FIFA

FIFA ita ce hukumar kula da ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya. Gajartuwar kalmar ‘FIFA’ a harshen Faransanci ne, tana nufin “Fédération Internationale de Football Association”. FIFA ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyoyi guda shida: UEFA (Turai), AFC (Asia), CONCACAF (Arewa da Amurka ta Tsakiya), CONMEBOL (Amurka ta Kudu), OFC (Oceania), da CAF (Afirka). A duk bayan kowace shekara huɗu FIFA na gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya, wanda yake zama babban taron wasanni a shekara.

An kafa hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya wato FIFA a cikin shekarar 1904 don samar da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) tana da mambobi 211, suna hamayya da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ana iya cewa ita ce babbar ƙungiyar wasanni a duniya.

Tarihin kafa hukumar FIFA

An kafa FIFA a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1904, da ƙungiyoyi bakwai na ƙasa – su ne: Belgium, Denmark, Faransa, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden da Switzerland – don inganta wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da haɓaka dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin, da jami’ansu da ‘yan wasa, ta hanyar inganta tsarin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane mataki.

Wanzuwar FIFA ta kasance dalilin ƙaruwar yawan wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya faru jim kaɗan bayan shigar ƙarni na 20. Shugabannin kwallon ƙafa a Turai suna ganin cewa irin wannan gasar da aka faɗaɗa tana bukatar hukumar gudanarwa, kuma ƙarƙashin jagorancin Robert Guerin, wani ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Faransa, mambobin ƙasashe bakwai da suka kafa hukumar sun hallara a birnin Paris domin tsara makomar wasanni. Guerin, shugaban hukumar ta FIFA na farko, ya jagoranci hukumar daga shekarar 1904 zuwa 1906.

A halin yanzu, Gianni Infantino na Italiya yana aiki a matsayin shugaban FIFA, bayan an zaɓe shi a babban taron 2016 da aka gudanar a sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa jami’an FIFA da dama wanda ya sa tsohon shugaban hukumar Joseph Sepp Blatter ya yi murabus sannan kuma kwamitin ɗa’a ya dakatar da shi daga FIFA.

An samu bunƙasar ƙwallon ƙafa a Ingila, inda aka fara ƙoƙarin canja ƙa’idojin a cikin shekarun1840. Yayin da wasan ke yaɗuwa zuwa  Turai,
kudancin Amurka, da sauran wurare a duniya, ƙungiyoyin gida da na ƙasa sun fara haɓaka. Yaɗuwar wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa a farkon ƙarni na 20 ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen kafa dokokin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya. Kasashe bakwan da suka haɗa da —Belgium, Denmark, Faransa, Netherland, Spain, Sweden, da Switzerland—su suka fara kafa FIFA a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1904. Jamus ba ta samu wakilci ba a taron da aka yi a birnin Paris, amma ta taka rawa a kafa hukumar FIFA.

A ƙasar Ingila an kafa hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Football Association [FA] a shekara ta 1863, amma ba ta shiga cikin ƙasashen da suka kafa FIFA ba sai a shekara ta 1906. A wannan shekarar, an zaɓi shugaban hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila Daniel Woolfall a matsayin shugaban FIFA, matsayin da ya rike har ya rasu a shekara ta 1918. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, an ƙara daidaita dokokin ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma an kafa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta farko mai taken Olympics FIFA, ta kuma haifar da keɓaɓɓen tsarinta na ciro ƙungiya ɗaya a kowace ƙasa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Woolfall, wanda ya ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na yankin Irish, Scotland, da Welsh su shiga a shekarar 1911.

A farkon shekarun 1910s, FIFA ta faɗaɗa zuwa wasu sassa bayan Turai kamar Argentina, Chile, Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, da sauran su suka shiga. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da fara gasar ƙasa da ƙasa daban da gasar Olympics ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban FIFA na uku, mai kula da kwallon kafa na Faransa Jules Rimet (1921-54).

A karkashin gudanarwar hukumar ta FIFA, ƙwallon ƙafa ta zama wasan da ya fi shahara da karɓuwa a duniya. Bisa ga ƙididdigar “Big Count” na 2006, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana da fiye da ‘yan wasa miliyan 150 masu rijista da ke taka leda – ciki har da mata miliyan 10 – yayin da biliyoyin magoya baya ne suke kallon wasan a filayen wasa da talabijin daban-daban a duniya. An watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 da aka yi a Brazil a ƙasashe fiye da 200. A cikin filayen wasanni, jimillar ‘yan kallo sun kai 3,429,873 waɗanda suka halarci wasanni 64 – daidai da matsakaicin adadin 53,592 a kowane wasa. Wannan shi ne jimillar yawan mahalarta kallo wasan ƙwallon ƙafa karo na biyu a tarihi bayan wanda aka samu a shekarar 1994 a ƙasar Amurka (68,991).

