Greenland babban tsibiri ne da ke arewacin duniya, yana tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Arctic. Duk da kasancewar shi a ƙarƙashin ikon Denmark, Greenland yana da wani ɓangare na ikon kai tsaye ta hanyar tsarin self-rule, wanda ke ba shi damar gudanar da yawancin harkokinsa na cikin gida. Kodayake yawan mutanen Greenland bai kai miliyan guda ba, yankin ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci a idon duniya. Wannan muhimmanci ya samo asali ne daga matsayinsa a Arctic, yalwar albarkatun ƙasa, da rawar da yake takawa wajen tsaro ga duniya. A cikin wannan mahallin ne Amurka ta nuna sha’awa ta musamman kan Greenland, musamman saboda matsayin yankin ta fuskar dabarun tsaro da albarkatun da ke karkashin ƙanƙarar Arctic.
Farkon tarihin Greenland
Asalin zaman dan adam a Greenland
Tarihin Greenland ya fara ne tun dubban shekaru kafin zuwan Turawa. Binciken tarihi da na kimiyya sun nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka isa Greenland su ne Paleo-Eskimo, a kimanin shekara ta 2500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Waɗannan mutane sun shigo yankin ne daga Arewacin Amurka, suna bin hanyoyin ƙanƙara da teku. Sun rayu ne ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi, inda suka dogara da namun daji na teku kamar kifaye nau’in seals da whales. Rayuwarsu ta nuna yadda ɗan Adam ya iya daidaita kansa da matsanancin yanayin sanyi da wahalar rayuwa a Arctic.
Al’ummomin Saqqaq da Dorset
Bayan zaman al’ummar Paleo-Eskimo, wasu al’ummomi suka biyo baya, daga cikinsu akwai Saqqaq da Dorset. Waɗannan al’ummomi sun inganta hanyoyin rayuwa a Greenland ta hanyar kirkirar sabbin kayayyakin aiki da dabarun farauta. Sun kuma samar da tsari na zamantakewa wanda ya ba su damar rayuwa a yanayi mai tsauri. Al’ummar Dorset sun shahara musamman wajen iya sarrafa kankara da ƙera kayan aiki na farauta, abin da ya taimaka musu tsawon ƙarnuka kafin zuwan Turawa.
Zuwan Vikings Greenland
Canjin tarihi mai girma ya faru a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma, lokacin da Vikings suka fara shigowa Greenland. Kimanin shekara ta 986 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa, Erik the Red, wani fitaccen Viking, ya jagoranci hijira daga Iceland zuwa Greenland. Zuwan shi ya kawo sabuwar hanya ta rayuwa, inda Vikings suka kafa ƙauyuka a yammacin tsibirin, suka fara noma da kiwon dabbobi, tare da gina gidaje na dutse. Wannan ya bambanta da rayuwar farauta ta mutanen asali, ya kuma nuna farkon shigowar al’adun Turai zuwa Greenland.
Rayuwar Vikings
Tsawon ƙarnuka, al’ummomin Viking sun rayu a Greenland suna hulɗa da Iceland da Norway ta hanyar kasuwanci. Amma zuwa karshen ƙarni na goma sha biyar, waɗannan koloniyoyi sun fara fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani. Sauyin yanayi ya ƙara tsananta sanyi, hanyoyin kasuwanci sun ragu, kuma noma ya fara kasa jure wa yanayin ƙasa. Haka kuma, akwai yiwuwar samun rikice-rikice da mutanen Inuit. A sakamakon waɗannan dalilai, al’ummomin Viking sun ɓace daga Greenland, yayin da mutanen Inuit suka ci gaba da zama a yankin har zuwa yau.
