Nigeria

Najeriya, wacce aka fi sani da Federal Republic of Nigeria, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma, kuma tana da matsayi na musamman a nahiyar saboda yawan jama’a, arzikin ƙasa, da tasirin siyasa a yankin. Najeriya tana iyaka da ƙasar Benin a yamma, Nijar a arewa, Chadi a arewa maso gabas, Kamaru a gabas, sannan a kudu tana fuskantar Tekun Atlantika, wanda ke ba ta damar yin kasuwanci ta ruwa da kuma damar cin gajiyar harkokin teku da ruwa. Wannan wuri na musamman ya sanya Najeriya ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci da al’adu, kuma ya ba ta damar hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya da dama a fannoni daban-daban.

Babban birnin ƙasar shi ne Abuja, yana tsakiyar ƙasar, kuma an kafa shi ne domin maye gurbin Lagos a matsayin cibiyar siyasa da gudanarwa. Lagos, a gefe guda, ita ce babban birni na kasuwanci da cibiyar manyan masana’antu, tashoshin jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama, wanda hakan ke ba da damar cinikayya a cikin gida da waje. Baya ga Abuja da Lagos, Najeriya tana da sauran birane masu muhimmanci kamar Kano, cibiyar kasuwanci da al’adu a arewa; Ibadan, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin biranen kasar da ke da tarihi mai yawa da al’adu na musamman; da Port Harcourt, cibiyar man fetur da masana’antu a kudu maso gabas, wacce ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin ƙasar.

 

Yanayin Najeriya da biranenta ya ba ta damar zama ƙasa mai tasiri a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al’adu a Afirka, inda ta haɗu da bambancin al’adu, harsuna da addinai da ke bayyana a dukkan yankuna. Har ila yau, muhallin Najeriya ya sa ta zama hanya mai mahimmanci ga sufuri da kasuwanci tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Afirka da sauran duniya baki ɗaya.

Bayani a taƙaice

Abubuwa	Bayani
Sunan ƙasa:	Federal Republic of Nigeria
Babban birni:	Abuja
Birni mafi girma:	Lagos
Nahiya:	Afrika (Yammacin Afrika)
Faɗin ƙasa:	923,768 km²
Yawan jama’a:	Kimanin miliyan 239+ (a ƙiyasin 2026)
Harshen hukuma:	Turanci (English)
Manyan harsuna:	Hausa, Yarbanci, Inyamuranci
Addinai:	Musulunci, Kiristanci, addinin gargajiya
Tsarin mulki:	Jamhuriya mai tsarin tarayya (Federal Republic).
Shugaban ƙasa:	Bola Ahmed Tinubu
Mataimakin shugaban ƙasa:	Kashim Shettima
Ranar samun ‘yancin kai:	1 ga Oktoba, 1960.
Ƙasar mulkin mallaka:	Britaniya (United Kingdom).
Alamar kuɗin ƙasa:	₦
Turken waya:	+234
Adadin jihohi:	36 + babban birnin tarayya (FCT).
Muhimman albarkatu:	Man fetur, iskar gas, noma, ma’adanai.
Tattalin arziki:	Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasashe masu karfin tattalin arziki a Afrika.

Yanayin ƙasa da yawan jama’a

Yanayin ƙasa

Najeriya tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma, inda take da faɗin ƙasa kusan murabba’in kilomita 923,768. Yanayin ƙasa a Najeriya yana da bambance-bambancen da ke ba ta siffofi na musamman a fannin muhalli da rayuwar jama’a. A arewa maso gabas, akwai tsaunukan Mambilla, waɗanda ke ba da yanayin sanyi da filayen noma masu amfani, yayin da tsaunukan Obudu a kudu maso gabas ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido saboda kyawawan wurare da yanayin sanyi.

Najeriya tana da manyan koguna guda biyu masu muhimmanci, wato Niger da Benue, waɗanda ke haɗuwa a tsakiyar ƙasa, suna samar da ruwan sha, aikin noma, da sufuri na ruwa. Baya ga koguna, ƙasar tana da yankuna masu hamada a arewa, gandun daji mai yawa a kudu da kudu maso gabas, da filayen noma da gandun gona a tsakiyar ƙasa. Wannan bambancin yanayi yana ba da dama ga harkokin noma, kiwo, da kasuwanci, amma kuma yana kawo ƙalubale iri-iri a fannin muhalli.

Yawan jama’a

Dangane da yawan al’umma, Najeriya tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 220 zuwa 230 a ƙiyasin shekarar 2026, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ƙasa mafi yawan jama’a a Afirka. Rabe-rabe a tsakanin yankuna yana nuna cewa arewa na da yawan mutane fiye da kudancin ƙasar a wasu sassa, yayin da manyan birane kamar Lagos, Kano, da Abuja ke cike da yawan jama’a saboda cigaban kasuwanci da ayyukan gwamnati. Wannan yawan jama’a yana haifar da buƙatun gidaje, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da sufuri, wanda ke zama babban ƙalubale ga gwamnatin ƙasar wajen tsara cigaban al’umma.

