Iran

 

Sunan ƙasa (Official name): Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran)

Tsohon suna: Persia

Nahiyar da take ciki: Asiya (Gabas ta Tsakiya / Western Asia)

Babban birni: Tehran

Faɗin ƙasa (Area): kimanin murabba’in kilomita 1,648,195

Yawan jama’a: sama da miliyan 87–92 (a ƙiyasin 2025–2026)

Harshen hukuma: Farsi (Persian)

Addini: Musulunci (Shi’a mafi rinjaye), tare da Kiristanci, Yahudanci, da Zoroastrianism

Tsarin mulki: Jamhuriyar Musulunci (Islamic Republic)

Babban Jagora (Supreme Leader): Mojtaba Hussain Khamenei

Shugaban ƙasa (President): Masoud Pezeshkian

Kuɗin ƙasa: Iranian Rial (IRR)

Turken waya (Calling code): +98

Agogo (Time zone): IRST (UTC +3:30)

Yankuna / Jihohi: jihohi 31

Yanayin ƙasa: tsaunuka, hamada, da bakin teku (Caspian Sea da Persian Gulf)

Manyan albarkatu: man fetur, gas, ma’adinai

Tattalin arziki: ya dogara da makamashi (mai da gas), noma, da masana’antu

Matsayi a duniya: ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da ke da tasiri a siyasa da tattalin arzikin Gabas ta Tsakiya

 

Iran, wacce a da ake kira Persia, ƙasa ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma tana daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin wayewa a tarihin ɗan Adam. Sunan Persia ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar daular Farisa wacce ta yi fice tun dubban shekaru da suka gabata, amma daga shekarar 1935 aka fara amfani da sunan Iran a hukumance a matakin ƙasa. Wannan suna na Iran yana nufin “ƙasar Aryans,” wanda ke nuna asalin al’ummar yankin tun fil’azal. Iran ta shahara sosai saboda dimbin gudummawar da ta bayar a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar ɗan Adam.

A fannin ilimi da falsafa, masana daga wannan ƙasa sun taka rawa wajen haɓaka tunanin ɗan Adam a zamanin da, musamman a ilimin kimiyya, likitanci, lissafi, da falsafa. Haka kuma, a fannin adabi, Iran ta shahara da rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙi da littattafan hikima da suka yi tasiri a duniya baki ɗaya. A ɓangaren gine-gine kuwa, ana samun tsoffin gine-ginen tarihi masu ƙayatarwa, waɗanda ke nuna ƙwarewa da fasahar mutanen ƙasar tun ƙarnonin da suka gabata.

Babban birnin Iran shi ne Tehran, wanda ya zama cibiyar siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na ƙasar. Tehran birni ne mai yawan jama’a, cike da cibiyoyin gwamnati, masana’antu, jami’o’i, da kasuwanni, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tafiyar da harkokin ƙasar gabaɗaya.

Dangane da yawan jama’a, Iran tana da mutane sama da miliyan 80, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe masu yawan jama’a a yankin. Wannan yawan jama’a ya haɗa da ƙabilu da dama da al’adu iri-iri, wanda ke ƙara wa ƙasar armashi da bambancin rayuwa. Duk da kasancewarta ƙasa mai tsohon tarihi, Iran ta kuma ci gaba da kasancewa ƙasa mai tasiri a harkokin duniya a yau, saboda matsayinta na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al’adu.

Yanayin ƙasa da muhalli

Muhalli

Iran tana kudu maso yammacin nahiyar Asiya, kuma tana cikin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda take da muhimmin wuri a tsakanin nahiyoyi da ƙasashe masu tasiri. Tana da iyaka da ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da Iraq da Turkey a yamma, da Afghanistan da Pakistan a gabas, sannan tana kuma da iyaka da wasu ƙasashe a arewa kamar Azerbaijan, Armenia, da Turkmenistan. Wannan muhalli ya sa Iran ta zama wata mahaɗar hanyoyin kasuwanci da hulɗar al’adu tun zamanin da har zuwa yau.

