Gara na daga cikin nau’in ƙwari waɗanda suke rayuwa da mutane. Tana daga cikin ƙwari mafi naci da kuma ɓarna musamman awuraren da suke da danshi ko kuma yawaitar katako.
Yanayin gara
Gara tana da ƙananan ƙafaffu guda shida, tana da jiki mai launin ruwan ƙasa zuwa baƙi, kuma tana da fuka-fuki amma ba kasafai take tashi da su ba.
Abincin gara
Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani abinci da gara ta fi ci sama da katako, katako shi ne abin da ta ta’alaƙa da shi kuma da shi take gudanar da rayuwarta.
Wuraren da gara take rayuwa
Gara tana zaune ne a wurare masu duhu da kuma danshi. Suna rayuwa ne cikin ko kusa da itace, a jikin, bishiya, jikin bango, bayan allon gado, tsakanin karagar gado, bango mai danshi, bayan mudubi, bayan kwaba, da kuma tsakanin kantocin ɗakin girki.
Halaye da ɗabi’un Gara
- Gara tana amfani da sinadarin da ke cikin ruwan yawu da hanjinta domin narkar da cellulose.
- Yawancin tana rayuwa a ɓoye, tsakanin abubuwan da za su ɓoye wanzuwarta a wuri.
- Wasu daga cikinsu suna da ƙarfi sosai wajen huda katako ko kuma bango.
Nau’ikan Gara
Ƙwari suna da dangogi kala-kala wanda daga nan ne tushiyarsu take somawa. Haka ma gara tana da nau’ikanta bisa nazarin masu bincike, kamar haka,
- Termites: Su ne ƙwari masu cin katako. Su ne mafi shahara daga cikin nau’in gara. Suna zaune ne cikin ƙungiya (colony). Suna da rassa uku: sarauniya, ma’aikata da sojoji. Su ne suke da ƙarfin wajen lalata gine-gine a ɓoye.
- Powderpost beetles: Su ne masu huda katako. Suna iya lalata itace cikin sauri ta hanyar huda ciki su bar ƙura kamar gari. Yawanci suna kai farmaki ga itacen da ba a shafeshi da sinadarai ba.
- Carpenter ants: Kusan su ne tantiran da ke zaune a itace. Ba su cika cin itacen kai tsaye ba, amma suna huda shi su zaune a ciki. Su kan haifar da giɓi a cikin katako har sai ya lalace gaba ɗaya. Wani lokacin ya yi gari ko kuma baƙi-baƙi.
- Wood borers: Su ne masu huda cikin itace su kuka lallatashi kai tsaye, ba kuma tare da jinkirtawa ba.
Amfanin gara
Gara suna cin ganye ko tsirran da suka mutu, ko da sun kai mataki na ƙarshen lalacewa (ruɓewa). Saboda haka, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wurin kawar da irin wanna musamman wajen taimaka wa sake sarrafa sharar gida ta koma wani abu daban kamar: itacen da ya mutu, ganyayyaki, da kuma kashin dabbobi.
Wasu nau’ikan gara na cin cellulose wato wani sinadari da ke cikin itace da ganye kuma suna da ƙwayar hanji ta musamman (midgut) da ke taimaka musu wajen warware wannan sinadari mai wahalar narkewa.
Sai dai kuma, gara na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da iskar guba mai dumama doron ƙasa (methane) ke fita, inda kimanin kashi 11% na methane da ke cikin sararin samaniya ke fitowa ne daga aikin gara wajen narkar da cellulose.
Gara a fannin nazarin kimiyya
Gara tana daga cikin halittun da masana kimiyya ke amfani da su wajen gwaje-gwaje a ɗakunan bincike (laboratory experiments), musamman don nazarin yadda wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ko sinadarai ke aiki a jikin halittu masu sauƙin sarrafawa.
Fahimtar tsarin garkuwar jiki
Ana yin amfani da gara wajen fahimtar yadda sinadarai ke shafar ƙwayoyin jini da garkuwar jiki, musamman a karatun likitanci da magunguna.
Taimaka wa narkar da tarkace
Gara na taimakawa wajen narkar da kayan datti kamar ganyaye, kayan marmari da tarkace a cikin ƙasa. Wannan yana rage datti kuma yana mayar da su sinadarai masu amfani ga ƙasa.
Abinci ga wasu halittu
Gara na zama abinci ga wasu dabbobi kamar tsuntsaye, macizai da wasu ƙwari. Hakan yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ci gaba da daidaiton tsarin abinci a cikin daji ko wasu muhallai.
A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Asiya, an fi amfani da gara wajen haɗa magungunan gargajiya, inda ake sarrafa su zuwa ƙura ko zubi (capsule) don magance wasu cututtuka kamar:
- Ciwon dake cikin ciki
- Matsalolin fata da
- Raunin jiki.