A fannin matsalolin muhalli da yawan jama’a, Najeriya na fuskantar ƙalubale da dama. Ambaliyar ruwa musamman a yankin kogin Niger da Benue tana haddasa asarar rayuka da dukiyoyi a wasu lokuta, yayin da ƙarancin ruwa ke addabar yankuna na arewa maso gabas da ke fama da bushewa. Rashin tsaftar muhalli da ƙazantar ruwa da iska yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya, yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙara matsin lamba a kan albarkatu, gine-gine, da filayen noma. Waɗannan matsaloli suna buƙatar shawarwari na dogon lokaci da tsare-tsare masu inganci domin tabbatar da ci gaban ƙasa mai dorewa da rayuwar al’umma.

Asali da kafuwar Najeriya

Asalin Najeriya yana da zurfin tarihi wanda ya fara tun kafin karni na sha shida, lokacin da mutane daban-daban suka fara kafa al’ummomi a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar.

Yankin arewa

A arewacin Najeriya, ƙabilun Hausa sun kafa birane da masarautu kamar Kano, Katsina, Zaria, Gobir da Daura, inda suka kafa tsarin siyasa da shari’a na gargajiya. Wannan tsarin ya kasance mai kyau sosai, inda sarkin ƙasa ke da shugabanci na siyasa da addini, yayin da majalisun sarautu ke kula da shari’a da gudanar da al’amuran yau da kullum. A wancan lokaci, biranen Hausa sun kasance cibiyoyin kasuwanci da ilimi, inda ake gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, hada-hadar abinci, kayan masarufi, da kayayyakin sana’a.

Yankin yamma

A yammacin ƙasar, Yarabawa sun kafa masarautu da biranen da suka shahara kamar Oyo, Ife, da Ibadan. A nan, tsarin sarauta ya kasance karkashin sarkin (oba) tare da haɗin gwiwar majalisun sarauta, wanda ya tabbatar da zaman lafiya, adalci, da cinikayya a cikin al’umma. Masarautun Yarabawa sun kuma shahara wajen ilimi, fasaha, da al’adu, musamman a fannin ƙera kayan ado, gini, da kayan ado na gargajiya. Birane kamar Ife sun kasance cibiyoyin addini da al’adu, inda ake gudanar da bukukuwa da al’adun gargajiya da suke haɗa al’umma.

Yankin kudu maso gabas

A kudu maso gabas, ƙabilun Inyamurai sun kafa ƙauyuka da birane masu cin gashin kansu, inda tsarin shugabanci ya kasance karkashin shugabannin al’umma kamar Ndichie (manyan mutane) da Igwe (sarki). Wannan tsarin ya bambanta da tsarin sarauta na gargajiya a arewa da yamma, domin yana mai da hankali ne kan haɗin kai da shawarwari tsakanin al’umma. Inyamurai sun kasance ƙwararru a fannin kasuwanci, noma, da sana’o’in hannu, kuma sun kafa hanyoyi na cinikayya tsakanin ƙauyuka da birane.

Yankin arewa maso gabas

A arewa maso gabas, Kanuri sun kafa masarautar Kanem-Bornu, wadda ta shahara a fannin siyasa, ilimi, da kasuwanci. Masarautar Kanem-Bornu ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara da kudu, inda aka gudanar da cinikayya da zinare, dabbobi, da kayan masarufi. Haka kuma, Kanem-Bornu ta kasance cibiyar ilimi da addini, musamman Musulunci, inda makarantu da malamai suka yi fice wajen koyar da ilimin addini da na zamani ga al’umma.

Dauloli da masarautu

A fannin masarautu da al’adun gargajiya, Najeriya ta kasance gida ga tsarin siyasa da al’adu na musamman.

Daular Sakkwato

Daular Sakkwato, wanda aka kafa bayan jihadin Shehu Usman ɗan Fodio a karni na 19, ta kawo sabon tsarin shari’a na Musulunci wanda ya gyara al’umma, ya daidaita shugabanci da tsarin zamantakewa, sannan ya tabbatar da addini da ilimi a arewa.

Oyo Empire

A yammacin ƙasar, Oyo Empire ta zama cibiyar siyasa da al’adu mai ƙarfi, inda tsarin sarki da majalisa suka tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kare hakkin talakawa, da bunkasa kasuwanci.

Benin Kingdom

Benin Kingdom, a kudu maso yamma, ta shahara wajen fasaha, gini, da kayan ado, musamman abin da ya shafi zanen gargajiya da zinare, wanda ke nuna yadda al’adu da fasaha suka bunƙasa a kudu.

