Mikiya ɗaya ce cikin manyan tsuntsaye masu farauta wadda ke cikin dangin Accipitridae kuma ta kasu kashi daban-daban, waɗanda ba sa kamanni da juna. Waɗannan tsuntsaye ana bambance su da gashin kansu da faffaɗan baki da ƙafafu ƙarfafa da lanƙwasassun yatsu. Ana samun mikiya a duk faɗin duniya, in ban da yankin Antarctica.
Akwai nau’ikan mikiya sama da guda 70 waɗanda aka karkasa su zuwa rukuni huɗu ba a ƙa’idance ba, wanda suka haɗa da fish eagle, harpy eagle, da booted eagle a ƙarƙashin dangin Buteoninae da snake eagle waɗanda aka sanya su ƙarƙashin dangin Circaetinae.
Mikiya tsuntsaye ne masu ƙarfi da ke farauta sakamakon ƙarfinsu, kuma sun dace da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mafarauta. Sai dai mafarautan sun zama abin farauta, inda yanzu haka nau’ukan da dama ke fuskantar haɗarin harbi da ba bisa ka’ida ba.
Mikiya tsuntsaye ne masu ban tsoro, girmansu da ƙarfinsu yana sanya su a saman tsarin hanyar samuwar abinci a duniya ta fuskar kimiyya. Suna amfani da kaifin ƙaƙƙarfan bakinsu don fizga da kama ganima har ma da yayyaga nama. Zaɓinsu ga ganima ya dogara da nau’ikansu wanda ya haɗa haɗa da kifi, tsuntsaye, macizai, ko sau da yawa duk wata dabba mai matsakaicin girma da ta ketara hanyarsu. Na’urar ganinsu na ba su damar hango ganima mai girman zomo a nisan mil uku, kafin su zube, su kama abin da suka nufa, su tafi da shi zuwa wani wurin cin abinci.
Ana kiran gidajen mikiya eyries kuma ana gina su a wuraren da ba za a iya shiga ba, yawanci sama a kan bishiyu ko duwatsu. Sau da yawa suna yin amfani da wannan gida ɗaya a kowace shekara.
Manyan au’ikan mikiya
Mikiya marar gashi (bald eagle)
Mikiya ce tsuntsun ƙasa na Amurka. Sunan su ya fito ne daga kalmar ‘piebald’, ma’ana ‘alama da launuka biyu’. Mikiya ban da nau’in bald, suna da gashin fuka-fukai a kai da wutsiya kuma yawancin jikinsu launin ruwan ƙasa ne. Suna da tsayin inci 34 zuwa 43 kuma suna da tazarar fuka-fuki har zuwa ƙafa 7.
Mikiya launin ruwan gold (Golden eagle)
Golden eagles su ne nau’in mikiya mafi sauƙi da suka yaɗu, kuma suna da launin duhu mai ruwan ƙasa mai launin ruwan zinare da launin ruwan ƙasa a kan ɗigonsu. Wannan nau’i suna girma tsakanin inci 33 zuwa 38 a tsayi tare da tsawon fuka-fukai har zuwa ƙafa 7.
Mikiyar Bateleur
Mikiya nau’in bateleur ita ce tambarin ƙasar Zimbabwe kuma tana da yawa a Afirka. Tana kusan inci 22 zuwa 28 a tsayi tare da fuka-fukai kusan ƙafa 6. Wannan mikiyar na da kamanni kala-kala, da jajayen fuska, baya-bayan kirji, baƙin jiki da fuka-fukai launin azurfa tare da guntuwar wutsiya.
Sassan jikin mikiya
Girma
Waɗannan tsuntsaye girmansu ya bambanta sosai, kama daga daga ƙaramar mikiyar nau’in Nicobar ta Kudunci mai tsayi 16 in (40 cm) zuwa mafi girmansu wato mikiyar da ake kira Harpy eagle da mikiyar Philippine mai tsayi tsakanin ƙafa 3.
Nauyi
Kamar yadda mikiya suke da nau’in mikiya daban-daban haka ma ta fuskar nauyi, suna da nauyi daban-daban. Mikiyar Nicobar ta kudanci, alal misali, tana da nauyin kusan gram 450, yayin da mikiya nau’in Steller ta kasance mafi nauyi a cikin nau’ikan miliyoyi, tana da nauyin kusan 6.7.
Faɗin fuka-fukai
Har ila yau ana fahimtar waɗannan tsuntsaye ta fuskar girman fuka-fukansu a tsakanin mafarautan tsuntsaye, mikiya mai farar wutsiya da kuma mikiyar Steller suna da fuka-fukai matsakaita masu tsayin santimita 218.5 da kuma 212.5 bi da bi.
Launi
A mafi yawancin launin mikiyoyi suna da fuka-fukai masu launin baƙi, launin ruwan kasa, ko kuma launi mai duhu.
Ido
Girman idanun mikiya suna kama da na mutane, kuma ganinsu ya fi ƙarfin kusan sau 4 zuwa 8 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin mutum.
Tsinin baki (beak)
Kamar sauran tsuntsayen masu farauta, mikiya na da manya-manyan tsinin baki (beak) wanda suke amfani da shi wajen yaga nama da kashe abin ganima.
Farata (talon)
Mikiya na farata masu lanƙwasa, masu ƙarfi waɗanda suke amfani da su don kama ganima abin farauta.