Tsarin shugabancin FIFA

FIFA na ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban sakatare ne wanda ke kula da ayyukan hukumar. Hukumar ta FIFA, hukumar kula da harkokin wasanni, tana da majalisa wacce ta ƙunshi mambobi 37. Majalisar ce ke naɗa babban sakatare. Hukumar ta FIFA tana da shugaba da mataimakan shugaban guda takwas. Ana zaɓar membobin su yi aiki tsawon wa’adin shekaru huɗu, sai dai ba za su iya yin aiki ba fiye da wa’adi uku ba. Kowace ƙungiya ta ƙasa tana da wakili guda a Majalisar. Majalisa ce ke zaɓen shugaban hukumar, ta amince da kasafin kudi, sannan ta zaɓi wurin da za a yi gasar cin kofin duniya.

Kotun wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa, wacce aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 2021, tana warware rikice-rikice kuma tana yanke shawara kan aikace-aikacen bisa tsari. Dokokin duniya da ke tafiyar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa dai hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa (IFAB) ce ke kiyaye su, ƙungiyar da ke ƙayyade ƙa’idojin da za a gabatar ko dakatar da su. FIFA ta shiga IFAB a shekara ta 1913 kuma tana riƙe da rabin kuri’un (sauran rabin Ingila da Scotland da Wales ne ke iko da su. Kowace ƙungiya ta ƙasa tana cikin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin yanki shida, wanda ya shafi Afirka (CAF), Asiya (AFC), Turai (UEFA), Amurka ta Kudu (CONMEBOL), Oceania (OFC), da Arewacin Amurka, Tsakiya ta Amurka, da Caribbean (CONCACAF).

A matsayinta na babbar hukumar kula da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, FIFA ita ce ke tafiyar da kowane fanni na wasan: tsara ƙa’idojin wasa, sa ido kan musayar ‘yan wasa a duniya, shirya gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa kamar gasar cin kofin duniya, kafa ƙa’idodin alƙalan wasa, horarwa da kula wasanni, da ƙarfafa haɓaka wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya.

Ƙalubale da rikice-rikice

FIFA dai na fama da cece-kuce da dama, wasu na batun zaɓen ƙasashen da za su karɓi baƙuncin gasar cin kofin duniya. Italiya ta karɓi baƙuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1934, shawarar da aka soka sakamakon gwamnatin ƙasar a wancan lokacin ƙarƙashin mulkin kama karya na Benito Mussolini. An zaɓi Rasha da Qatar a matsayin masu masaukin baƙi a 2018 da 2022, bi da bi. Duk waɗannan zaɓen an soke su saboda rashin haƙurin ƙasashen da suka karɓi baƙuncin al’ummar LGBTQ+, da kuma mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Crimea da kuma zarge-zargen da ake yi wa Qatar dangane da yadda take mu’amala da ma’aikata.

FIFA ta kasance cikin zargin rashin da’a ta fuskar kuɗi, gami da zamba da kuma halasta kuɗaɗen haram. A cikin shekarar 2010 Chuck Blazer, shugaban CONCACAF, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayyar Amurka (FBI) ya kai masa sammaci saboda karɓar cin hanci da ya shafi gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza na shekarun 1998 da 2010. Blazer ya shigar da ƙara a gaban kotu kuma ya zama mai ba da labari kan wasu gurbatattun jami’an FIFA.

Badakalar cin hanci da rashawa ta FIFA 2015 ta ɓarke lokacin da Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Amurka (DOJ) ta fitar da tuhume-tuhume har guda 47 da ake zargin jami’an FIFA bakwai da karɓar cin hancin dala miliyan 150 cikin shekaru ashirin. Daga ƙarshe, fiye da dozin biyu shugabannin kasuwancin wasanni da manyan jami’an FIFA sun shiga cikin shirin cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da ba da haƙƙin karɓar baƙuncin gasar cin kofin duniya na maza na 2018 ga Rasha da gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 zuwa Qatar. Dangane da wannan baɗakalar, FIFA ta ƙaddamar da sauye-sauye da dama da nufin samar da gaskiya da ingantaccen shugabanci, gami da samar da kwamitin ɗa’a a shekarar 2016.

Gasar cin kofin duniya

Gasar cin kofin duniya, a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, gasar shekaru huɗu ce ta ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na maza waɗanda ke tantance zakaran duniya na gasar. Wannan dai shi ne babban taron wasanni a duniya, yana jawo biliyoyin masu kallon talabijin a kowace gasa. Ƙasashe na duniya suna fafatawa a gasar sosai, shekaru da yawa kafin nan, don gudanar da taron mai fa’ida, kuma zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da bayar da haƙƙin ba da izinin karɓar baƙuncin wasan ya daɗe yana bibiyar gasar. A zahiri, baɗakalar cin hanci da rashawa ta FIFA 2015 ta shafi jami’an FIFA fiye da dozin biyu da abokan aikinsu. Kwatankwacin gasar ga ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ita ce gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata.