Tsarin rayuwa a farkon Najeriya

Tasirin yanayi da muhalli ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci wajen tsara rayuwar farko a Najeriya. Yankuna masu tsaunuka, filayen noma, da koguna sun ba da damar noma, kiwo, da gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum. A wasu sassan arewa, hamada da bushewar ƙasa sun tilasta wa mutane yin hijira ko canja wurin zama domin neman ruwa da abinci, yayin da gandun daji a kudu ya ba al’umma damar yin kamun kifi, kiwo, da amfani da itatuwa wajen gine-gine da kayayyakin yau da kullum. Yanayin ƙasa ya kuma shafi hanyoyin sufuri, inda koguna ke ba da damar jigilar kaya da mutane, kuma wasu tsaunuka da hamada ke kawo tsaiko ga tafiya da kasuwanci.

 

Albarkatun ƙasa da yanayi sun kasance ginshiƙi wajen kafa tsarin tattalin arziki na farko, inda kasuwanci tsakanin ƙabilu ya bunƙasa, kuma al’adu da fasaha suka yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar jama’a. Misali, sana’o’in hannu, aikin sarrafa zinare, da kera kayan ado sun kasance hanyoyi na bunkasa tattalin arziki da al’adu, yayin da tsarin noma da kiwo ya samar da abinci da tsaro a rayuwa. Haka nan, al’adun gargajiya, addini, da tsarin shugabanci sun kasance hanyar tabbatar da haɗin kai da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙabilu daban-daban, wanda ya kafa tushen cigaban Najeriya a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al’adu.

Tarihin siyasa da mulki

Tarihin siyasa da mulki a Najeriya ya fara ne daga tsarin masarautun gargajiya da ƙabilu daban-daban suka kafa, wanda ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki.

Arewacin Najeriya

A arewa, tsarin masarautu ya kasance ƙarƙashin shugabancin sarki da majalisun sarauta, inda sarkin ke da ikon gudanar da harkokin siyasa da shari’a, yayin da manyan masarauta kamar Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, da Sokoto ke kula da al’amuran addini, tsaro, da kasuwanci.

Yammacin Najeriya

A yammacin ƙasar, masarautun Yarabawa kamar Oyo sun kafa tsarin sarki (Oba) da majalisar sarauta wadda ke tsara dokoki da al’amuran zamantakewa, yayin da Benin Kingdom a kudu maso yamma ta shahara wajen tsara siyasa da gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da albarkatun ƙasa.

Kudu maso gabas

A kudancin kudu maso gabas, tsarin shugabanci ya kasance ƙarƙashin shugabannin al’umma, inda shugabannin ƙauyuka da birane suka jagoranci al’amuran yau da kullum tare da shawarwari tsakanin mutane, ba tare da tsarin sarki mai iko na gari ba.

Mulkin mallaka

Da zuwan karni na 20, Najeriya ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turawan Birtaniya, inda suka kafa tsarin mulkin turawa a shekarun 1900s. Lord Lugard ya jagoranci haɗa manyan yankuna na Arewa da Kudu a shekarar 1914, wanda ya kafa ƙasar Najeriya a matsayin colony and protectorate. Wannan haɗin yankuna ya ba da tushe ga tsarin gudanarwa na tarayya wanda ya haɗa sassa daban-daban da kabilu da al’adu da yawa, amma ya kuma haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin daidaito tsakanin yankuna saboda bambancin al’adu, addini, da tattalin arziki.

‘Yancin kai

Bayan samun ‘yanci a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960, Najeriya ta fara tsarin mulkin dimokiradiyya na farko, inda aka kafa majalisun dokoki da gwamnatin tarayya. Sai dai, rikice-rikicen siyasa da ƙalubale na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa suka haifar da mulkin soja da dama, wanda ya yi wa ƙasar naƙasu a wasu lokuta, ciki har da Yaƙin Basasa daga 1967 zuwa 1970. Bayan shekaru da dama na mulkin soja, Najeriya ta dawo da dimokiradiyya a shekarar 1999, inda aka kafa tsarin gwamnatocin tarayya na yanzu, wanda ya haɗa gwamnatocin jihohi da gwamnatin tarayya, tare da tsarin majalisun dokoki da cibiyoyin shari’a.

 

Tsarin siyasa da mulki a Najeriya ya kasance mai rikitarwa saboda bambancin al’adu, addini, da ƙabilu, inda kowane yanki ke da tarihinsa na shugabanci da gudanarwa. Masarautun gargajiya sun kasance ginshiƙai wajen tsara shugabanci kafin mulkin mallaka, yayin da mulkin mallaka da tsarin gwamnatocin zamani suka haɗa ƙasa baki ɗaya, duk da cewa suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale wajen tabbatar da adalci, zaman lafiya, da haɗin kai tsakanin yankuna daban-daban.

Al’adu da rayuwar jama’a

Al’adu da rayuwar jama’a a Najeriya suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan da ke bayyana bambancin ƙasa da haɗakar al’umma. Addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara rayuwar mutane a sassan ƙasa daban-daban.

Arewa

A arewacin Najeriya, Musulunci ya kasance addinin da yafi rinjaye, inda mutane ke gudanar da ibada, al’adu, da tsarin zamantakewa bisa koyarwar addinin. Masarautun arewa kamar Sakkwato, Kano, da Zariya sun kasance cibiyoyin ilimi na addini, inda makarantu da malamai ke koyar da Alkur’ani, shari’a, da tarihin Musulunci.

