Anaemia, wadda ake bayyanawa da karancin jini a harshen Hausa, wata cuta ce da ke faruwa lokacin da jiki bai da isasshen jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ko kuma haemoglobin da zai iya ɗaukar iskar oxygen zuwa sassan jiki. Jajayen ƙwayoyin jini suna da muhimmiyar rawar takawa wajen jigilar iskar oxygen daga huhu zuwa sauran sassan jiki, sannan su dawo da carbon dioxide zuwa huhu domin a fitar da ita. Idan waɗannan ƙwayoyin jini sun yi ƙaranci sosai, jiki ba zai iya samun iskar oxygen ɗin da yake bukata ba, wanda hakan ke haifar da gajiya, rauni, da sauran matsalolin lafiya.
Anaemia na daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi yaɗuwa a duniya, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Mata masu juna biyu, yara ƙanana, da matasan mata suna daga cikin mutanen da suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, kamuwa da wasu cututtuka, da kuma asarar jini na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da anaemia.
A wasu lokuta, anaemia na iya zama mai sauƙi, inda mutum zai iya rayuwa ba tare da matsala mai tsanani ba. Amma idan karancin jinin ya yi yawa, tana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani ga lafiyar mutum, kamar raunin jiki, matsalar zuciya, da rage ƙarfin jiki wajen aiki ko karatu. Saboda haka, gano cutar da wuri da kuma samun magani da ya dace yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kare lafiyar mutum.
Ma’anar anaemia a likitance
Anaemia wata cuta ce da ke faruwa lokacin da yawan haemoglobin ko jajayen ƙwayoyin jini a cikin jiki ya ragu fiye da yadda ake bukata. Haemoglobin wani sinadarin furotin ne da ke cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar iskar oxygen daga huhu zuwa sauran sassan jiki. Idan adadin haemoglobin ya ragu, jiki ba zai iya isar da oxygen yadda ya kamata ba.
A mafi yawan lokuta, anaemia na faruwa ne saboda rashin ko ƙarancin sinadarin ƙarfe (iron deficiency) a jiki, wanda ke hana jiki samar da isasshen sinadarin haemoglobin. Haka kuma, ana iya samun anaemia sakamakon rashin bitamin kamar bitamin B12 ko folate, wanda ke da muhimmanci wajen samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini.
A wasu lokuta kuma, anaemia na iya faruwa saboda yawan zubar jini, kamar a lokacin rauni, zubar jini mai yawa a lokacin al’ada, ko wasu cututtuka da ke haddasa asarar jini. Haka kuma, wasu cututtuka na iya hana jiki samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini yadda ya kamata. Saboda haka, anaemia ba cuta ɗaya ba ce kawai, wani yanayi ne da ke faruwa sakamakon matsaloli daban-daban da ke shafar samarwa, rayuwa, ko yawan jajayen ƙwayoyin jini a cikin jiki.
Tarihin cutar anaemia
Tarihin cutar anaemia yana da alaƙa da cigaban ilimin likitanci da fahimtar yadda jini ke aiki a cikin jikin mutum. Tun zamanin da, likitoci sun lura cewa wasu mutane suna fama da rauni, gajiya, da canjin launin fata zuwa fari ko rawaya. A wancan lokaci ba a san ainihin dalilin wannan yanayi ba, amma an yi zaton yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin jini a jiki.
A tsoffin rubuce-rubuce na likitanci na mutanen Girka, wani mashahurin likita mai suna Hippocrates ya bayyana wasu alamomin da suka yi kama da anaemia, kamar gajiya da rauni. Duk da haka, a lokacin ba a san yadda jini da ƙwayoyinsa ke aiki a jiki ba. Daga baya, a ƙarni na 17, bayan gano yadda jini ke zagayawa a cikin jiki a binciken William Harvey, masana kimiyya sun fara fahimtar muhimmancin jini ga rayuwar ɗan Adam.
A ƙarni na 19 ne aka fara gano cewa anaemia na faruwa ne saboda raguwar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ko haemoglobin. A wannan lokaci, masana kimiyya sun fara amfani da na’urori na ɗakin gwaje-gwaje domin auna adadin haemoglobin da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini a cikin jini. Wannan ya taimaka wajen fahimtar dalilan da ke haifar da anaemia da kuma hanyoyin magance ta.