A ɓangaren ilimin halittu da lissafin motsi (robotics), gara na taimaka wajen nazarin yadda halittu ke motsi ko kawo cikas, wanda ake amfani da wannan sani wajen ƙirƙirar injunan da za su iya tunkarar muhallin da ba su da sauƙi.
Taimaka wa haɓakar shuka
Yayin da garavsuke tono ƙasa, suna ƙirƙirar ramuka da hanyoyi waɗanda suke taimakawa iska da ruwa shiga cikin ƙasa cikin sauƙi, wannan na taimakawa fitowar shuka da kuma haɓakarta.
Har ila yau, ƙarin ɗigon ruwa da ake samu ta ramukan su yana hana ruftawar ƙasa, yana kuma ba wa ƙasa damar riƙe ruwa sosai.
Abubuwan da ke taimakawa gara
Gara ba sa iya narkar da cellulose da kansu; suna dogaro da ƙungiyar ƙananan halittu masu rai da ke rayuwa cikin cikinsu. Wadannan su ne:
- Bakteriya
- Flagellates (kamar metamonads da hypermastigids).
Wannan halittu tana samar da enzymes, wato sinadarai masu narkar da abinci da ke tattaka cellulose, domin gara su iya sha da amfani da sinadaran da suka samu daga ciki.
Matsalolin gara
- Matsalar gara a gine-gine. Gara na da naƙasu wurin lalata abubuwa da yawa. Daga ciki akwai abin da ya shafi kayan gida kamar, kujeru, tebura da sauransu.
- Gara na iya cin katako tun daga tushe, bango, bene, ko kayan ɗaki wanda ke haifar da raunana tsarin gini har zuwa rushewa. Idan ba a magance matsalar ba, zai iya kai wa ga haɗarin faɗuwa ko rushewa.
- Rahotanni sun nuna cewa a shekarar 2012, duk duniya an samu asarar dala biliyan 40 saboda ɓarnar gara. A Najeriya, musamman a yankin Niger Delta, an sami yawan gyaran da ake yi saboda ɓarnar gara.
Illolin gara ga amfanin gona
- A nahiyar Afirka, gara na iya kawo asarar amfanin gona daga kashi 3% zuwa 100% wanda ke yin barazana sosai ga rayuwar manoma .
- A wasu lokutan, akasin amfanin su ga ƙasa, gara na iya zama matsaloli ga noma domin sun fi mayar da hankali wajen cin shuka, tushiyar shuka, ko kuma itatuwa masu amfani .
Illar rashin gano gara da wuri
- Gara na ɓuya da kyau kuma sukan cin katako daga ciki, wanda ke sa lalacewar ya tsaya a sananne sai an riga an jima da barnashi .
- Wasu masu gida suna kiran su “silent destroyers” saboda suna jawo ɓarnar ginshiƙan gida kafin a lura da su .
Illolin gara ga lafiyar mutane
- Dake gara na cin katako ko kuma ita ce, hakan na iya shafar lafiyar ɗan Adam. Wannan hayaƙin ƙurar da zai iya fitowa, na iya haifar da toshewar numfashi ko haifar da rashin lafiya idan akwai danshi da kan iya haifar haifar da fungus ko mold .
- Duk itacen da gara ta soma ci, ana iyakance amfani da shi a masana’antu kafin a sarrafa su.
Hanyoyin kariya
- Yin amfani da sinadarai masu hana kwari zama a wurare.
- Ajiye kayayyakin katako a busassun wurare. Domin danshi ma na haifaf da ita.
- Yin feshin magungunan kashe ƙwari lokaci-lokaci.
- Tsabtace muhallin da ke ƙunshe da tarkacen itace.
- Amfani d itace mai kyau da ƙarfi, domin ba kowa ne itace take iya nasarar ci ba. Misali kamar jan katako yana yi ma gara matuƙar wahala ta iya cinsa.
Manazarta
Fullinfaw, C., & Fullinfaw, C. (2024, October 2). The ecological role of termites as decomposers and soil nutrient cyclers. Termite Guys Brisbane.
Harry. (2025, February 3). The Ecological Impact of Termites: Tiny Creatures with a Big Role in Nature – Vet News Now. Vet News Now.
Journal, B. (n.d.). Role of termite mounds on agriculture | Biotica Research Today. Biospub.com.
Symons, N. (2023, August 2). The role of termites in the ecosystem – Mariners Pest Control | Free termite inspections. Mariners Pest Control | Free Termite Inspections.
Tonn, S. (2015, November 17). Termites are teaching architects to design Super-Efficient skyscrapers. WIRED.
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