Yanayin ƙasa

A ɓangaren yanayin ƙasa, Iran ƙasa ce mai fadi wacce ke da tsaunuka masu yawa da kuma faffadan filin ƙasa. Manyan tsaunuka biyu da suka fi shahara su ne Alborz Mountains a arewa, da Zagros Mountains a yamma da kudu maso yamma. Tsaunin Alborz na shimfiɗe a gefen kudancin Tekun Caspian, kuma shi ne ke ɗauke da mafi tsayin tudu a Iran, wato Dutsen Damavand. Waɗannan tsaunuka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hana iska mai ɗauke da danshi shiga tsakiyar ƙasar, wanda hakan ke haifar da bambancin yanayi tsakanin arewa mai danshi da tsakiyar ƙasa mai bushewa.

Tsaunin Zagros kuma na shimfiɗe daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas, ya raba yankin Iran da filayen Mesopotamia. Wannan tsauni yana da zurfin kwazazzabai da kwaruruwa, kuma yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin suna rayuwa ne ta kiwo da noma a cikin waɗannan kwaruruka.

Bugu da ƙari, Iran tana da bakin teku a wurare biyu masu muhimmanci. A arewa, tana da bakin teku a Caspian Sea, wanda shi ne mafi girman tafki a duniya, kuma yana samar da yanayi mai danshi da wadataccen ruwa. A kudu kuma, tana da bakin teku a Persian Gulf da kuma Tekun Oman, waɗanda suke da muhimmanci wajen kasuwanci da safarar man fetur.

Al’umma da harshe

Al’umma

Iran ƙasa ce mai yawan jama’a da kuma bambancin ƙabilu da al’adu, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da haɗaɗɗen tsarin zamantakewa a duniya. Yawancin mutanen ƙasar su ne Persians, waɗanda su ne mafi rinjaye, sun kai kusan rabi zuwa fiye da rabin yawan jama’ar ƙasar, kuma su ne ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a al’adu, siyasa, da harshe na ƙasar.

Iran ba ƙasa ce ta ƙabila guda ɗaya ba, domin akwai ƙabilu masu yawa da ke zaune a cikinta. Daga cikin manyan ƙabilun akwai Azeris, waɗanda suke da yawan gaske musamman a arewa maso yammacin ƙasar, sai Kurds da ke zaune a yankunan tsaunukan yamma, da kuma Baluch da ke kudu maso gabas. Haka kuma akwai wasu ƙabilu kamar Lurs, Arabs, Turkmens, da sauran ƙananan ƙabilu, waɗanda duk suke da nasu al’adu, harsuna, da tsarin rayuwa. Wannan bambancin ƙabilu yana ƙara wa ƙasar armashi, amma a wasu lokuta yana iya haifar da bambance-bambancen siyasa da zamantakewa.

Harshe

A ɓangaren harshe kuwa, harshen hukuma na ƙasar shi ne Farsi (Persian), wanda ake amfani da shi a hukumance a makarantu, gwamnati, da kafafen yaɗa labarai. Wannan harshe shi ne ginshiƙin haɗin kai a tsakanin al’ummar ƙasar, domin yawancin mutane suna iya fahimtarsa ko magana da shi, ko da kuwa ba shi ne harshensu na asali ba.

Haka kuma, akwai harsuna da dama da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan da ƙabilu ke da rinjaye. Misali, Azeris suna amfani da harshen Azerbaijani, Kurds suna amfani da Kurdish, Baluch suna amfani da Balochi, yayin da wasu ƙabilu kuma ke da nasu harsunan kamar Luri, Gilaki, Mazandarani, da Turkmen. Wannan ya nuna cewa Iran ƙasa ce mai yalwar harsuna, inda ake samun haɗin kai ta hanyar harshen Farsi, amma kuma ana ci gaba da kiyaye harsunan gargajiya na ƙabilu daban-daban.

Addini da al’adu

Addini

A ƙasar Iran, addinin da ya fi rinjaye shi ne Musulunci, musamman ma Shi’a Islam, wanda shi ne tsarin addini da yawancin al’umma ke bi. Wannan ya bambanta Iran da yawancin sauran ƙasashen Musulmi, domin a nan Shi’a ne suka fi yawa maimakon Sunni. Addinin Musulunci yana da tasiri sosai a rayuwar yau da kullum, dokoki, siyasa, da al’adu, inda ake amfani da ƙa’idojin addini wajen tsara tsarin zamantakewa da shugabanci.

Duk da rinjayen Musulunci, akwai kuma wasu ƙananan addinai da ake samu a cikin ƙasar, kamar Kiristanci, Yahudanci, da kuma tsohon addinin Zoroastrianism, wanda shi ne addinin gargajiya na Farisa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Waɗannan addinai suna da mabiyansu a ƙasar, kuma suna da wasu hakkoki na addini, duk da cewa ba su da rinjaye.