A ƙarni na 20, bincike ya ƙara bayyana cewa anaemia na iya faruwa sakamakon rashin sinadarin ƙarfe, rashin bitamin, zubar jini, ko wasu cututtuka. Wannan fahimta ta taimaka wajen samar da hanyoyin magani kamar amfani da abinci mai ɗauke da sinadarin ƙarfe, bitamin, da kuma wasu magunguna domin gyara matsalar.
A yau, anaemia tana daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi yaɗuwa a duniya, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Bincike na zamani ya ci gaba da taimakawa wajen fahimtar cutar da kuma samar da sabbin hanyoyin kariya da magani.
Nau’ikan anaemia
Anaemia tana da nau’ika daban-daban, kuma ana rarraba su ne bisa dalilin da ke haddasa su ko kuma yadda suke shafar samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini a cikin jiki.
Ƙarancin sinadarin ƙarfe (Iron-deficiency anaemia)
Wannan shi ne nau’in anaemia da ya fi yaduwa a duniya. Yana faruwa ne lokacin da jiki bai da isasshen sinadarin ƙarfe domin samar da haemoglobin. Rashin abinci mai ɗauke da sinadarin ƙarfe, zubar jini mai yawa, ko matsalolin narkewar abinci na iya haifar da wannan nau’in anaemia. Yawanci ana samun shi a cikin mata masu juna biyu, yara, da ‘yammata.
Ƙarancin bitamin (Vitamin-deficiency anaemia)
Wannan nau’in yana faruwa ne lokacin da jiki bai samu isasshen sinadarin bitamin B12 ko folate ba. Waɗannan bitamin suna da muhimmiyar rawa takawa wajen samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Rashin su na iya haifar da samar da ƙwayoyin jini marasa ƙarfi ko kuma kaɗan.
Aplastic anaemia
Aplastic anaemia wani nau’in anaemia ne mai tsanani wanda ke faruwa lokacin da kashin baya (bone marrow) ya kasa samar da isasshen jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa sakamakon wasu cututtuka, amfani da wasu magunguna, ko kuma matsalolin garkuwar jiki.
Hemolytic anaemia
Wannan nau’in anaemia yana faruwa ne lokacin da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ke lalacewa cikin sauri fiye da yadda jiki ke samar da su. Wannan lalacewar na iya faruwa sakamakon wasu cututtuka, matsalolin garkuwar jiki, ko wasu kwayoyin cuta.
Sickle cell anaemia
Wannan nau’in anaemia cuta ce ta gado wadda ke sa jajayen ƙwayoyin jini su zama masu siffar lauje (sickle). Waɗannan ƙwayoyin jini ba sa iya motsi cikin sauƙi a cikin jijiyoyin jini, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar ciwo, rashin iskar oxygen a jiki, da lalacewar wasu sassan jiki. Wannan nau’in anaemia ya fi yaɗuwa a wasu sassan Afirka.
Dalilan kamuwa da anaemia
Anaemia na faruwa ne sakamakon wasu matsaloli da ke hana jiki samar da isasshen jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ko haemoglobin, ko kuma sakamakon lalacewar ƙwayoyin jini cikin sauri. Daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samuwar anaemia shi ne rashin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman abinci da ke dauke da sinadarin ƙarfe (iron), vitamin B12, da folate. Waɗannan sinadarai suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, kuma rashin su a cikin abinci na iya haifar da karancin jini.
Haka kuma, anaemia na iya faruwa sakamakon yawan zubar jini. Wannan na iya faruwa a lokacin rauni, tiyata, ko wasu cututtuka da ke haddasa zubar jini a cikin jiki. Mata da ke fama da zubar jini mai yawa a lokacin al’ada suna daga cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan matsala.
Wasu cututtuka kuma na iya haifar da anaemia ta hanyar lalata jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ko hana jiki samar da su yadda ya kamata. Misali, cututtuka kamar malaria, cututtukan ƙoda, ko wasu cututtukan garkuwar jiki na iya haifar da lalacewar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini cikin sauri.
A wasu lokuta, anaemia na iya faruwa sakamakon cututtukan gado, kamar sickle cell anaemia, inda mutum ke gadon matsalar daga iyayensa. A irin wannan yanayi, jikin mutum ba ya samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini masu lafiya, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli a cikin jiki.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu magunguna, sinadarai, ko radiation na iya shafar ƙashin baya wanda ke samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Idan wannan sashen jiki ya lalace, jiki ba zai iya samar da isasshen ƙwayoyin jini ba, wanda ke haifar da anaemia.