Shigowar Denmark da kafuwar mulkin mallaka
Tun farkon ƙarni na goma sha takwas, Greenland ta shiga ƙarƙashin ikon Denmark, wanda hakan ya kawo sauyi mai girma a tarihin yankin. A wannan lokaci, Denmark ta fara nuna cikakken iko kan Greenland, tana kallon tsibirin a matsayin yanki na kasuwanci da kuma wata muhimmiyar hanya ta faɗaɗa tasirinta a arewacin duniya. Mulkin Denmark ya kasance mai tsauri a wasu lokuta, inda gwamnati ke kula da kusan dukkan harkokin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da hulɗa da ƙasashen waje, yayin da mutanen Greenland ba su da cikakken ikon yanke shawara.
Ayyukan Mishan da sauyin addini da ilimi
Da shigowar Denmark, masu tallar addini ‘yan Danish suka fara ayyukansu a Greenland, inda suka shigo da addinin Kiristanci. Wannan ya haifar da babban sauyi a al’adu da tsarin rayuwar mutanen Inuit. An kafa coci-coci, makarantu, da cibiyoyin koyarwa, inda ake koyar da addinin Kirista tare da harshen Danish. Ilimi ya zama wata hanya ta yada al’adun Turai, wanda a lokaci guda ya taimaka wajen karantarwa da rubutu, amma kuma ya rage amfani da wasu al’adun gargajiya na Inuit.
Tsarin tattalin arziki da dogaro da albarkatun ruwa
A zamanin mulkin Denmark, tattalin arzikin Greenland ya dogara ne sosai kan noma da kamun kifi. Duk da tsananin yanayi, mutanen yankin sun ci gaba da noma a mataki mai sauƙi, tare da kiwon wasu dabbobi. Kamun kifi, musamman kifayen teku da sauran halittun ruwa, ya zama ginshiƙin tattalin arziki da kasuwanci. Denmark ta kafa cibiyoyin kasuwanci a yankuna daban-daban, inda ake tara kayayyaki domin fitarwa zuwa Turai. Wannan tsari ya sa Greenland ta dogara da Denmark wajen kasuwanci da rarraba kayayyaki, abin da ya ƙara ɗaure yankin da tsarin mulkin mallaka.
Nisan Greenland daga Turai
A duk tsawon wannan zamani, Greenland ta kasance wuri mai nisa daga cibiyoyin siyasar Turai, amma duk da haka tana da muhimmanci ga Denmark. Tsibirin ya kasance wata hanya ta tabbatar da ikon Denmark a Arctic, tare da amfani da albarkatun yankin don amfanin tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, wancan zamani ya kasance cike da ƙalubale ga mutanen Greenland, musamman wajen rasa ‘yancin kai da kuma fuskantar sauye-sauyen al’adu da rayuwa.
Yakin Duniya na II da tasirin Amurka
Greenland a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya
Lokacin ɓarkewar Yakin Duniya na Biyu ya zama wani muhimmin juyi a tarihin Greenland. A wancan lokaci, Jamus ta mamaye Denmark, lamarin da ya bar Greenland ba tare da kariya kai tsaye daga uwar ƙasarta ba. Wannan yanayi ya sa Greenland ta zama wuri mai matuƙar muhimmanci a idon manyan ƙasashe, musamman Amurka, saboda matsayinsa a tsakiyar hanyoyin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da teku a yankin Arctic. Don hana Jamus samun iko ko tasiri a tsibirin, Amurka ta ɗauki matakin shiga Greenland domin kare shi da kuma amfani da shi wajen dabarun yaƙi.
Kafa cibiyoyin sojoji da na leƙen asiri
A sakamakon wannan mataki, Amurka ta kafa tashoshin soja da cibiyoyin leƙen asiri a wurare daban-daban na Greenland. Waɗannan tashoshi sun taimaka wajen kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Turai, tare da sa ido kan duk wani motsi da zai iya zama barazana ga tsaron duniya. Wannan ne karo na farko da Greenland ya shiga kai tsaye cikin manyan tsare-tsaren tsaron Amurka, lamarin da ya sauya matsayin tsibirin daga wuri mai nisa zuwa muhimmin ginshiƙi a dabarun soja.