Kudu

A kudancin ƙasar, musamman a kudu maso kudu da kudu maso gabas, Kiristanci ya fi rinjaye, inda addinin ke tsara rayuwar al’umma ta fuskar ibada, bukukuwa, da al’amuran yau da kullum.

Haka kuma, addinai na gargajiya sun kasance a ko’ina cikin ƙasar, musamman a karkara da ƙauyuka, inda ake gudanar da bukukuwan al’ada, sadaukar da rabo ga alloli, da shawo kan matsaloli na rayuwa ta hanyar gargajiya. Wannan haɗakar addinai ta nuna yadda Najeriya ta kasance ƙasa mai bambancin addini amma mai haɗin kai.

Harsuna

Bugu da ƙari, harsuna suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamomin al’adu a Najeriya. Ana magana da harsuna sama da 500, daga cikin su akwai manyan harsunan ƙasa kamar Hausa, Yorabanci, da Inyamuranci, waɗanda ke raba yankuna da al’adu. Harsuna suna bayyana tarihi, falsafa, al’adun gargajiya, da kuma dabarun sadarwa tsakanin al’umma. Harsunan suna da tasiri wajen koyar da yara, gudanar da taron jama’a, da yaɗa labaru da tatsuniyoyi, har ila yau suna taimakawa wajen adana tarihin ƙabilu da al’adunsu na musamman.

Bukukuwa

Bukukuwa da al’adun gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa al’umma, nuna ƙwarewar fasaha, da tabbatar da zaman lafiya. A arewa, hawan daba babban biki ne da ake gudanarwa yayin bukukuwan Musulunci, wanda ke nuna karfin sarki, jarumta sojoji, da ƙwarewar sarrafa dawakai. A kudu maso gabas, bikin cin doya (New Yam Festival) ya shahara wajen nuna godiya ga Allah da alloli bisa amfanin gona, musamman masara da doya, tare da rawa, waƙa, da kayan ado na gargajiya. A kudu maso yamma, Gani Festival na nuna ƙabilun Kanuri da al’adunsu, musamman a harkokin addini da kasuwanci.

Tsarin rayuwa

Rayuwar jama’a a Najeriya ta kuma haɗa da sana’o’i da kasuwanci, wanda ke zama ginshiƙi wajen tallafa wa tattalin arziki da rayuwar yau da kullum. A arewa, noma da kiwo sun kasance tushen rayuwa, yayin da kasuwanni ke ba da damar cinikayya da hulɗa tsakanin ƙabilu. A yammaci da kudancin ƙasar, sana’o’in hannu kamar ɗinki, ƙera kayan ado, aikin sarrafa ƙarafa, da ƙera kayayyakin gida sun bunƙasa sosai, yayin da kasuwanci da masana’antu suka ba da gudummawa wajen samar da ayyukan yi da cigaban tattalin arziki.

Haɗin kai

Har ila yau, haɗin kai tsakanin al’adu, addini, harsuna, da sana’o’i ya nuna yadda Najeriya ke da bambancin al’adu mai yawa, amma duk da haka tana samar da rayuwa mai ɗorewa da haɗin kai a tsakanin jama’a. Al’adu da rayuwar jama’a a Najeriya ba kawai suna bayyana bambancin ƙasa ba, har ma suna nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin ƙabilu, addinai, da yankuna, wanda ke zama tushen fahimta, zaman lafiya, da cigaba.

Tattalin Arziki da Albarkatu ƙasa

Tattalin arzikin Najeriya yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙai da ke bayyana matsayin ƙasar a Afirka da duniya baki ɗaya.

Noma

Noma shi ne tushen tattalin arziki na farko tun daga asali, inda ake noman masara, shinkafa, auduga, gero, wake, da kayan lambu daban-daban. A arewa, filayen noma a yankunan Kano, Sakkwato, da Jigawa sun kasance cibiyoyin noman masara da gero, yayin da yankin Delta a Kudu maso gabas ke da filayen shinkafa da sauran kayan gona masu yawa. Noma a Najeriya ya haɗa da tsarin noma na gargajiya da na zamani, inda manoma ke amfani da hanyoyi na zamani kamar injinan noma, tsarin ban ruwa, da shuka iri daban-daban don inganta amfanin gona da rage asara.

Man fetur

Baya ga noma, man fetur shi ne babban jigon tattalin arzikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1950s. Yankin Niger Delta a kudu maso gabas shi ne cibiyar haƙar man fetur, inda kamfanoni na ƙasa da na ƙasashen waje ke gudanar da ayyukan haƙar mai da gas. Man fetur da gas sun ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga kuɗin shiga na ƙasar, har ila yau sun janyo ci gaban masana’antu da ayyukan sufuri. Bugu da ƙari, masana’antu a birane kamar Lagos, Port Harcourt, da Kano suna ƙirƙirar kayayyaki daga albarkatun ƙasa, musamman a ɓangarorin sarrafa abinci, ƙarafa, kayayyakin aiki, da fasahar zamani.

