Suna taimakawa wajen yaƙar bakteriya da cututtuka.
• Samar da launin fata
Epidermis ta ƙunshi melanin, wani sinadari ne wanda ke ba fata launinta. Yawan wannan sinadari da ake da shi a cikin fata yana ƙayyade launin fata da gashi da idanu. Mutanen da suke yin ƙarin melanin suna da fata mai duhu kuma suna iya yin baƙi cikin sauri.
2. Dermis
Dermis shi ne riɓin fara na tsakiya, yana da kashi casa’in (90%) na kaurin fatar jiki. Wannan bangare na tsakiyar fata yana aiki ga jiki kamar haka:
• Samar da collagen da elastin
Collagen sinadarin furotin ne wanda ke sa ƙwayoyin halittar fata su zama masu ƙarfi da juriya. Akwai wani sinadarin furotin har wa yau da ake samu a cikin dermis, mai suna elastin, yana kiyaye fata cikin sauƙi. Haka nan yana taimaka wa fatar da ta samu matsala ta dawo da siffarta.
• Jin taɓawa ko zafi
Akwai jijiyoyi a cikin dermis waɗanda suke sanar da mutum ko ankarar da shi lokacin da wani abu ya ɗauki zafi sosai ko kuma ƙaiƙayi ko taushi sosai. Waɗannan jijiyoyi kuma suna taimaka yayin jin zafi.
• Samar da maiƙo
Ƙwayar halittar glandan a cikin dermis na taimakawa fata ta yi laushi da santsi. Maiƙo kuma yana hana fatar jiki zuƙar ruwa da yawa lokacin da ake linƙaya ko kuma ake wanka a cikin ruwan sama.
• Fitar da gumi
Sweat glandan, wannan ma ƙwayar halittar fata ce a cikin dermis wadda ke aikin fitar da gumi ta cikin ƙofofin gashin fata. Gumi yana taimakawa wajen daidaita zafin jiki.
• Samar da jini
Jijiyoyin jini (blood vessels) da suke a cikin dermis suna samar da sinadaran abinci mai gina jiki ga epidermis, suna kuma kiyaye lafiyar riɓin fatar.
3. Hypodermis
Riɓin ciki ko riɓin ƙasa na fata, wato hypodermis, da harshen kimiyya, shi ne riɓi mai ɗauke da maiƙo. Hypodermis na yin ayyukan ga ɗan’adam ciki har da:
• Tallafa wa tsoka da ƙashi
Kitse ko maiƙon da ke cikin hypodermis yana kare tsoka da ƙashi daga jin rauni lokacin da aka faɗi ko kuna a lokacin yin haɗari.
• Taimaka wa jijiyoyin jini
Jijiyoyin jini a cikin dermis (riɓin tsakiya) suna girma a cikin hypodermis. Wadannan jijiyoyin jini sun girma su fita don haɗa hypodermis sauran sassan jiki.
• Daidaita zafin jiki
Kitse da maiƙo a cikin hypodermis yana hana jin sanyi sosai ko zafi. Wato yana taimaka wa fata wajen karɓa da daidaita yanayi.
Abubuwan da suka samar da fata
Kimanin inci ɗaya na fata yana da kusan ƙwayoyin halittar fata miliyan 19 da melanocytes guda 60,000, wato kwayoyin da ke yin melanin ko launin fata. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi jijiyoyi guda 1,000 da kuma jijiyoyin jini guda 20.
Ire-iren cututtukan fata
Akwai yanayi da cututtuka waɗanda ke shafar fata a cewar shafin yanar gizo mai suna Top Doctora, har ta kai ga samun cututtuka ko gaza yin aikin da ta saba. Fata dai ita ce babbar mai ba da kariya ga jiki ta ɓangaren waje, don haka tana cikin haɗarin matsaloli daban-daban da suka haɗa da:
- Allergies, kamar dermatitis da gubar ƙurajen ivy.
- Kumburi
- Cizon ƙwari, kamar cizon gizo-gizo, cizon kaska da cizon sauro
- Ciwon daji na fata
- Cututtukan fata kamar cellulitis, kuraje, eczema, psoriasis da vitiligo
- Rawar fata da bushewarta
- Raunin fata, irin su moles, freckles da sauran su
- Rauni, konewa, har da ƙunar rana da tabo.
Hanyoyin kula da fata
Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa jikin ɗan’adam yana rasa sinadaran collagen da elastin yayin da aka tsufa. Wannan yana haifar da matsala ga (dermis) har da yin baƙi. A sakamakon haka, fata na iya yin ja ta ƙara yamushewa. Kodayake mutum ba zai iya dakatar da tsufa ba, amma duk da haka akwai dabarun da kan iya taimakawa wajen kula da fata, kamar yadda Cleveland Clinic suka zayyana:
- A riƙa amfani da sinadarin sunscreen wanda ke ba wa fata kariya daga mummunan zafin rana. Ko da ana cikin gida ne lallai a yi amfani da shi.
- Kada a sauya launin fata ta hanyar shafe-shafen mayuka. Sauya fata yana haifar da lalacewarta. Yana tsufar da fata kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon daji na fata.
- A yi kokarin sarrafa damuwa ta hanyoyin da suka dace. Domin damuwa na iya sa wa wasu yanayin fata muni.
- A yi gwaje-gwajen fata na yau da kullun don gano canje-canje waɗanda ƙila su zama alamomin ciwon daji na fata.
- A daina shan taba da amfani da sauran abubuwa danginta. Nicotine da sauran sinadarai a cikin sigari suna sa tsufan fata da sauri.
- A riƙa wanka akai-akai tare da shafa mayuka masu laushi da kamshi don hana bushewar fata.
Manazarta
Layers of the skin | SEER training. (n.d.).
Professional, C. C. M. (2024d, June 27). Skin. Cleveland Clinic.
Top Doctors. (n.d.). Skin diseases: what is it, symptoms and treatment. Top Doctors