Al’adu

A ɓangaren al’adu kuwa, al’adun Iran sun samo asali ne daga haɗuwar tsoffin al’adun Persiya da kuma al’adun Musulunci. Wannan haɗuwa ta haifar da wani tsarin al’adu mai zurfi wanda ke bayyana a fannoni da dama na rayuwa. A fannin waƙa da adabi, Iran ta shahara da waƙoƙi da rubuce-rubuce masu cike da hikima, soyayya, da falsafa, waɗanda suka yi tasiri ba kawai a cikin ƙasar ba har ma a duniya.

Haka kuma, a ɓangaren zane-zane da gine-gine, ana samun kyawawan gine-ginen tarihi da aka kawata da zane-zane masu ma’ana, musamman a masallatai, fadoji, da tsoffin gine-gine. Waɗannan gine-gine suna nuna alaƙa tsakanin addini da fasaha, inda ake amfani da rubutun Larabci, siffofi na geometric, da launuka masu kayatarwa wajen ƙawata su.

Bikin Nowruz

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman al’adun Iran shi ne bikin Nowruz, wanda shi ne sabuwar shekarar Persiya. Wannan biki yana da asali tun kafin Musulunci, kuma yana faruwa a farkon bazara, yana nuna sabuwar rayuwa da sabuntawa. An shafe dubban shekaru ana gudanar da shi, kuma yana da alaƙa da tsohon addinin Zoroastrianism da kuma yanayin canjin yanayi na shekara .

A lokacin bikin Nowruz, mutane sukan tsaftace gidajensu, su sayi sababbin kaya, su shirya abinci na musamman, sannan su taru da iyalai domin murnar sabuwar shekara. Haka kuma, ana kafa wani tsari na musamman da ake kira “Haft-Seen,” wanda ke ɗauke da abubuwa masu ma’ana da ke wakiltar rayuwa, albarka, da cigaba .

Tarihin dauloli

Iran na daga cikin tsoffin cibiyoyin wayewa a duniya, inda tarihinta ya shafe dubban shekaru yana gudana ba tare da yankewa ba. Tun zamanin da, wannan ƙasa ta kasance cibiyar manyan dauloli masu ƙarfi, musamman daular Achaemenid, wacce Achaemenid Empire Cyrus the Great ya kafa kusan shekara ta 550 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Wannan daula ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan dauloli na farko a duniya, ta shimfiɗu daga yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa wasu sassan Turai da Asiya, tare da ingantaccen tsarin mulki da gudanarwa na yankuna daban-daban .

Bayan rushewar Achaemenid, wasu dauloli sun biyo baya, har zuwa daular Sassanid, wacce Sassanid Empire ta yi mulki daga ƙarni na uku zuwa na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa. Wannan daula ta sake farfaɗo da al’adun Persiya, ta kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe masu ƙarfi a duniya a wancan lokaci, ta fafata da Daular Roma a fannin siyasa da soja.

A wannan zamani kuwa, wani muhimmin al’amari a tarihin Iran shi ne Juyin Juya Halin Iran na 1979, wanda Iranian Revolution ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin sarauta na Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Wannan juyin juya hali ya samo asali ne daga rashin jin daɗin jama’a game da mulkin kama-karya, tasirin ƙasashen waje, da matsalolin tattalin arziki, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zanga da bore daga 1978 zuwa 1979 .

A ƙarshe, an kifar da mulkin sarauta a shekarar 1979, aka kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, wanda ya sauya tsarin siyasa da rayuwar al’umma gabaɗaya. Wannan sauyi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka canja tarihin Iran a wannan zamani, kuma har yanzu tasirinsa yana bayyana a siyasa da zamantakewar ƙasar a yau.

Tsarin mulki

Iran tana karkashin tsarin Jamhuriyar Musulunci (Islamic Republic), wanda ke haɗa tsarin dimokiradiyya da kuma shugabanci na addini. Wannan tsarin yana nufin cewa akwai shugabanni da ake zaɓa ta hanyar zaɓe, amma a lokaci guda akwai shugabanci na addini wanda yake da iko mafi girma a kan harkokin ƙasa gabaɗaya. A cikin wannan tsarin, akwai manyan mukamai biyu masu muhimmanci.