Albarkatun ƙasa

Albarkatun ƙasa a Najeriya sun kasance masu yawa da tasiri ga tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, akwai gas, kwal, zinare, tantalite, koltan, da sauran ma’adanai, wanda ke ba ƙasar damar samar da kayayyaki da cinikayya a kasuwannin duniya. Waɗannan albarkatun sun yi tasiri sosai wajen haɓaka masana’antu, samar da ayyukan yi, da karfafa tattalin arziki, duk da cewa akwai ƙalubale wajen sarrafawa da rarraba albarkatun yadda ya kamata.

Sai dai, tattalin arzikin Najeriya yana fuskantar matsaloli da kalubale da dama. Talauci yana ci gaba da addabar wasu sassan ƙasa, musamman a karkara, inda yawancin al’umma ke dogaro da noma da sana’o’in hannu kawai don rayuwa. Rashin aikin yi ya shafi matasa da yawa, wanda ke haifar da matsalolin zamantakewa da tsaro. Rashawa a hukumomin gwamnati da wasu sassa na tattalin arziki tana rage gudummawar albarkatun ƙasa ga jama’a. Sauyin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da bushewar filaye, yana kawo matsaloli ga noma da samar da abinci, wanda hakan ke ƙara wa talauci da rashin aikin yi nauyi.

Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaito a rabon arziki tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar yana janyo rashin jin daɗi da rikice-rikice na zamantakewa. Yankuna kamar arewa suna fuskantar ƙarancin albarkatu da ayyuka, yayin da kudancin ƙasa da birane kamar Lagos da Abuja ke da karfin tattalin arziki mai yawa. A wasu sassa kuma, rikice-rikicen tsaro irin su Boko Haram a arewa maso gabas, da banditry a wasu yankunan arewa da tsaunuka, suna rage yawan cigaban tattalin arziki saboda tsoron mutane da matsalolin sufuri.

 

Duk da waɗannan ƙalubale, tattalin arzikin Najeriya yana da babbar damar ci gaba, musamman idan aka yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa yadda ya kamata, aka inganta tsarin gwamnati da adalci, kuma aka haɗa yankuna daban-daban wajen tallafa wa juna. Noma, man fetur, masana’antu, da fasaha su haɗu wajen samar da tushe mai ƙarfi ga cigaban tattalin arziki, yayin da ingantattun tsare-tsare da rage matsalolin tsaro za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da dorewar cigaba a duk fadin ƙasa.

Najeriya a zamanance

Bayan samun ‘yanci daga Birtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960, Najeriya ta shiga sabon zamani na siyasa da mulki, inda aka kafa tsarin dimokiradiyya na farko wanda ya ba da damar gudanar da al’amuran ƙasa tare da wakilci na jama’a. Tun daga wannan lokaci, Najeriya take fuskantar manyan ƙalubale wajen haɗa yankuna daban-daban da ƙabilu masu yawa a ƙarƙashin tsarin tarayya. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya kasance mai cike da matsaloli saboda bambancin addini, harshe, al’adu, da tattalin arziki tsakanin arewa, yamma, da kudu.

Bayan shekaru kaɗan na samun ‘yanci, Najeriya ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Basasa (1967–1970), wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin munanan rikice-rikicen cikin gida a tarihin ƙasar. Wannan yaƙi ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin yankin Biafra (kudu maso gabas) na kafa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta saboda rashin daidaito a rarraba arziki, rikice-rikicen siyasa, da bambancin ƙabilanci. Yaƙin Basasa ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, asarar dukiya, da lalacewar tattalin arziki, musamman a kudancin ƙasa. Haka kuma, ya haifar da buƙatar sake kafa tsarin siyasa da haɗa kan ƙasa baki ɗaya.

Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, Najeriya ta shiga wani lokaci na mulkin soja, inda sojoji suka karɓi ikon gudanar da gwamnati a wasu lokuta sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali a fannin siyasa. Mulkin soja ya yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin dimokiradiyya, yayin da wasu shugabanni suka yi amfani da iko na soja wajen gudanar da harkokin tattalin arziki, tsaro, da shugabanci. Sai dai, mulkin soja ya haifar da matsaloli irin su rashin adalci, rashawa, da rashin bin ka’idojin dimokiradiyya, wanda ya sa jama’a da ƙasashen duniya suka nuna damuwa.

A shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta dawo da tsarin dimokiradiyya na zamani, wanda ya kafa gwamnatocin tarayya da majalisun dokoki tare da gwamnatocin jihohi. Wannan dawowa ga dimokiradiyya ta kawo sabbin damarmaki na cigaban tattalin arziki, adalci, da zaman lafiya, duk da kasancewar akwai ƙalubale a ɓangaren tsaro, rashin daidaito a rabon arziki, da matsalolin cin hanci da rashawa. Tun daga wannan lokaci, Najeriya ta samu shugabanni na tarayya da dama, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin inganta tsarin mulki, bunƙasa tattalin arziki, da rage rikice-rikice a cikin ƙasa, kodayake matsaloli sun ci gaba da kasancewa a wasu yankuna musamman a arewa maso gabas da yankunan arewa.