Thule Air Base da Cold War
Bayan kammala Yakin Duniya na Biyu, tasirin Amurka a Greenland bai tsaya nan ba. A lokacin Cold War (yaƙin cacar baka) tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet, Greenland ya ƙara samun muhimmanci saboda kusancinsa da Arewacin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar Arctic. A wannan lokaci ne aka kafa sansanin Thule Air Base a arewacin Greenland, wadda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sansanonin soja na Amurka. Thule Air Base ya kasance sansanin tsaron nukiliya da leƙen asiri, inda ake amfani da shi wajen gano harba makaman ballistic da kuma kare sararin samaniyar Arewacin Amurka daga yiwuwar hari.
Tasirin tattalin arziki da sauyin rayuwar al’umma
Kafuwar waɗannan sansanonin soja ya kawo tasiri mai karfi a tattalin arzikin Greenland. An samar da guraben aikin yi ga mutanen yankin, an gina sabbin hanyoyi, gidaje, da wasu muhimman abubuwan more rayuwa. Birane da ƙauyuka da ke kusa da cibiyoyin sojojin sun samu cigaba, yayin da mu’amala tsakanin mutanen Greenland da Amurkawa ta ƙaru. Duk da wannan cigaba, tasirin ya kuma haifar da tambayoyi game da ikon Greenland, muhalli, da rawar da Denmark ke takawa a harkokin tsaro.
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II
Neman ‘yancin kai da sauyin siyasa
Bayan kammala Yakin Duniya na Biyu, Greenland ta shiga wani sabon zamani na siyasa da tunani kan makomarta. Tasirin mulkin Denmark da kuma kasancewar cibiyoyin sojojn Amurka sun ƙara wayar da kan al’umma game da muhimmancin’yancin kai da yanke shawara. A cikin wannan yanayi ne aka fara samun ƙungiyoyi da ra’ayoyi masu neman a ba Greenland damar gudanar da harkokinta na cikin gida ba tare da tsoma bakin kai tsaye daga Denmark ba.
Samun Home Rule a 1979
Shekarar 1979 ta zama wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Greenland, lokacin da aka ba yankin tsarin home rule. Wannan tsari ya bai wa Greenland ikon sarrafa yawancin harkokin cikin gida, ciki har da ilimi, lafiya, da harkokin al’umma. Duk da cewa Denmark ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin tsaro da hulɗa da ƙasashen waje, home rule ya zama ginshiƙi na gina tsarin mulki mai zaman kansa da kuma karfafa muryar mutanen Greenland a harkokin siyasa.
Faɗaɗa Self-rule a 2009
A shekarar 2009, Greenland ta ƙara samun wani muhimmin cigaba ta hanyar faɗaɗa tsarin self-rule. Wannan sabon tsari ya bai wa Greenland ƙarin iko, ciki har da ikon tara haraji, sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa, da tsara dokokin cikin gida. Haka kuma, an amince da cewa harshen Greenlandic ya zama harshen hukuma, lamarin da ya ƙarfafa sha’anin al’adu da asalin ƙasa. Wannan mataki ya nuna yadda Greenland ya ƙara kusantar cikakken’yancin kai, kodayake har yanzu yana cikin tsarin da Denmark ke kula da wasu manyan al’amura.
Sauyin tattalin arziki da sabbin hanyoyin cigaba
Bayan samun waɗannan sauye-sauyen siyasa, tattalin arzikin Greenland ya fara nuna alamar bunƙasa. Kamun kifi, musamman noman kifaye, ya zama ginshiƙin tattalin arziki, inda ake fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasuwannin duniya. Haka kuma, yawon bude ido ya fara ƙaruwa, musamman daga masu sha’awar yanayin Arctic da ƙanƙara. A lokaci guda, bincike da nazarin albarkatun ƙasa kamar ma’adanai da makamashi sun fara ɗaukar hankalin gwamnati da masu zuba jari, duk da ƙalubalen muhalli da siyasa da ke tattare da su.