Shugaban ƙasa

Na farko shi ne Shugaban ƙasa (President), wanda ake zaɓa ta hanyar zaɓen jama’a. Shugaban ƙasa shi ne shugaban ɓangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, kuma yana da alhakin gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum na ƙasa, kamar tattalin arziki, ayyukan gwamnati, da hulɗa da ƙasashen waje. Sai dai ikon shugaban ƙasa yana da iyaka, domin dole ne ya bi manufofi da jagorancin da aka tsara daga matakin koli na gwamnati .

Babban jagora

Na biyu, kuma mafi muhimmanci a tsarin mulkin Iran, shi ne Babban Jagora (Supreme Leader), wanda shi ne mafi iko a siyasa da addini. Wannan muƙami yana da iko a kan dukkan ɓangarorin gwamnati, ciki har da soja, tsaro, shari’a, da manyan manufofin ƙasa. Babban Jagora shi ne ke tsara manyan manufofi na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje, kuma yana da ikon naɗa manyan jami’ai da shugabannin hukumomi.

Haka kuma, dukkan bangarorin gwamnati — wato zartarwa, majalisa, da shari’a — suna aiki ne ƙarƙashin kulawar babban jagora, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa shi ne ginshiƙin iko a tsarin siyasar ƙasar. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin dimokiradiyya na asali, inda iko yake rarrabuwa tsakanin ɓangarori daban-daban.

Tattalin arziki

Tattalin arzikin Iran ya ta’allaka ne ga manyan fannoni uku masu muhimmanci, waɗanda suka haɗa da man fetur da gas, noma, da kuma masana’antu.

Man fetur da gas

A bangaren man fetur da gas, Iran tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi arzikin makamashi a duniya, inda take da manyan rijiyoyin mai da iskar gas. Wannan ɓangare ne ke samar da babban kaso na kuɗaɗen shiga ga gwamnati, kuma yana da tasiri sosai wajen tafiyar da tattalin arzikin ƙasar gabaɗaya. Duk wani sauyi a farashin mai ko fitar da shi yana tasiri kai tsaye ga cigaban tattalin arziki.

Noma

A ɓangaren noma kuwa, duk da cewa ba shi ne mafi girman sashen tattalin arziki ba, yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da abinci da ayyukan yi ga mutane, musamman a karkara. Ana noma amfanin gona kamar alkama, shinkafa, da ‘ya’yan itatuwa, kuma wannan ɓangare yana taimakawa rage dogaro da shigo da abinci daga ƙasashen waje.

Masana’antu

Haka kuma, masana’antu suna taka rawa a tattalin arzikin Iran, musamman a fannonin sarrafa mai, sinadarai, da ƙera kayayyaki. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, Iran ta yi ƙoƙarin bunƙasa masana’antu na cikin gida domin rage dogaro da kayayyakin waje, musamman saboda matsalolin takunkumi da take fuskanta.

Duk da wannan arziki, tattalin arzikin Iran yana fuskantar manyan ƙalubale. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shi ne takunkumin ƙasashen waje, musamman daga Amurka da wasu ƙasashen duniya, wanda ke hana Iran cikakkiyar damar shiga kasuwannin duniya da tsarin banki na ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan ya rage yawan kuɗaɗen shiga daga mai, ya kuma hana zuba jari daga ƙasashen waje, wanda hakan ke takura cigaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar.

Bugu da ƙari, takunkumin ya haifar da raguwar fitar da mai da kuma samun kuɗin waje, wanda ya sa darajar kuɗin ƙasar ta ragu, tare da ƙara matsin lamba ga tattalin arziki. Haka kuma, gwamnati na fuskantar matsalar giɓin kasafi da yawaitar kashe kuɗi fiye da abin da take samu, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsananta matsalolin tattalin arziki.

A shekarun baya-bayan nan, an samu hauhawar farashi mai tsanani, inda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya kai kusan kashi 30% zuwa sama da haka a wasu lokuta, wanda hakan ya jefa mutane cikin wahala da ƙarin talauci. Haka kuma, rashin aikin yi da raunin tattalin arziki sun ƙara tsananta rayuwar yau da kullum ga al’umma.

Saboda haka, tattalin arzikin Iran yana da ƙarfin gaske ta fuskar albarkatun ƙasa, musamman mai da gas, amma yana fuskantar manyan matsaloli da suka haɗa da takunkumi, hauhawar farashi, da rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, waɗanda ke hana shi bunƙasa yadda ya kamata.