Alaƙar Najeriya da duniya

Dangantakar Najeriya da duniya ta kasance muhimmin bangare a tarihin Najeriya da cigaban ƙasar, musamman bayan samun ‘yanci a shekarar 1960. Najeriya tana hulɗa da ƙasashen waje daban-daban a fannoni na siyasa, tattalin arziki, tsaro, da al’adu.

Alaƙa da ƙasashe

Daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi muhimmanci ga Najeriya akwai Amurka, wadda ta kasance babbar abokiyar hulɗa a fannin tattalin arziki da soja, musamman ta fuskar tallafi da zuba jari a masana’antu da albarkatun ƙasa. Birtaniya, tsohuwar ƙasar da ta mallaki Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ta ci gaba da kasancewa abokiyar hulɗar siyasa, tattalin arziki, ilimi, da al’adu, inda aka kafa haɗin gwiwa a fannin kasuwanci, tsarin shari’a, da tsarin ilimi. A matakin nahiya, Najeriya tana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da maƙwabta kamar Nijar, Chadi, da Kamaru, musamman wajen tsaro da daƙile matsaloli na kabilanci, fataucin makamai, da yawaitar ‘yan gudun hijira.

Alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi

A bangaren ƙungiyoyin duniya, Najeriya tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyoyi da dama.

• A African Union (AU), Najeriya tana da tasiri wajen samar da zaman lafiya da shawo kan rikice-rikice a Afirka.
• A United Nations (UN), Najeriya ta taka rawa a ayyukan zaman lafiya, taimakon gaggawa, da dabarun siyasa na duniya.
• A Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Najeriya na jagorantar ƙasashe wajen tabbatar da tsaro, cigaban tattalin arziki, da hadin kai a yammacin Afirka.
• Haka kuma, a cikin OPEC, Najeriya tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara farashin man fetur a kasuwannin duniya, inda albarkatun man fetur da gas suke bayar da gudummawa wajen karfafa tattalin arzikin ƙasa da samun kuɗin shiga daga waje.

Alaƙa ta siyasa da tattalin arziki

Tasirin Najeriya a duniya yana da fadi sosai. A siyasa, Najeriya ta kasance jagora wajen warware rikice-rikicen nahiyar Afirka, tallafa wa tsarin dimokiradiyya a wasu ƙasashe, da shiga ayyukan zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa. A fannin tattalin arziki, man fetur, gas, da albarkatun ƙasa sun ba Najeriya damar shiga kasuwanni na duniya da zuba jari na ƙasashen waje, wanda ke bunƙasa tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Haka kuma, ƙasashen duniya suna kallon Najeriya a matsayin babbar ƙasa a Afirka ta Yamma, saboda yawan al’umma, albarkatun ƙasa, da matsayin siyasa na ƙasa mai tasiri a nahiyar da duniya baki ɗaya.

Alaƙa ta ilmi

Hulɗar Najeriya da duniya ta kuma shafi al’adu da ilimi, inda dalibai, masana, da ‘yan kasuwa ke musayar ilimi, fasaha, da sabbin dabaru tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa fasaha, masana’antu, da tsarin ilimi, yayin da tsarin dimokiradiyya da zaman lafiya suka samu ƙarfafuwa ta hanyar haɗin kai da ƙasashen waje da ƙungiyoyi na duniya.

Muhimman abubuwan tarihi

Tarihin Najeriya ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu muhimmanci waɗanda suka tsara tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da rayuwar jama’a har zuwa yau.