Ƙasar Uruguay ce ta ɗauki nauyin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na farko a shekarar 1930. Ƙasashe 13 ne suka halarci gasar, kuma Uruguay ta doke Argentina da ci 4-2 a gasar. Amurka ta zo mataki na uku. Ƙasar Ingila ba ta halarta ba, ta fita daga ƙarƙashin hukumar FIFA a shekarar 1928 saboda damuwa game da danne hukumar FA da ta yi. Ingila ta koma cikin FIFA a shekara ta 1946 kuma ta buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko a 1950.

Ana gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza duk bayan shekaru hudu, in ban da lokacin da kuma bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu. A al’adance ana yin wasan a Turai ko Kudancin Amurka, Arewacin Amurka ya fara karɓar bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza a shekarar 1970 (Mexico), a yankin Asiya kuma a shekarar 2002 (Japan da Koriya ta Kudu suka shirya), sai a Afirka a shekarar 2010 (Afirka ta Kudu), da kuma yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya (Qatar).

Bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu mambobin FIFA sun ƙaru cikin sauri, zuwa fiye da mambobi 100 a cikin shekarun 1960s, yayin da suka kai fiye da 200 a farkon karni na 21st. Tabbas farin jinin gasar cin kofin duniya ya karu, haka kuma yawan ƙungiyoyin da ke shiga gasar ma ya ƙaru. Ƙungiyoyi goma sha shida ne suka cancanci shiga gasar maza daga shekarar 1954 zuwa 1978, adadin ya ƙaru zuwa ƙungiyoyi 24 daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1994, haka ma adadin ya ƙaru zuwa ƙungiyoyi 32 daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2022. A cikin shekarar 2017 FIFA ta amince da wani shiri na faɗaɗa yawan ƙungiyoyin da suka cancanta har zuwa ƙungiyoyi 48 don fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya mai zuwa a shekarar 2026, ƙasar Mexico ce za ta karɓi babban bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza tare da tallafawar Amurka da Kanada.

A cikin shekarar 1991 China ta karɓi bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta farko, wadda ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru huɗu, yawanci shekara ɗaya bayan gasar maza. Tawagar Amurka ta lashe gasar farko, inda ta lallasa Norway da ci 2-1 a gasar. A cikin shekarar 1991 da 1995 gasar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 12. Tsarin ya faɗaɗa zuwa ƙungiyoyi 16 a cikin shekarar 1999, da ƙungiyoyi 24 a cikin 2015 da 2019. An zaɓi Australia da New Zealand a shekarar 2020 inda suka karɓi baƙuncin ƙungiyoyi 32 a gasar 2023.

Daga cikin gasar cin kofin duniya a hukumance da FIFA take shiryawa akwai gasar cin kofin duniya, gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata, gasar cin kofin duniya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20, gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20, gasar cin kofin duniya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 17, gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 17, da gasar cin kofin duniya ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta bakin teku da kuma sauran su. Bugu da kari, FIFA tana kula da gasar ƙwallon kafa ta maza da ta mata da ake gudanarwa ƙarƙashin kulawar kwamitin Olympics na ƙasa da ƙasa duk bayan shekaru huɗu. FIFA tana kuma shirya gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyin duniya wato FIFA Confederations Cup, gasar tsakanin dukkan zakarun ƙungiyoyi da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka gudanar a farkon shekara ta 2000 a karon farko a Brazil.

Jerin shuwagabannin FIFA

Majalisar FIFA ita ce babbar hukumar da ke yanke hukunci a cikin tsaka-tsakin hukumar FIFA.
Majalisar FIFA ta ƙunshi mambobi 37: Shugaba ɗaya, wanda Majalisar FIFA ta zaɓa; mataimakan shugaba mutum takwas, da wasu mambobi 28 da ƙungiyoyin mambobi suka zaɓa – kowanne na tsawon shekaru hudu yake a ofis. Dole ne a zaɓi mafi ƙanƙanta mace ɗaya a kowane kwamiti. Shugaba da mambobin majalisar ba za su wuce da wa’adi uku na aiki ba su (ko a jere ko daban-daban).

• Sunan                        Ƙasa             Shekaru

1. Robert Guerin            Faransa         1904-1906
2. Daniel B. Woolfall     Ingila              1906-1918
3. Jules Rimet.              Faransa          1921-1954
4. Rodolphe S.               Belgium         1954-1954
5. Arthur Drewry            Ingila              1955-1961
6. Stanley Rous             Ingila              1961-197
7. Joao Havelange       Brazil              1974-1998
8. Sepp Blatter              Switzerland   1998-2015
9. Giovanni Infantino    Italiya         2015-

Jerin ƙasashen da suka yi nasara

Manazarta

Inside FIFA. (n.d.). 

Levy, & Michael. (2025, May 28). FIFA | Football, Soccer, World Cup, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. 

World Cup football winners list. (n.d.). 

*****

Duk maƙalun da kuka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.

Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.