Greenland a wannan zamani
Greenland a tsakiyar siyasar Arctic
A zamanin yau, Greenland ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wurare a siyasar duniya, musamman saboda matsayinsa a yankin Arctic. Sauyin yanayi ya sa ƙanƙarar Arctic ke narkewa a hankali, lamarin da ya buɗe sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da kuma sauƙaƙa samun albarkatun ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin ƙanƙarar. Wannan yanayi ya janyo hankalin manyan ƙasashe, inda Greenland ya zama wata hanya ta dabarun siyasa da tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Matsayinsa ya sanya shi zama muhimmin wuri wajen kula da zirga-zirgar ruwa, tsaron yankin Arctic, da kuma gasa kan albarkatun ƙasa.
Muhawarar Trump da sake bayyanar Greenland
A shekarar 2019, shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya bayyana sha’awarsa ta sayen Greenland daga Denmark. Kodayake wannan yunƙuri bai samu karɓuwa ba, ya haifar da muhawara mai faɗi a duniya, musamman tsakanin Amurka da Denmark. Wannan ƙudiri ya nuna ƙarara irin muhimmancin da Greenland ke da shi a idon Amurka, ba kawai a matsayin yanki na siyasa ba, har ma a matsayin muhimmin wuri na tsaro da albarkatun Arctic. A lokaci guda, wannan muhawara ta sake tayar da tambayoyi game da ikon Greenland da makomar cin gashin kansa.
Tasirin Amurka a yanzu
A yau, tasirin Amurka a Greenland ya fi karkata zuwa fannoni da dama, ciki har da tsaro, fasaha, da tattalin arziki. Tashar Thule Air Base, wadda yanzu ake kira Pituffik Space Base, na ci gaba da zama ginshiƙi a tsaron Amurka, musamman wajen kula da sararin samaniya da tsarin kariya daga makaman zamani. Yankunan da ke kusa da wannan tashar sun amfana da ayyukan yi, sabbin abubuwan more rayuwa, da hulɗa ta tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, wannan tasiri na Amurka yana tafiya ne tare da muhawara kan muhalli,’yancin kai, da daidaito tsakanin Greenland, Denmark, da manyan ƙasashen duniya.
Bayan Cold War (1991–2000s)
Sauyin manufa
Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991 ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin cacar baka, tare da rage barazanar yaƙi kai tsaye tsakanin manyan ƙasashe. A sakamakon haka, muhimmancin sojoji a Greenland ya ragu kaɗan, amma hakan bai sa Amurka ta janye gabaɗaya ba. Maimakon haka, Amurka ta sauya manufa daga tsaron nukiliya zuwa kula da sararin samaniya da fasahar tauraron dan Adam.
Thule Air Base ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin cibiyar sa ido kan sararin samaniya da tauraron dan Adam, lamarin da ya kara haɗa Greenland da tsaron fasahar zamani. A wannan lokaci ne kuma Greenland ya fara karfafa tsarin home rule, tare da fara tunani mai zurfi kan yiwuwar samun cikakken ‘yancin cin gashin kai. Tasirin Amurka ya ci gaba, amma ya zama mai sauƙi fiye da na lokacin Cold War.
Zamanin sauyin yanayi da Arctic (2000s–2018)
Shigowar ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya ya kawo sabon dalili na mayar da hankali kan Greenland, wato sauyin yanayi. Ɗumamar yanayi ya sa ƙanƙarar Arctic ke narkewa a hankali, lamarin da ya buɗe sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da kuma bayyana albarkatun ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara. Wannan sauyi ya janyo hankalin duniya baki ɗaya.
Amurka, China, da Rasha sun fara kallon Greenland a matsayin maɓalli a siyasar Arctic. Albarkatun mai, gas, uranium, da rare earth minerals masu muhimmanci ga fasaha da makaman zamani sun ƙara darajar yankin. A wannan lokaci, Greenland ya koma daga batun tsaro kawai zuwa batun tattalin arziki, muhalli, da gasa ta duniya.