• A shekarar 1900, Turawan Birtaniya suka fara kafa mulkin mallaka a yankunan Najeriya, inda suka kafa tsarin mulkin turawa da hukumomin mallaka, suka gudanar da harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. Wannan mulki ya kasance tushen haɗa wasu yankuna da ƙabilu, duk da cewa bambancin al’adu da addini ya haifar da ƙalubale wajen gudanarwa da zaman lafiya.
• A shekarar 1914, Lord Lugard ya jagoranci haɗa yankuna na Arewa da Kudu a matsayin Colony da Protectorate na Najeriya, wanda ya kafa tushen ƙasar Najeriya kamar yadda take a yau. Wannan haɗewa ta haɗa ƙabilu, harsuna, da addinai da yawa a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki guda ɗaya, wanda ya ba da damar kafa gwamnatin tarayya da tsarin gudanarwa mai rarrabuwa, duk da kasancewar bambancin yankuna ya ci gaba da zama ƙalubale.
• Shekarar 1960 ta kasance muhimmiya sosai saboda Najeriya ta samu ‘yanci daga Birtaniya, inda aka kafa tsarin dimokiradiyya na farko wanda ya haɗa majalisun dokoki, gwamnatocin jihohi, da gwamnatin tarayya. Wannan lokaci ya fara sabon zamani na siyasa da gudanar da al’amuran ƙasa tare da wakilci na jama’a, duk da kasancewar akwai ƙalubale a haɗakar yankuna da ƙabilu.
• Daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1970, Najeriya ta fuskanci Yaƙin Basasa, rikici mai tsanani wanda ya samo asali daga ƙoƙarin yankin Biafra na kafa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta saboda rashin daidaito a rabon arziki, bambancin siyasa, da rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci. Wannan yaƙi ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, lalacewar tattalin arziki, da barazana ga zaman lafiya a cikin ƙasa.
• A shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta dawo da tsarin dimokiradiyya na zamani, wanda ya kafa gwamnatocin tarayya da majalisun dokoki tare da gwamnatocin jihohi, inda aka mayar da hankali wajen inganta mulkin dimokiradiyya, zaman lafiya, da cigaban tattalin arziki. Wannan sauyi ya nuna yadda ƙasa mai ƙabilu da addinai da yawa ta ci gaba da sake fasalin tsarin siyasa da mulki domin dacewa da yanayin zamani, duk da kasancewar akwai ƙalubale na rashin daidaito, rashawa, da tsaro a wasu sassa.

Shugabannin Najeriya na mulkin mallaka

• Frederick Lugard (1900–1906, 1912–1919): Lord Frederick Lugard ya fara jagorantar Northern Nigeria Protectorate a 1900, sannan ya koma 1912–1919, inda ya haɗa Arewa da Kudu a 1914 don kafa Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, ya kafa tsarin indirect rule ta hanyar sarakuna da shugabannin gargajiya domin sauƙaƙa mulkin mallaka.
• William MacGregor (1906–1911): William MacGregor ya jagoranci Northern Nigeria Protectorate bayan Lugard na farko, ya mayar da hankali kan ilimi, lafiya, da inganta tsarin gwamnati a Arewa, tare da tabbatar da tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki na mulkin mallaka.
• Sir Hugh Clifford (1919–1925): Sir Hugh Clifford ya ci gaba da jagorancin Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, ya ƙarfafa tsarin shugabanci na Birtaniya da majalisun gargajiya, tare da inganta sufuri da tsarin ilimi.
• Sir Graeme Thomson (1925–1931): Sir Graeme Thomson ya kula da harkokin tattalin arziki da sufuri, ya ƙarfafa tsarin indirect rule, musamman a Arewa da Yamma, da inganta gudanarwa da tsare dokoki a yankuna.
• Sir Donald Cameron (1931–1935): Sir Donald Cameron ya ci gaba da aikin inganta tattalin arziki da kiwon lafiya, ya tabbatar da haɗin kan masu mulki na gargajiya da Birtaniya, ya gudanar da yankuna bisa tsarin mallaka.
• Sir Bernard Bourdillon (1935–1943): Sir Bernard Bourdillon ya jagoranci Najeriya a lokacin da aka samu canje-canje masu yawa a fannin tattalin arziki da shari’a, ya tsara dokokin gwamnati da gudanar da yankuna a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka.
• Sir Arthur Richards (1943–1948): Sir Arthur Richards ya ci gaba da gudanar da mulki, ya inganta harkokin sufuri, kiwon lafiya, da tsarin ilimi, ya ƙarfafa matakan tattalin arziki da siyasa na Birtaniya.
• Sir John Macpherson (1948–1955): Sir John Macpherson ya jagoranci Najeriya zuwa matakin dimokiradiyya ta farko, inda aka fara kafa majalisun dokoki a jihohi da ƙarfafa tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya da Birtaniya.
• Sir James Robertson (1955–1960): Air James Robertson ya zama Governor-General kafin ‘yancin Najeriya, ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki da tsarin dimokiradiyya, da haɗa yankuna domin samun ‘yanci, ya tabbatar da sauyin mulki lafiya daga mulkin mallaka zuwa gwamnatin ‘yan ƙasa.

 