Alamomin anaemia
Alamomin anaemia suna faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke kaiwa sassan jiki. Lokacin da jiki bai samu iskar oxygen yadda ya kamata ba, mutum na iya fara jin rauni da gajiya mai yawa. Wannan gajiya na iya sa mutum ya kasa yin ayyukan yau da kullum cikin sauƙi.
Daya daga cikin alamomin da aka fi gani shi ne raunin jiki da kasala, inda mutum ke jin kamar ba shi da ƙarfi ko kuzari. Haka kuma, mutane da ke fama da anaemia na iya yin fari ko hasken fata, musamman a fuska, leɓɓa, ko tafin hannu.
Wasu alamomi kuma sun haɗa da numfashi mai sauri ko wahalar numfashi, musamman lokacin yin aiki ko motsa jiki. Wannan na faruwa ne saboda jiki na ƙoƙarin samun karin oxygen domin cike giɓin da ƙarancin haemoglobin ya haifar.
Haka kuma, anaemia na iya haifar da bugun zuciya mai sauri, domin zuciya na ƙoƙarin turawa jiki iskar oxygen cikin sauri. Wasu mutane kuma na iya fuskantar ciwon kai, jiri, ko jin duhun gani, musamman idan suka tashi tsaye cikin sauri.
A cikin yara ƙanana, anaemia na iya haifar da rashin kuzari, jinkirin girma, da rashin sha’awar abinci. Idan karancin jinin ya yi tsanani kuma ba a kula da shi ba, yana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani ga lafiyar mutum.
Illoli da matsalolin anaemia
Cutar anaemia na iya haifar da illoli da matsaloli daban-daban, musamman idan karancin jinin ya yi tsanani ko kuma ba a gano cutar da wuri ba.
Raunin jiki
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin anaemia shi ne raunin jiki mai tsanani da gajiya, wanda ke sa mutum ya kasa gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum cikin sauƙi. Wannan yanayi na iya shafar aiki, karatu, da sauran harkokin rayuwa.
Matsalar zuciya
Wata babbar matsala ita ce matsalar zuciya. Lokacin da jiki bai samu isasshiyar oxygen ba saboda karancin haemoglobin, zuciya na ƙoƙarin turawa jiki jini da sauri domin cike wannan giɓi. Wannan na iya sa zuciya ta yi aiki fiye da kima, wanda a wasu lokuta na iya haifar da bugun zuciya da sauri ko kuma gazawar zuciya idan yanayin ya tsananta.
Illa ga mai juna biyu
A cikin mata masu juna biyu, anaemia na iya haifar da matsaloli ga uwa da jariri. Tana iya janyo haihuwar wuri, haihuwar jariri mai ƙarancin nauyi, ko wasu matsalolin lafiyar uwa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa likitoci ke kula sosai da matakin haemoglobin a cikin jinin mata masu juna biyu.
Raunana garkuwar jiki
Haka kuma, anaemia na iya raunana garkuwar jiki, wanda ke sa mutum ya fi saurin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka. Ga yara ƙanana, karancin jini na iya haifar da jinkirin girma da kuma matsalar koyo ko cigaban kwakwalwa, musamman idan cutar ta daɗe ba tare da magani ba.
Raunana sassan jiki
A wasu lokuta masu tsanani, anaemia na iya haifar da gazawar wasu sassan jiki saboda rashin isasshiyar oxygen da ke kaiwa ga ƙwayoyin jiki. Wannan na iya zama barazana ga rayuwar mutum idan ba a samu kulawar lafiya cikin gaggawa ba.
Hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje
Domin gano anaemia da kuma sanin dalilinta, likitoci suna amfani da hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna taimakawa wajen auna adadin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, haemoglobin, da kuma wasu abubuwan da ke cikin jini.
Complete blood count
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman gwaje-gwaje shi ne complete blood count (CBC). Wannan gwajin jini yana auna yawan jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, fararen ƙwayoyin jini, da kuma haemoglobin a cikin jini. Idan adadin haemoglobin ko jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ya yi ƙasa da kima, hakan na iya nuna cewa mutum na fama da anaemia.
Gwajin sinadarin ƙarfe
Haka kuma, ana iya yin gwajin matakin sinadarin ƙarfe domin duba ko jiki na da isasshen sinadarin. Wannan gwaji yana taimakawa wajen gano ko anaemia ta faru ne sakamakon rashin ƙarfe, wanda shi ne nau’in anaemia da ya fi yaɗuwa a duniya.