Muhimmancin Iran a duniya

Iran tana da muhimmiyar rawar takawa a siyasar yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma a harkokin duniya baki ɗaya saboda matsayinta na ƙasa mai albarkatun ƙasa, ƙarfin soja, da rawar da take takawa a siyasa.

Siyasa

A siyasance, tana daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da ke shafar tsarin siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman dangane da rikice‑rikicen da suka shafi ƙasashen maƙwabta, da kuma rawar da take takawa a tallafa wa wasu ƙungiyoyi da gwamnatoci na yanki yayin rikice‑rikice. Wannan ya sanya ƙasashen duniya yin nazari kan dangantakarta da sauran ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi domin tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a yankin, inda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyi suka yi magana kan bukatar daƙile rikicin da zai iya shafar yankin gabaɗaya.

Kasuwancin mai da iskar gas

Iran tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a kasuwancin mai da gas na duniya saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da ɗimbin arzikin man fetur da iskar gas a duniya. Tana da kaso mai yawa na ajiyar man fetur da gas, kuma yawancin man fetur daga yankin Gulf ana jigilar su ta hanyar mashigar ruwa ta Hormuz, wanda ke ɗaukar kusan kashi 20 zuwa 30 na dukkan man fetur da aka keɓe don jigilar jiragen ruwa a duniya. Wannan mashiga tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga kasuwannin makamashi na duniya, kuma saboda Iran tana kewaye da ita, tana da tasiri wajen kwanciyar hankali ko rashin kwanciyar hankali a farashin makamashi a kasuwannin duniya.

Tsaro

Bugu da ƙari, tsaro da rikice‑rikicen yankin suna daga cikin fannoni inda Iran ke da tasiri mai zurfi. A lokuta da dama rikice‑rikicen da suka shafi Iran suna janyo tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa a ƙasashen makwabta da kuma duk duniya. Misali, yadda rikicin da ake gani a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ke iya haifar da tsadar makamashi, ya nuna yadda harkokin tsaro na Iran ke shafar farashin mai da iskar gas a dukkan kasuwannin duniya. Wannan yana nuni da cewa tasirin tattalin arzikin Iran bai tsaya kawai a cikin yankinta ba, har ma yana shafar kasuwannin duniya da manufofin manyan ƙasashe.

Matsaloli da ƙalubalen Iran

Iran na fuskantar manyan matsaloli da ƙalubale a fannoni da dama na rayuwar ƙasa wanda ke ƙalubalantar cigaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa.

Matsin tattalin arziki

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a waɗannan ƙalubalen shi ne matsanancin yanayin tattalin arziki da ƙasa ke ciki, inda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya tsananta fiye da kashi 40 cikin ɗari, wanda ya rage damar saye ga jama’a, ya ƙara talauci, kuma ya tilasta mutane su kashe mafi yawan kuɗinsu kan abubuwan more rayuwa na yau da kullum. Wannan hauhawar farashi da raunin ƙimar kuɗin ƙasar ya sa farashin abinci da sauran kayayyaki ya yi tashin gwauron zabi, kuma ya haifar da ɓacewar amfanin kuɗi a hannun mutane da kuma ƙaruwar yawan mutanen da ke rayuwa a talauci.

Takunkumin ƙasashen waje

Wani babban ƙalubale shi ne tasirin takunkumin ƙasashen waje, musamman takunkumin da Amurka da ƙungiyoyin duniya suka sanya a kan tattalin arzikin Iran, wanda ya shafi fitar da mai da samun kudin shiga daga kasuwannin duniya. Takunkumin ya rage damar Iran ta cin gajiyar albarkatun man fetur saboda hana shiga tsarin bankin duniya da hana musayar kuɗi cikin sauƙi, wanda hakan ya rage yawan kuɗaɗen shiga da ake samu daga fitar da mai.

Rashin aikin yi

Haka kuma, akwai rashin aikin yi da rashin damarmaki ga matasa, musamman matasa masu ƙarancin aikin yi, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankalin zamantakewa da ƙaruwar damuwa da rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin jama’a. Wannan yana daga cikin dalilan da suka sa aka samu zanga-zangar jama’a a biranen ƙasar, inda mutane suka fito suna nuna rashin jin daɗin su kan yanayin tattalin arziki da tsarin mulki gabaɗaya.