Wuraren da mikiya ta yaɗu
Wuraren da ake samun yawancin nau’ikan mikiya 60 sun haɗa da yankin Turai, Afirka, da Asiya. Jinsuna 14 ne daga cikin 60 ɗin kawai ke rayuwa a wajen waɗannan yankuna, uku a Ostiraliya, tara a Kudancin Amurka da Tsakiyar Amurka, biyu kuma a Arewacin Amurka.
Ire-iren muhallin da suke zama
Yawancin nau’ikan mikiya suna gina gidajensu a kan manyan duwatsu da dogayen bishiyoyin da ke kusa da ruwa kamar koguna, tafkuna. Tun da yake waɗannan tsuntsaye suna kula da matsalolin da ayyukan ɗan’adam ke haifarwa, suna buƙatar yankin daji na sosai don yin sheƙa.
Adadin tsawon lokacin rayuwarsu
A cikin daji, mikiya na iya rayuwa kusan shekaru 14 zuwa 30, amma a cikin zaman talala, suna da tsawon rayuwa sama da shekaru 40. Mafi tsufan mikiyar cikin daji ita ce wacce ta mutu yayin da ta kai shekara 38 a shekarar 2015 bayan da wata mota ta kaɗe ta.
Abinci mikiya
Mikiya manyan tsuntsaye ne da ke farauta kuma suna farautar tsuntsaye iri-iri, kifi, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, masu rarrafe, da kaguwa. Lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci, waɗannan tsuntsaye masu cin nama suna cin naman da ya riɓe ko mushe da ba su suka kashe ba. Mikiya mai ƙarancin gashi na son cin kifi yayin da mikiya nau’in golden ke cin marmots, zomaye, tumakai, antelope da sauran su.
Halaye da dabi’un mikiya
- Mikiya na da manyan fuka-fuki, kuma suna jin daɗin tashi sama sosai suna sauka a tuddai masu tsayi.
- Waɗannan tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun mafarauta ne, kuma suna yin yaƙi mai zafi don su dawo muhallansu ko su ci ganimarsu komai girmanta ko ƙarfinta.
- Mikiya na yin amfani da guguwa mai ƙarfi da magudanar iska zuwa sama da ke fitowa daga tsaunuka don samun tudu da tashi sama da nisa, musamman lokacin ƙaura zuwa wani wuri. Wannan na hana su kaɗawa ko ɗaga fuka-fukansu sosai, wanda hakan ke tattala musu kuzari mai yawa.
- Lokacin da suka yi rauni suka tsufa, sukan ɓoye a cikin duwatsu, su zubar da gashinsu na fuka-fukai. Za su jira a wurin ɓuyan nasu su har sai sabbin fuka-fukansu sun yi girma.
Juriya da sauye-sauyen yanayi
Mikiya nau’in Alleagle, da ta haɗa da ƙaramar cikinsu, suna da tsayin tsayi, fuka-fukai masu faɗi daidai gwargwado idan aka kwatanta da shaho. Wannan siffofin na jiki suna taimakawa cikin sauri, ƙarin kuzarin tashi kai tsaye. Mikiya suna da girma da nauyi, da kaifin baki fiye da sauran tsuntsaye masu farauta waɗanda ke taimaka musu wajen ci da yaga naman ganima da ƙarfi.
Mikiya suna da mafi kyawun ƙarfin gani a cikin duniyar dabbobi, wanda hakan ke ba su damar gano abin farauta daga nesa sosai. Suna da yatsu da farata masu kaifi, waɗannan farata suna taimaka musu wajen riƙewa da ɗaukar manyan ababen ganima kamar kifi, tumakai, da barewa.
Yadda suke barbara da haihuwa
Tsarin haihuwa a cikin wannan tsuntsaye yana farawa ne da gina gida wanda duka namiji da mace ke haɗuwa du gina. Gina sheƙar yana farawa wata ɗaya zuwa uku kafin lokacin yin barbara. Idan sun yi nasarar samarwa da kuma kula yaransu a cikin shekar, za su ci gaba da yin amfani da wannan sheƙar a kowace shekara.
Suna shiga cikin zangon kwarkwasa wanda ya haɗa da zagayen sararin samaniya, zagayawa a cikin iska, sannan a yi jima’i. Jima’in yana faruwa a cikin sheƙar ko a kan reshe inda namijin mikiya ke hawa kan macen. Hanyar da namijin da macen ke taɓa sassan jima’in juna da kuma fitar da maniyyi ita ake kira ake kira cloacal kiss a Turance.
Mazajen mikiya suna auren mace ɗaya, ma’ana idan suka yi aure suna kasance tare har abada. Mace takan sanya ƙwai 1 zuwa 3 kamar kwanaki 5 zuwa 10 bayan ƙwai. Mikiya namiji da macen suna ƙyanƙyasar ƙwayayen a tsawon kwanaki 35 zuwa 45, a tsarin yadda aka saka su.
Manazarta
Animal Spot (2025, March 22). Eagle facts, Types, characteristics, habitat, diet, adaptations, pictures. Animal Spot: Online Animal Guide With Facts, Pictures, and More!
Riches, M. (2021, October 6). List of Eagle Species – BirdLife International. BirdLife International. .
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1999, July 23). Eagle | Characteristics, Habitat, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Duk maƙalun da kuka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.
Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.