Gwajin sinadarin bitamin
A wasu lokuta, ana iya yin gwajin vitamin B12 da folate, domin duba ko jiki na da waɗannan sinadarai masu muhimmanci wajen samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Rashin su na iya haifar da wani nau’in anaemia.
Gwajin ƙashin baya
Haka kuma, likitoci na iya yin gwajin kashin baya (bone marrow test) a wasu lokuta na musamman domin duba yadda ƙashin baya ke samar da ƙwayoyin jini. Wannan gwaji yana taimakawa wajen gano matsaloli kamar aplastic anaemia ko wasu cututtukan da ke shafar samar da jini.
Sauran gwaje-gwaje
Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yin wasu gwaje gwaje na ƙarin bincike domin gano dalilin anaemia, kamar gwajin malaria, gwajin koda, ko wasu gwaje-gwaje da suka dace da yanayin majinyaci. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cutar da kuma zaɓar maganin da ya fi dacewa.
Magunguna
Maganin anaemia ya danganta ne da nau’in anaemia da dalilin da ya haifar da cutar. Idan anaemia ta samo asali ne daga rashin sinadarin ƙarfe, likitoci na bayar da ƙarin sinadarin ƙarfe don cike giɓin sinadarin a jiki. Hakanan, ana ba da shawarar cin abinci kamar jan nama, kifi, ƙwai, wake, da kayan lambu masu duhu kamar spinach.
Ga wadanda ke fama da anaemia saboda rashin vitamin B12 ko folate, magani yana haɗawa da ƙarin sinadarin bitamin B12 ko folate, ko kuma canja tsarin abincin yau da kullum domin samar da waɗannan sinadarai cikin jiki. Hakanan, ana mayar da hankali wajen inganta tsarin narkar da abinci domin jiki ya iya amfani da waɗannan sinadarai yadda ya kamata.
Idan anaemia ta samo asali ne daga cututtuka ko wasu matsalolin jiki, magani na iya haɗawa da magungunan cututtukan, kulawa ta musamman, ko a wasu lokuta transfusion na jini idan anaemia ta yi tsanani sosai. Kulawa da jiki gabaɗaya, shan ruwa mai yawa, hutu, da abinci mai gina jiki suna taimakawa wajen saurin murmurewa.
Hanyoyi rigakafin da kariya
Kariya ta fi dacewa ta haɗa da cin abinci mai gina jiki da sinadaran da jiki ke bukata don samar da jini, kiyaye tsaftar abinci da daƙile cututtuka kamar malaria da cututtukan hanji da za su iya haifar da asarar jini. Haka nan, kulawa da lafiyar yara, mata masu juna biyu, da tsofaffi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin rage haɗarin kamuwa da anaemia ko tsanantarta.
Anaemia a Najeriya
A Najeriya, anaemia na ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin lafiya da ke addabar al’umma, musamman yara ƙanana da mata masu juna biyu. Rahotanni na hukumomin NCDC da WHO sun nuna cewa yawan yara da ke fama da anaemia na da yawa, musamman a yankunan karkara inda rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin tsaftar ruwa, da cututtuka irin su malaria ke yaɗuwa.
Mata masu juna biyu suna cikin haɗari sosai, saboda anaemia na iya haifar da matsalolin haihuwa, ciki har da haihuwar jariri mai ƙarancin nauyi ko haihuwa kafin lokaci. A wasu lokuta, ƙarancin jini na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya ga uwa kamar matsalar numfashi, rauni da gajiya mai tsanani, da haɗarin mutuwa yayin haihuwa.
Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullum a asibitoci, musamman CBC da gwaje-gwajen sinadarin ƙarfe, suna taimakawa wajen gano matsalar da wuri da samar da magani. Haka nan, wayar da kan al’umma kan cin abinci mai gina jiki da kare yara daga cututtuka masu haifar da asarar jini kamar malaria, na daga cikin matakan kariya mafi tasiri.
Masana sun nuna cewa hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da al’umma yana da muhimmanci wajen rage yaɗuwar anaemia a Najeriya, musamman ta hanyar inganta abinci mai gina jiki, samar da ruwa mai tsafta, da rage yaɗuwar cututtuka.
Manazarta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023, January 12). Iron deficiency anemia. CDC
National Population Commission & ICF. (2021). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria: NPC & ICF.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2022, October). Anaemia. WHO
Zimmermann, M. B., & Hurrell, R. F. (2007). Nutritional iron deficiency. The Lancet, 370(9586), 511–520.
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