Sauran matsaloli

A ƙarshe, matsalolin cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen tsarin mulki da jagoranci, da kuma rashin isasshiyar damar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa suna ƙara rura wutar rashin amincewar jama’a da gwamnati, suna rage yawan zuba jari da ƙarfafa ƙasarsu, kuma suna jefa tsaro da zaman lafiya cikin haɗari. Duk wannan haɗakar matsalolin yana sanya ƙalubale mai zurfi ga Iran wajen samun cigaba mai ɗorewa, zaman lafiya, da ingantaccen tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.

Shuwagabannin Iran

Ga jerin sunayen shugabannin Iran tun daga farkon mulkin sarauta har zuwa zamanin Jamhuriyar Musulunci:

• Deioces — ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin farko na Medes (wanda ake ganin shi ne farko daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 8 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa), ya kafa tsarin gwamnati da amana a cikin ƙabilun Medes kafin zuwan Achaemenid.
• Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) — babban sarki na Achaemenid Empire, wanda ya kafa daular Persia bayan kawar da Medes, ya shimfiɗa mulkinta zuwa manyan yankuna masu tsawo a duniyar da ta wuce daga ƙasashe da dama.
• Darius I (Darius the Great) — ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Achaemenid, ya kara faɗaɗa daular Persia, ya kafa tsare‑tsaren gudanarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa na mulki mai faɗi.
• Ardashir I — ya kafa Sasanian Empire bayan rasuwar Parthian Empire, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga ƙarshe manyan daulolin ƙasar kafin zuwan mulkin musulunci a ƙarni na 7 AD.
• Yazdegerd I — wani shahararren sarkin Sasanian Empire, wanda mulkinsa ya kai daga shekara ta 399 zuwa 420 AD yayin da ƙasar ke da tasiri a siyasa da dangantaka da sauran dauloli na ƙarni na farko bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa.
• (Tsarin da dama na Sarkuna da Masarautu na Tsakiyar Zamani) — bayan karshen Sasanian Empire, yankin Iran ya shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin daular musulmi da dama kamar Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, da kuma ƙungiyoyin masarautu na gida da suka ƙunshi manyan iyalai da sarakuna masu mulki.
• Shah Ismail I — shahararren sarkin Safavid Empire da ya kafa tsarin Shi’a Islam a Iran a farkon zamanin ƙarni na 16, wanda ya sa addinin Shi’a ya zama babban addini a ƙasar.
• Karim Khan Zand — shugaban Zand Dynasty a tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, wanda ya jagoranci ƙasar a lokacin da take cikin rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan faduwar Afsharid Empire.
• Ahmad Shah Qajar — sarkin ƙarshe na Qajar Dynasty daga 1909 zuwa 1925, wanda ya sha fama da mulki a lokacin da Iran ke cikin canje‑canjen siyasa da ƙarancin ƙarfi.
• Reza Shah Pahlavi — ya kafa Pahlavi Dynasty a 1925 bayan juyin mulki na 1921, ya kawo sauye‑sauye da gyare‑gyare a ƙasar domin zamani na fasaha da mulki.
• Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi — shi ne ɗan Pahlavi na ƙarshe, ya yi mulki daga 1941 har zuwa juyin juya hali na 1979, bayan haka an ƙare tsarin mulkin sarauta a Iran.
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini — shugaba na farko na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran bayan juyin juya halin 1979, ya kafa sabon tsarin shugabanci wanda ya haɗa da ikon addini da siyasa.
• Ayatollah Ali Khamenei — ya gaji Khomeini a matsayin babban jagora (Supreme Leader) daga 1989 har zuwa 2026, inda ya ƙara tasiri a harkokin siyasa da tsaro.
• Mojtaba Khamenei — a shekara ta 2026 aka zabe shi a matsayin sabon babban jagora bayan rasuwar Ali Khamenei, wanda ya zama shugaba mafi iko a tsarin mulkin Iran.

Manazarta

BBC News. (2024, February 10). Iran country profile. BBC News.

Central Intelligence Agency. (2024). Iran. 

Council on Foreign Relations. (2023, January 19). Iran’s political system explained. 

Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024). Iran. Britannica.

Library of Congress. (2023). Country profile: Iran. Library of Congress.

Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. (2024). Iran facts and figures. 

United Nations. (2023). Iran country profile. United Nations.

World Bank. (2024, April 3). The World Bank in Iran. World Bank.

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