Jerin shugabannin’yan ƙasa

1. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1963–1966): Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe ya kasance Shugaban Ƙasa na farko na Najeriya a lokacin dimokiradiyya ta farko, ya wanzar da haɗin kai tsakanin yankuna daban-daban da tabbatar da tsarin mulkin dimokiradiyya, yayin da Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya kula da gudanar da gwamnati ta yau da kullum.
2. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1960–1966): Abubakar Tafawa Balewa shi ne Firayim Minista na farko, ya jagoranci gwamnatin tarayya bayan samun ‘yanci, ya inganta haɗin kan ƙabilu da yankuna, da kuma aiwatar da manufofin ilimi, tattalin arziki, da cigaban ƙasa kafin juyin mulki na 1966.
3. Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (Jan 1966 – Jul 1966): Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya zama Shugaban Soja na farko bayan juyin mulki na farko, ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa tsarin mulkin soja da kawo daidaito tsakanin yankuna, amma mulkinsa ya kasance ƙasa da wata guda kafin a kashe shi a juyin mulkin da biyo baya.
4. General Yakubu Gowon (1966–1975): General Yakubu Gowon ya jagoranci Najeriya a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa (1967–1970), inda ya yi ƙoƙarin kiyaye haɗin kan ƙasa, dawo da zaman lafiya, da farfado da tattalin arziki a bayan rikicin.
5. General Murtala Mohammed (1975–1976): General Murtala Mohammed ya zama Shugaban Soja bayan juyin mulki, ya fara aiwatar da gyare-gyare a harkokin gwamnati da sufuri, amma an kashe shi a juyin mulki, inda ya bar tarihin shugabanci mai tsanani da gyara.
6. General Olusegun Obasanjo (1976–1979): General Olusegun Obasanjo ya ci gaba da jagoranci bayan rasuwar Murtala Mohammed, ya kammala aikin dawowar dimokiradiyya ta farko, inda ya shirya zaɓen dimokiradiyya da canja mulki lafiya ga shugaba zaɓaɓɓe.
7. Shehu Shagari (1979–1983): Shehu Shagari ya zama Shugaban Ƙasa na dimokiradiyya ta biyu, ya aiwatar da manufofin tattalin arziki da ci gaban ilimi, amma mulkinsa ya zo ƙarshe dalilin juyin mulkin soja a 1983.
8. Major General Muhammadu Buhari (1983–1985): Major General Muhammadu Buhari ya jagoranci Najeriya a lokacin mulkin soja, ya mayar da hankali kan yaƙi da rashawa da tsare manufofin tattalin arziki, amma an kifar da shi a 1985.
9. General Ibrahim Babangida (1985–1993): General Ibrahim Babangida ya zama Shugaban Soja, ya aiwatar da shirin tattalin arziki da wasu matakan dimokiradiyya, amma an dakatar da sakamakon zaɓen dimokiradiyya na 1993 wanda ya haifar da rikici a ƙasa.
10. Chief Ernest Shonekan (Aug 1993 – Nov 1993): Chief Ernest Shonekan ya zama shugaban Gwamnatin Riƙon Ƙwarya (Interim National Government), sai dai mulkinsa bai haura watanni huɗu ba kafin juyin mulki ya maye gurbinsa.
11. General Sani Abacha (1993–1998): General Sani Abacha ya jagoranci mulkin soja mai tsanani, ya hana dimokiradiyya, kuma mulkinsa ya kasance da takunkumi da rashin ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, har zuwa lokacin rasuwarsa a 1998.
12. General Abdulsalami Abubakar (1998–1999): General Abdulsalami Abubakar ya jagoranci mulkin soja bayan rasuwar Abacha, ya shirya dawowar dimokiradiyya a 1999, ya kafa tsarin zaɓe da canja mulki lafiya zuwa gwamnati zaɓaɓɓiya.
13. Olusegun Obasanjo (1999–2007): Olusegun Obasanjo ya zama Shugaban Ƙasa na farko a dimokiradiyya ta yanzu, ya mayar da hankali kan farfado da tattalin arziki, tsaro, da inganta tsarin dimokiradiyya, sannan ya kammala wa’adinsa na zango biyu.
14. Umaru Musa Yar’Adua (2007–2010): Umaru Musa Yar’Adua ya jagoranci Najeriya a dimokiradiyya, ya mayar da hankali kan tsaro da tsarin mulki mai inganci, amma ya rasu a kan mulki, wanda ya haifar da canjin shugabanci ga mataimakinsa.
15. Goodluck Jonathan (2010–2015): Goodluck Jonathan ya ci gaba da mulki bayan rasuwar Yar’Adua, ya kula da dimokiradiyya, manufofin ilimi, da tattalin arziki, har sai da aka yi zaɓen 2015 wanda ya sauya shugabanci.
16. Muhammadu Buhari (2015–2023): Muhammadu Buhari ya dawo mulki a dimokiradiyya, ya mayar da hankali kan yaƙi da rashawa, tsaro, da bunƙasa tattalin arziki, ya jagoranci mulki na shekaru takwas.
17. Bola Ahmed Tinubu (2023–Yanzu): Bola Ahmed Tinubu shi ne Shugaban Ƙasa na yanzu, ya mayar da hankali kan cigaban tattalin arziki, tsaro, da siyasar dimokiradiyya, tare da tabbatar da riƙo da dokoki da tsarin mulki.

Manazarta

Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2026, January 23). A brief overview and history of Nigeria. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Embassy of Nigeria in Sweden. (n.d.). History of Nigeria. Embassy of Nigeria – Sweden. 

HistoryCentral.com. (n.d.). Basic info on Nigeria. HistoryCentral. 

SIM Nigeria. (n.d.). Nigeria overview and facts. SIM Nigeria. 

CIA World Factbook. (n.d.). Nigeria — The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 

Foreign Policy of Nigeria. (n.d.). Foreign relations of Nigeria. Wikipedia. 

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