Ƙalubale da matsalolin Greenland
Ƙalubalen sauyin yanayi
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da Greenland ke fuskanta a wannan zamani shi ne sauyin yanayi. Narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a yankin Arctic na faruwa cikin sauri fiye da yadda aka zata, lamarin da ke shafar muhalli, rayuwar namun daji, da tsarin rayuwar al’umma. Duk da cewa narkewar ƙanƙara na iya buɗe hanyoyin ruwa da albarkatun ƙasa, yana kuma haifar da barazana ga gidaje, kamun kifi, da daidaiton yanayin halittu. Wannan yanayi ya sanya Greenland a cikin tattaunawar duniya kan sauyin yanayi, amma a lokaci guda yana jefa yankin cikin haɗarin dogon lokaci.
Dogaro da Denmark
Duk da samun damar self-rule, Greenland har yanzu na dogaro sosai da tallafin kuɗi daga Denmark, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati da samar da ayyukan more rayuwa. Wannan dogaro yana rage ikon Greenland na cin gashin kai gabaɗaya, musamman a harkokin tattalin arziki. Akwai muhawara a tsakanin al’umma kan yadda za a rage wannan dogaro ba tare da cutar da jin daɗin jama’a ba, lamarin da ke nuna cewa hanyar samun cikakken ‘yanci tana buƙatar tsari mai zurfi da dogon lokaci.
Siyasa da tattalin arziki
Greenland na fuskantar ƙalubale a fannin siyasa da tattalin arziki, ciki har da ƙarancin yawan jama’a, iyakantaccen kasuwa, da tsadar rayuwa. Waɗannan matsaloli na rage saurin bunƙasar masana’antu da kasuwanci. Haka kuma, akwai matsalolin da suka shafi daidaita sha’awar ƙasashen waje da muradun al’umma, musamman wajen haƙar albarkatun ƙasa da kare muhalli. Wannan na bukatar jagoranci mai hangen nesa da tsari mai ɗorewa.
Damarmaki Greenland
Albarkatun ƙasa
A gefe guda kuma, Greenland na da damar bunƙasa tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar albarkatun ƙasa masu yawa da ke cikin yankin. Albarkatun mai, gas, uranium, da zinare, tare da wasu ma’adanan cikin ƙasa, na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke jawo hankalin masu zuba jari na duniya. Idan aka sarrafa waɗannan albarkatu cikin tsari mai kyau da kare muhalli, za su iya taimakawa Greenland wajen rage dogaro da tallafin waje da karfafa tattalin arziki.
Yawon buɗe ido
Bunƙasar yawon buɗe ido na daga cikin manyan damar da Greenland ke da su a zamanin yau. Kyawawan yanayin ƙanƙara, tsaunuka, da al’adun Inuit na jawo hankalin baƙi daga sassa daban-daban na duniya. Haka kuma, bunkasar ƙananan masana’antu da sabbin fasahohi na iya samar da ayyukan yi da hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga. Waɗannan damarmaki na iya taimakawa wajen gina tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa.
Makomar siyasa da tasirin Greenland a duniya
Cigaban siyasa mai zaman kanta na bai wa Greenland damar taka rawa a harkokin duniya, musamman a tattaunawar da ta shafi Arctic, sauyin yanayi, da tsaro. Yayin da duniya ke ƙara mayar da hankali kan yankin Arctic, Greenland na samun damar bayyana muradansa da kare al’adunsa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan na nuna cewa duk da ƙalubalen da ke akwai, Greenland na da damar gina makoma mai tasiri da cin gashin kai.
Manazarta
Stratton, M. (2026, January 7). Everyone is talking about Greenland. Here’s what it’s like to visit. CNN.
Rasmussen, R. O. (2026, January 21). Greenland | History, Denmark, population, map, flag, & weather. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Wass, S. (2025, December 23). Denmark’s top diplomat tells Trump to keep his hands off Greenland. Bloomberg.
Poseidon Expeditions. (n.d.). Greenland capital Nuuk – The complete travel guide to the city.
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